Presented By:-

Animesh Verma
074003 Student Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, DEI-Agra

SCADA A MYSTERY???
y INTRODUCTION y SCADA is not a specific technology, but a type of application. y SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, any application that gets data about a system in order to control that system is a SCADA application.
y Some of the industries where SCADA is

used are

Electric power generation, transmission and

distribution Water and sewage Buildings, facilities and environments Manufacturing Mass transit Traffic signals

WHAT'S COMING UP
y A SCADA application has two elements y The process/system/machinery you want to monitor
y

power plant, a water system, a network, a system of traffic lights

y Network of intelligent devices that interfaces with the first

system through sensors and control outputs

y

gives ability to measure and control specific elements of the first system

y You can build a SCADA system using several different kinds of technologies and protocols. y This white paper will help you evaluate your options and decide what kind of SCADA system is best for your needs. y And a illustration of application with IEEE standard SCADA on power system.

VALUE OF SCAD TO YOU

y Maybe you work in one of the fields I listed; maybe you don t. But think about your operations and ask:y Does your equipment need an uninterrupted power supply and/or a controlled temperature and humidity environment? y Do you need to know in real time the status of many different components and devices in a large complex system? y Do you need to measure how changing inputs affect the output of your operations? y What equipment do you need to control, in real time, from a distance? y Where are you lacking accurate, real-time data about key processes that affect your operations?

DETAILED WORKING OF SCADA SYSTEMS

y A SCADA system performs four functions: 1. Data acquisition 2. Networked data communication 3. Data presentation 4. Control y These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA

components:

Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the managed system. 2. Remote telemetry units (RTUs): Small computerized units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. 3. SCADA master units: Larger computer serve as central processor. Provide human interface, automatically regulate managed system. 4. Communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field.
1.

WORLD S SIMPLEST SCADA SYSTEM

y A single circuit that notifies you of one event. y Imagine a fabrication machine that produces widgets. y Every time the machine finishes a widget, it activates a

switch. y The switch turns on a light on a panel, which tells a human operator that a widget has been completed.
y Obviously, a real SCADA

system does more than this simple model. But the principle is the same.

SCADA ARCHITECTURES
First generation: "Monolithic"
No networks Independent systems proprietary protocols Redundancy at data

Second generation: "Distributed

LAN introduced Task division among stations Reduced size and computational aids Proprietary protocols

Third generation: "Networked

Use open system architecture WAN introduced Data sharing possible

STEPS INVOLVED IN SCADA

Step:1 :Data Acquisition:- Begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes metered readings and Equipment status reports , which are communicated to SCADA as required. Step:2: Data Transport Step:3: HMI------SUPERVISOR Step:3: Alarm handling Step:4: Database Management System

Data Acquisition
Hundreds and thousands of sensors Two types (1) Discrete Input----- equipment status ON/OFF power ON/OFF Trip Wire alarms (2) Continuous Input-Complex situations Continuous changes in Voltage and current, fluid levels in tanks. Advanced Systems (4 Threshold alarms) Major Under, Minor under, Minor over , major over Usually done Using RTUs and PLCs RTU will telemeter the data PLC has computational capability does localized control PMU has GP system has synchronizing capability

Data Communication
Usually done over Radio, Modem or Dedicated serial lines Recent trend on Ethernet and IP over SONET for Security LAN/WAN but not Internet

Fig 1: Block diagram of SCADA Converts Information into Protocol format

Standard protocols are IEC 60870-5-101 or 104, IEC 61850 and DNP3. These communication protocols are standardized and recognized by all major SCADA vendors

Data Presentation
Through specialized computer known as HMI or HCI (Human Computer Interface) Data processing, Log maintenance, Historical Trends. SCADA system ---communicates---processes----Human display. graphical representation, in the form of a mimic diagram

Control
if machine is braked down- Production can be stopped If machine is running good Production can be increased Automatic control Electricity production can be adjusted to meet demands on Power Grid

Communication using Wireless Network

Fig2:- Block Diagram of a wireless SCADA

REQUIREMENTS OF A SCADA SYSTEM

y SCADA RTU
y y y y y y y y y

Sufficient capacity for future needs Rugged construction to Withstand temperature and humidity Continuous power supply (battery + External ) Non Volatile Memory (NVRAM) To store data when power is lost Real time clock for time stamping of reports 24/7 Automatic Pager and Email Notification, avoid continuous starring Detailed info display:- with understandable language. Extension Capability:- since SCADA is a Long term investment (10-15 years) Back Up facility : If one master fails other should operate.

y SCADA MASTER

y PMU
y Synchro phasor- phasor measurements that occur in same time y Time Stamping Given by GPS Radio clock y Theoretical accuracy is better than one Micro second

PHASOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Fig3: Block Diagram of Phasor Measurement System

Where, PDC: Phasor Data Concentrators PMU: Phasor measurement Units WAMS: Wide Area Measurement Systems

Courtesy: anonymous, Fig3, http://www.macrodyneusa.com/model_1690.htm

APPLICATION OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM

y Trans Power s adoption of new, centralized sub transmission SCADA architecture ((a) in Figure 2). y This relies on a PC full graphics terminal located remotely at each Area Control Centre (ACC) connected to National Control Centre (NCC). y Trans Power previously had implemented distributed systems Similar to (b) in Figure 2 (control did not have 100% overlap).

DISTRIBUTED & CENTRALIZED SCADA

y Concern over the apparent reduction in reliability

caused by the removal of a master station and consequent dependence on a single master. y Comparison of the differences between these two architectures is presented as a detailed example of the application of the composite reliability analysis algorithm. y The objective of the analysis is to calculate the expected amount of unsupplied energy attributed to a SCADA failure.

ANALYSIS ALGORITHM
1. Generate a SCADA and power system state based on individual component reliability s and determines which busses the Operator has control of. 2. If there are no power system failures then there will be no load curtailments. 3&4. If there is sufficient, available generation to meet the load then it may be possible to re-schedule this subject to circuit constraints. This is done using a dc load flow. 5. This step is based on the linear programme based optimal power flow (OPF) The OPF minimizes load curtailment by rescheduling generation subject to branch and generation capacities.
Flow chart for analysis algorithm

ANALYSIS ALGORITHM CONTD

y 6. Compare whether loads curtailment and SCADA control

failure has occurred at the same bus or busses.

This is perhaps a harsh simplification. y The real question at this step is whether, given a load curtailment, SCADA can restore the power system to full load? y For example in Figure 5 if a load curtailment occurs at bus 7 due to a circuit outage on its feed from bus 8 then SCADA control would be required at both busses 7 and 8 to restore the load at bus 7. y Whilst this is a straight forward example, analysis of this situation becomes more complex at more heavily meshed busses. Hence this is an area of ongoing study.
y

y 7. Accumulate the total power not supplied at busses where

SCADA control has also failed.

Figure 4. SCADA communication topology for IEEE test System area 1

Figure 5.IEEE reliability test system split into areas (loads and reactive power sources omitted)

CONCLUSION
y A brief startup of SCADA makes the concept of this

new process to be suggested as emerging trend in control systems. y Application of SCADA to power system reliability problem suggests the efficient operation with increased reliability. y With prime need of reliability and efficient optimized cost operation of big systems SCADA promises an advanced solution.

THANK YOU!