A SEMINAR ON GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

Under guidance of:

Presented by:
Aakanksha

LIST OF CONTENTS
         

What is wireless communication ? What is gps ? History of gps. Why do we need it ? Principles. Its components. How it works ? Advantages Limitation Conclusion

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wireless communication is transfer of information the over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires".The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications).

DEFINITION OF GPS:
The Global Positioning System, usually called GPS, is the only fully-functional satellite navigation system(allow small electronic devices to determine their location (Longitude, Latitude, and Altitude) in within a few meters using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments).

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The Birds

System Control

The Users

BRIEF HISTORY OF GPS

NavStar (what we now call GPS) Started development in 1973 First four satellites launched in 1978 Full Operational Capacity (FOC) reached on July 17, 1995 System cost of $12 billion GPS provides both civilian and military positioning globally GPS comprised of three segment

WHY DO WE NEED GPS?

Trying to figure out where you are is probable mans oldest pastime. Finally US Dept of Defense decided to form a worldwide positioning system. Also known as NAVSTAR ( Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global positioning system) provides instantaneous position, velocity and time information.

PRINCIPLES

COMPONENTS OF THE GPS

GS P

S a eS g e t C n l S g e t p c e mn o tro e mn

Ue S g e t s r e mn

THREE SEGMENTS OF THE GPS:

User Segment

Control Segment

Master Station

Monitor Stations

Ground Antennas

SPACE SEGMENT:
24 GPS space vehicles(SVs). Satellites orbit the earth in 12 hrs. 6 orbital planes inclined at 55 degrees with the equator. This constellation provides 5 to 8 SVs from any point on the earth.

CONTROL SEGMENT:

The control segment comprises of 5 stations. They measure the distances of the overhead satellites every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master control. Here the satellite orbit, clock performance and health of the satellite are determined and determines whether repositioning is required. This information is sent to the three uplink stations

USER SEGMENT:
It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the satellites. The receiver performs following tasks:
Selecting one or more satellites o Acquiring GPS signals o Measuring and tracking o Recovering navigation data
o

HOW DOES THE GPS WORK?

METHODS:
The distance from the satellite is determined by the time it takes for a radio wave to reach the site from the satellite. distance = (speed of light) x (time of flight) This is very simple but there are a few difficulties: o The receiver clock is not exactly synchronized with the satellite clock so the time of flight will be imprecise. o The satellite and receiver are in different velocity reference frames and gravitational regimes . o The speed of light is 300,000 km/s in a vacuum. However, while traveling through the Earth Ionosphere and Troposphere, the radio waves travel at slightly slower speeds.

TRIANGULATION
Position is calculated from distance measurement Mathematically we need four satellites but three are sufficient by rejecting the ridiculous answer

MEASURING DISTANCE
Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio signal takes to reach us from the satellite Assuming the satellite and receiver clocks are sync. The delay of the code in the receiver multiplied by the speed of light gives us the distance

THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) POSITIONING

ERRORS
Satellite errors
Errors in modeling clock offset Errors in Keplerian representation of ephemeris o Latency in tracking
o o

Atmospheric propagation errors

Geomagnetic latitude Time of the day Elevation of the satellite

RECEIVER ERRORS CUMULATIVE!

ARE

User error = +1 km

APPLICATIONS:
GPS has different uses such as:
o o o o o o

Military Navigation Mobile satellite communication Location based services Surveying agriculture

MILITARY:
GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions, as well as improved command and control of forces through improved location awareness.

SURVEYING:
More costly and precise receivers are used by land surveyors to locate boundaries, structures, and survey markers, and for road construction. There is also a growing demand for Machine Guidance such as Automatic Grade Control systems that use GPS positions plans to automatically control the blades and buckets of construction equipment.

NAVIGATION
GPS is used by people around the world as a navigation aid in cars, airplanes, and ships. Personal Navigation Devices(PND) such as hand-held GPS are used by mountain climbers and hikers. Glider pilots use the logged signal to verify their arrival at turn points in competitions. Low cost GPS receivers are often combined with PDAs, cell phones, car computers, or vehicle tracking systems.. The system can be used to automate harvesters, mine trucks, and other vehicles.

LOCATION-BASED
SERVICES
GPS functionality can be used by emergency services and locationbased services to locate mobile phones. Assisted GPS is a GPS technology often used by the mobile phone because it reduces the power requirements of the mobile phone and increases the accuracy of the location obtained.

AGRICULTURE
GPS Machine Guidance is used for tractors and other large agricultural machines via auto steer or a visual aid displayed on a screen, which is extremely useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. As well as guidance, GPS used in harvesters with yield monitors can provide a yield map of the paddock being harvested

CONCLUSIONS
Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently designed to provide navigational accuracy of 10 m to 15 m. However, sub meter accuracy in differential mode has been achieved and it has been proved that broad varieties of problems in geodesy and geo-dynamics can be tackled through GPS. GPS service consists of three components, viz. space, control and user.

ADVANTAGES OF GPS
allows extremely accurate positioning worldwide in all kinds of weather. no need to be able to see stars or landmarks to accurately position a vessel, vehicle, person or survey mark. allows surveyor to perform surveys to accuracy levels impossible conventionally. quick and economically. suited to bringing in plane coordinate control for projects of all types -- boundaries, well locations, route alignments, mapping control.

LIMITATIONS OF GPS
must have clear line of sight to the satellites. signal is very low in tracking in foliage. signal would not be discernible at all from the background noise without the presence of the pseudo-random noise (PRN) code modulated on the carrier frequency. Canyons (urban or natural) are areas of very limited usability. mountains, buildings and trees pose visibility problems. limited to surface surveys and obstructions to satellite visibility should be as few as possible.

Thank you !