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Math 11 Argument and Argument Form - 064456

1. An argument form is an array of symbols containing propositional variables such that when propositions are substituted for the variables, the result is an argument. 2. The validity of an argument form can be determined by constructing a truth table to analyze all possible combinations of true and false values for the propositions. 3. Common valid argument forms include modus ponens, disjunctive syllogism, and modus tollens. Their validity can be proven through truth tables that show no combinations of true premises and a false conclusion.

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88 views15 pages

Math 11 Argument and Argument Form - 064456

1. An argument form is an array of symbols containing propositional variables such that when propositions are substituted for the variables, the result is an argument. 2. The validity of an argument form can be determined by constructing a truth table to analyze all possible combinations of true and false values for the propositions. 3. Common valid argument forms include modus ponens, disjunctive syllogism, and modus tollens. Their validity can be proven through truth tables that show no combinations of true premises and a false conclusion.

Uploaded by

Eldrick Cortez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ARGUMENT

AND
ARGUMENT
FORM
ARGUMENT
- in logic is a set of propositions in which one is said to be true by the truth of the others.
-An argument is determined valid or invalid by virtue of its form alone.

ARGUMENT FORM
- is an array of symbols containing propositional variables such that when a proposition are
substituted for the propositional variables- the same propositional variable throughout-the result
is an argument. An argument that result from the substitution of proposition for the
propositional variables in an argument is called the substitution instance of the argument form.
Ex] Argument 1
If (x,y) are coordinates in R2, then we can write y as a function of x or f(x).
(3,5) is a coordinate in R2.
Therefore, we can write 5=f (3).
The argument will show its form if every component proposition within the argument is
abbreviated and symbolized by capital letters. Thus, “If (x,y) are coordinates in R2. “ “(3,5) is a
coordinate in R2,” and “5=f(3)” can be abbreviate by the leters R and G, and the three-dot
symbol ... for “therefore” as follows:

R-G

.
..G

Argument 2:

If oil price hikes, then the food price will increase.

oil price hiked.

Therefore, food prices will increase.

The above argument may be abbriviate by the letters p and q and can be written as follows:

p–q

.
. .q
 Logician say that an argument form is invalid if and only if it has at least one substitution
instance with true premises and false conclusion. An argument is valid if and only if it has no
substitution instance with true premises and a false conclusion. If the argument form is
invalid, then the argument is invalid; If the argument form is valid, the argument is valid.
Truth Tables
Testing for the validity/ invalid of an argument form is testing substitution instances if
tlhere are true premises and a false conclusion.BY constructing a truth, tables, all possuble
combinations of true and falls value proposition are laid out for analysis. To be powerful tool,
the truth table must be correctly constructed first. Hence, with the first argunent form availabale,
on the next page is how the truth is constructed.

Components First premise Second premise Conclusion


variables
P | q p-q p q
T | T T T T
T | F F T F
F | T T F T
F | F T F F
 The number of true and false values is computed using the formula
L=2n
Whre L Is the number of horizontal rows of true and false combinations; 2 stands for true and false,
since the principle of excluded middle states that a proposition can only be either true or false; and n
Is the number of components variables for each argument form.
For example argunent, there are two variables p and q; therefore
L =22 =4
There are four possible combinations of true and false in the column under each variabke p And
variables q.

In the given example,you will noticed that the row 2 and the row 4 have false values for the
conclusion q. However, as you look at the values of the premises p-q and p,there is no row wgere
both of the premises are true. Hence, every substitution instance of the form
p–q
p
...q
Is valid. This is the argument from known as modus ponens Or methid of putting or affirming. It is
the simpliest type of intuitively valid argunent. The truth tables establishes tge validity of the
argument from modus ponens.
COMMON VALID ARGUMENT FORM
Disjunctive syllogism
Is one of the simplest valid argument forms relyinf on the fact that in every true disjunction, at least one
of the disjunct must be true. If one disjuncr is fakse, then the remaining disjuncts must be true. The
argumet form of disjunctive syllogism is as follows:

Again, construct a truth tabke to show the validity. You may simplify the truth tabke by creating columns
based on how the premises and the vonclusion appear and by habing a separate column for the truth
functional connectirs.
Component First premise Second premise Conclusion
variable
P | q p^q -p q
T | T T F T
T | F T F F
F | T T T T
Modus Tollens
- this argument, which means “ the method of denying or taking away”, is a method of
esrablishing falsehood of proposition in doubt.
Observe the following argunent
If x=p/q where p and q are integers then x is a rational number.
n is an irrational number.
Therefore, n= p/q where p And q are integers
The argument form of the given argument is
COMMON ONVALID ARGUMENT FORM
argument are deemed to invalid because the interference from the premises to the
conclusion is faulty. It means that whean one constructs a truth table to establish its
validity , it will always reveal a row where there are true premises, yet the conclusion is
false. Moreover, these arguments must be introduced because their argument form closely
resembles that of the valid argument forms modus ponens and modus tollens. If one is not
cautious, he or she may be persuade that the argument is valid when it really is not.

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