Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomedical
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
 Instrumentation is the use of measuring

instruments to monitor and control a
process. It is the art and science of
measurement and control of process
variables within a production, laboratory, or
manufacturing area.
Biomedical
Instrumentation
 Biomedical Instrumentation is the

field of creating such instruments
that help us to measure, record and
transmit data to or from the body.
Introduction
Biomedical instruments” refer to a very broad class
of devices and systems. A biomedical instrument is
an ECG machine to many people. To others, it’s a
chemical biosensor, and to some it’s a medical
imaging system
Current estimates place the worldwide market for

biomedical instruments at over $200 billion
History
10th Century Al-Zahrawi
who invented a wide range
of instruments: forceps,
pincers, scalpels,
catheters, cauteries,
lancets, and specula, all
carefully illustrated in his
writings
Luigi Galvani. In 1771,
he discovered that
the muscles of dead
frogs’ legs twitched
when struck by a
spark
Willem Einthoven
invented the first
practical
electrocardiogram
(ECG or EKG) in 1903
In 1926, William
Bovie developed
the electro-
surgical unit,
which permitted
surgery on
vascular organs
such as the brain,
liver, and spleen
• First blood
pressure
measurement setup
Basic Model
Sensors and Actuators
A sensor must:
• detect biochemical, bioelectrical, or

biophysical parameters
• reproduce the physiologic time response of
these parameters
• provide a safe interface with biological
materials
Sensors and Actuators
 An actuator must:
 • deliver external agents via direct or indirect

contact
 • control biochemical, bioelectrical, or biophysical
parameters
 • provide a safe interface with biologic materials
Electronics Interface
 • match the electrical characteristics of the
sensor/actuator with the computation unit
 • preserve efficiency of actuator
 • provide a safe interface with the sensor/actuator
 • provide a safe interface with the computation unit
 • provide secondary signal processing functions for
the system
Computation Unit
 • provide primary user interface

 • provide primary control for the overall system
 • provide data storage for the system
 • provide primary signal processing functions for the system
 • maintain safe operation of the overall system
Types of biomedical
instrumentation system
• Direct / Indirect
• Invasive / Noninvasive
• Contact / Remote
• Sense / Actuate
• Real-time / Static
Instruments used
There are many instruments used in

biomedical such as:
 X-Rays
 Electrocardiography (ECG)
 MRI
 Ultrasound
 CT Scan
X-Rays
 The frequency of x-rays as approximately
1020 Hz and its wave length is approximately
0.01 to 10 nanometer.
 It consist of high vacuum tube with a heater,

cathode and anode, vacuum tube, a large DC
voltage is used between cathode and anode of
x-rays tube.
How it produced
 When heater is on and very high
anode to cathode voltage is
applied the electron emits from
cathode and travel toward the
anode with very high Velocity.
 This beam of electron strike the

metal anode such speed that new
rays are made from the slanting
surface of the anode.
 These rays are x-rays, seem to

bounce sideways out thought the
well of the tube.
Electrocardiography
 Electrocardiography is the recording of the

electrical activity of the heart.
 It picks up electrical impulses generated

by the polarization and depolarization of
cardiac tissue and translates into a
waveform.
Cont…
 It detects and amplifies the tiny electrical
changes on the skin that are caused when
the heart muscle depolarizes during
each heartbeat.
 At rest, each heart muscle cell has a

negative charge, called the membrane
potential, across its cell membrane.
ECG Screen
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) makes use of the
magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei.
 The hydrogen nuclei behave like compass needles

that are partially aligned by a strong magnetic field
in the scanner.
 MRI does not involve radioactivity or ionising radiation.

The frequencies used (typically 40-130 MHz) are in the
normal radiofrequency range, and there are no adverse
health effects.
Advantages:
 MRI is particularly useful for the scanning and detection

of abnormalities in soft tissue structures in the body
 There is no involvement of any kind of radiations in the

MRI.
 MRI scan can provide information about the blood

circulation throughout the body and blood vessels.
Disadvantages:
 MRI scan is done in an enclosed space, i.e. fearful

of being in a closely enclosed surface, are facing
problems with MRI to be done.
 MRI scans involve really loud noises while

processing because they involve a really high
amount of electric current supply.
 MRI scanners are usually expensive.

Ultrasound
 Ultrasound is an oscillating sound pressure wave with
a frequency greater than the upper limit of the
human hearing range.
 The frequencies of ultrasound required for medical

imaging are in the range 1 - 20 MHz.
 Ultrasound can be used for medical imaging,

detection, measurement and cleaning.
ADVANTAGE
 Usually non-invasive, safe and relatively painless
 Uses no ionising radiation
 Does not usually require injection of a contrast

medium (dye)
DISADVANTAGES
 Quality and interpretation of the image highly
depends on the skill of the person doing the scan.
 Use of a special probe is required in some

ultrasounds
 Special preparations may be required before a

procedure (e.g. fasting or a full bladder)
Computerized Tomography
 A 'computerized tomography' (CT) uses a

computer that takes data from several
X-ray images of structures inside a
human's or animal's body and converts
them into pictures on a monitor.
Working
 A CT scanner emits a series of narrow beams
through the human body as it moves through an
arc.
 Inside the CT scanner there is an X-ray detector

which can see hundreds of different levels of
density. It can see tissues inside a solid organ.
This data is transmitted to a computer, which
builds up a 3D cross-sectional picture of the part of
the body and displays it on the screen.
ADVANTAGES
 Quick and painless
 Can help diagnose and guide treatment for a

wider range of conditions than plain X-rays
 Can detect or exclude the presence of more

serious problems
DISADVANTAGES
 Small increased risk of cancer in future from

exposure to ionising radiation.
 Uses higher doses of radiation, so the risks (while

still small) are in general greater than other imaging
types

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Biomedical

 Instrumentation is the use of measuring

 Biomedical Instrumentation is the

Current estimates place the worldwide market for

• detect biochemical, bioelectrical, or

 • deliver external agents via direct or indirect

 • provide primary user interface

There are many instruments used in

 It consist of high vacuum tube with a heater,

 This beam of electron strike the

 These rays are x-rays, seem to

 Electrocardiography is the recording of the

 It picks up electrical impulses generated

 At rest, each heart muscle cell has a

 The hydrogen nuclei behave like compass needles

 MRI does not involve radioactivity or ionising radiation.

 MRI is particularly useful for the scanning and detection

 There is no involvement of any kind of radiations in the

 MRI scan can provide information about the blood

 MRI scan is done in an enclosed space, i.e. fearful

 MRI scans involve really loud noises while

 MRI scanners are usually expensive.

 The frequencies of ultrasound required for medical

 Ultrasound can be used for medical imaging,

 Uses no ionising radiation

 Does not usually require injection of a contrast

 Use of a special probe is required in some

 Special preparations may be required before a

 A 'computerized tomography' (CT) uses a

 Inside the CT scanner there is an X-ray detector

 Can help diagnose and guide treatment for a

 Can detect or exclude the presence of more

 Small increased risk of cancer in future from

 Uses higher doses of radiation, so the risks (while

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