LIPIDS

LIPIDS
Lipids
The substances which are
extracted with a non polar
solvent from plant or animal
tissues:
Ether
1. Dimethyl-ether
Chloroform
Benzene
Structural types of lipids:
1. triacylglycerols
2. phospholipids
3.waxes
4.steroids and
5.prostaglandins
Naturally occurring esters are
lipids that contain one or more
long-chain carboxylic acids called
fatty acids.
They are also insoluble in water but are
soluble in non-polar solvent such as ether,
chloroform and benzene.
Beaker with water Beaker with chloroform

Lipids can be classified as
saponifiable (i.e, can be
hydrolyzed by a base) like fats,
oils and waxes; and
unsaponifiable (i.e, cannot be
broken down by basic hydrolysis)
like steroids, cholesterol and
prostaglandins.
Functions of lipids :
Store energy
To form part of the cell

membrane structure
To serve as starting materials for

the formation of hormones,
vitamins and bile acids.
Fats and Oils
The most abundant of the lipids compounds
are the fats and oil also called triglycerides, or
triacylglycerols.
 At room temperature, fats are usually solid
while oils exist as liquids.
Animal fats are mixed fats containing more
saturated (no double bonds) fatty acids than
unsaturated (with one or more double bonds)
fatty acids.
The presence of double bonds in
the fatty acids of oil significantly
lowers its melting points.
Structures of Some Common Fatty Acids
Name Structural formula Melting point

( oC )
Lauric CH3( CH2)10COOH 44
Myristic CH3( CH2)12COOH 53
Palmitic CH3( CH2)14COOH 63
Stearic CH3( CH2)16COOH 70
Oleic CH3( CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 16
Linoleic* CH3 (CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -5
Linolenic* CH3 (CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -11
Arachidonic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH -50

Although fats and oil
appear physically
different, their
molecular structures are
similar.
They are made up esters

of glycerol with three
fatty acid molecules.
The three fatty acids are
combined with glycerol
to form the ester of
triacylglycerol.
The reaction also yields one water molecule
for each fatty acid joined to glycerol.
In the body, fat deposits under the skin act as

thermal insulator; they aid in conserving body
temperature.
They also serve as protection to deeper body
parts against injury.
The human body needs essential fatty acids.

Hence, this must be supplied in the diet.
Infants lacking these fatty acids in their diet
will lose weight and can develop eczema, an
inflammatory skin condition.
Fatty Acid Content of Some Triglycerides
Source Saturated Unsaturated Others
Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic
Butter 10 29 9 27 4 31
Lard 2 30 18 41 6 5
Beef 3 32 25 38 3 2
Corn 1 10 4 34 48 4
Soybean - 7 3 25 56 9
Peanut - 7 5 60 21 7
Olive 1 6 4 83 7 -
Incidence of heart disease is believed to be
influenced by high-fat diets. Studies show that
the kind of fat consumed can affect levels of
blood triglycerides and cholesterol which may,
in turn, influence the risk of having a heart
attack and/ or stroke.
waxes
Waxes differ from fats in that they are harder
and less greasy. They are esters of long chain
fatty acids and monohydric ( with one
hydroxyl group, OH ) alcohols.
Waxes have high melting points and ,hence,

are solid at room temperature.
THEY ARE RELATIVELY INERT AND
ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER THEIR
REPELLENCY, IMPERMEABILITY, AND
LOW TOXICITY AND ODOR MAKE THEM
EXCELLENT COATING MATERIAL.
IN plants, waxes
serve as protective
covering (cuticle)
against attack of
microorganism and
retard water loss for
all exposed parts.
In animals, waxes coat skin, hair and feathers,
and help keep them pliable and waterproof.
In humans, wax produced by glands in
the outer ear canal functions to trap dust
and dirt particles.
Hi!! did you know ?
Carnauba wax, harvested from the leaves of

carnauba palm ( Copernicia prunifera ) is the
world’s purest, hardest and most transparent natural
wax. Grade One carnauba is the highest and most
expensive quality.
Structural Formula, Source and Use of Different
Types of Wax
Wax Source Uses
Beeswax Honeycomb Used in shoe polish,

O crayons, candles and wax
paper and the manufacture
CH3(CH2)14-C-O(CH2)29CH3
of artificial flowers
Carnauba O Leaves of carnauba Items such as leather,

palm furniture and shoes
CH3(CH2)24-C-O( CH2 )29CH3
Spermaceti O Head oil of sperm whale Used in the manufacture of

cosmetics, ointments and
CH3(CH2)14-C-O( CH2 )15CH3 candles
Jojoba wax O Seeds of jojoba plant Used in the formulation in

the cosmetics; as extender
CH3(CH2)18-C-O( CH2 )19CH3 for plastics, inks, gear-oil
additives, and various
lubricants
Honeycomb Head of sperm whale
Seeds of jojoba plant

Phospholipids
Phospholipids form part of the structure of the
cell membrane, and are significant in the
transport of lipids in the body.
They are called such because of
the presence of phosphate. The
glycerol-based phospholipids
are called phosphatides.
Lecithin is an example of a phosphatide that
plays an important role in fat metabolism in the
liver. If one fatty acid is removed from lecithin,
lysolecithin will form.
Lecithin structure
Lysolecithin is a compound that
causes destruction of red blood cells
and spasmodic muscle contraction.
Lysolecithin structure
Basic composition of a phospholipids' where
X can be number of different substituent
O
H2C O C R
O
HC O C R
O
H2C O P O X
O-
steroids
Steroids are lipids characterized by three
cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.
The functional group attached to the rings
varies from one type of sterol to another.
The steroid nucleus is found in the structure of
several vitamins and hormones, drugs, poison,
bile acids and sterol.
Cholesterol is a sterol form in brain tissue,
nerve tissue and the blood, and is the major
compound found in gallstones'
It contributes to the formation of lipid deposits
on the inner walls of blood vessels, which
harden them and obstruct blood flow; this lead
to high blood pressure, heart diseases and/ or
stroke.
The male hormones testosterone is also a
steroid. It promotes the normal development of
the male genital organs and secondary sexual
characteristics like deep voice, and facial and
body hair.
It is produced from cholesterol in the testes.

Structures of Cholesterol
CH3
CH3
HO
Prostaglandins are unsaturated carboxylic
acids biochemically synthesized from the fatty
acid, arachidonic acid.
They consist of 20 carbons and five member

ring.
 prostaglandins referred as protein biologically

agents.
They carry out the message that cells receive
from hormones. Fevers and inflammatory
reactions are produced by prostaglandins, and
aspirin can suppress their synthesis.
Prostaglandins are produced when tissues are

damaged and are used to minimize tissue
destruction.
Some of their function are the following:
a.) stimulate constriction of damaged

blood vessels and clotting of blood;
b.) induce labor and reproductively

processes;
c.)inhibit acid synthesis in the
gastrointestinal tract and secretion of
protective mucus, and
d.)increase blood flow in kidneys and

promote constriction of bronchi associated
with asthma.
Structure of a Prostaglandin
OH
COOH
OH
OH
Prostaglandin were first discovered and
isolated from human semen by Swedish
physiologist ULF von Euler ( 1905 -1983 )
sometimes in 1930.
Euler thought they come from the prostate

glands that is why he used terms
prostaglandins.
THE END
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS!!!

LIPIDS

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LIPIDS

Beaker with water Beaker with chloroform

To form part of the cell

To serve as starting materials for

Name Structural formula Melting point

Myristic CH3( CH2)12COOH 53

Palmitic CH3( CH2)14COOH 63

Stearic CH3( CH2)16COOH 70

Oleic CH3( CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 16

Linoleic* CH3 (CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -5

Linolenic* CH3 (CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -11

Arachidonic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH -50

They are made up esters

In the body, fat deposits under the skin act as

The human body needs essential fatty acids.

Source Saturated Unsaturated Others

Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic

Waxes have high melting points and ,hence,

Carnauba wax, harvested from the leaves of

Beeswax Honeycomb Used in shoe polish,

Carnauba O Leaves of carnauba Items such as leather,

Spermaceti O Head oil of sperm whale Used in the manufacture of

Jojoba wax O Seeds of jojoba plant Used in the formulation in

Seeds of jojoba plant

It is produced from cholesterol in the testes.

They consist of 20 carbons and five member

 prostaglandins referred as protein biologically

Prostaglandins are produced when tissues are

a.) stimulate constriction of damaged

b.) induce labor and reproductively

d.)increase blood flow in kidneys and

Euler thought they come from the prostate

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