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Lecture - 5 - Computer Aided Drawing - B.SC (Agricultural Engineering) - Morg - A

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) uses computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of designs, allowing designers to create both 2D drawings and 3D models of designs. CAD software falls into several categories including 2D drawing, 3D modeling, CAM for manufacturing planning, and CAE for analyzing designs. The CAD design process involves creating geometric models using techniques like wireframe, surface, or solid modeling to represent designs.

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110 views19 pages

Lecture - 5 - Computer Aided Drawing - B.SC (Agricultural Engineering) - Morg - A

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) uses computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and optimization of designs, allowing designers to create both 2D drawings and 3D models of designs. CAD software falls into several categories including 2D drawing, 3D modeling, CAM for manufacturing planning, and CAE for analyzing designs. The CAD design process involves creating geometric models using techniques like wireframe, surface, or solid modeling to represent designs.

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Abdullah
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Introduction to CAD

What is CAD ?
 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the technology concerned with the use of
computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and opti-
mization of a design. [Groover and Zimmers, 1984]

Geometric Design and Design Drafting &


model Analysis optimization Documentation

2D CAD drawing 3D CAD model


Different terminology related CAD
 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the technology concerned with the use of computer
systems to plan, manage, inspect and control manufacturing operations directly or indirectly.

Geometric Process NC part Drafting &


model Plan- programming Documentation
ning
Inspection

Packaging
Phase of CAD

 Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) is the technology concerned with the use of computer sys-
tems to analyze CAD geometry, allowing the designer to simulate and study how the product will
behave.

CAM CAE
CAD tools Computer
graphics
concepts

CAD
tools

Design tools Geometric


Difference b/w CADr and CAD model-
ing
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 Graphic device is composed of a display processing unit, a display device,
and one or more input devices
 Input devices:
 Mouse
 Space ball
 Data tablet with a puck
 Keyboard

 Output Devices:
 Plotters Input devices
 Color laser printers
 Laser Display

Output devices
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
 CAD software allows the de- to create and manipulate a
signer interactively and store it shape
 CAM software plans, manages and controls the operations of a manufacturing
site
 CAE software analyzes design geometry, allowing designer to study product
behavior
 Ex: C++, basic, java, cobol etc.

CAD Software
CAD software can be divided based upon the technology used:
1. 2-D drawing. Its applications include,
a. Mechanical part drawing
b. Printed-circuit board design and layout
c. Facilities layout
d. Cartography

2. Basic 3-D drawing (such as wire-frame modeling)


3. Sculptured surfaces (such as surface modeling)
4. 3-D solid modeling
5. Engineering analysis
DESIGN PROCESS
 The design is the act of devising an original solution to a problem by a combination of principles,
resources, and products in design.
 It is an iterative process which checks the suitability of the design again and again.
 The design progresses in a step-by-step manner from some statement of need through identifica-
tion of the problem, a search for solutions and development of the chosen solution to manufac-
ture, test and use.
 The design process explained here is described by shigley.
GEOMETRIC MODELING
 Geometric modeling refers to a set of techniques concerned mainly with developing
efficient representations of geometric aspects of a design. Therefore, geometric model-
ing is a fundamental part of all CAD tools.
Geometric modeling is the basic of many applications such as:
 Mass property calculations.
 Mechanism analysis.
 Finite-element modeling.
 NC programming.
Requirements of geometric modeling include:
 Completeness of the part representation.
 The modeling method should be easy to use by designers.
 Rendering capabilities (which means how fast the entities can be accessed
and displayed by the computer).
Geometric Modeling Approaches or Type
The basic geometric modeling approaches available to designers on CAD/CAM
systems
are:
1. Wire-frame modeling.
2. Surface modeling.
3. Solid modeling.
Wire-frame model
 A wire-frame model is a visual presentation of a 3-dimensional (3D) or physical ob-
ject used in 3D computer graphics. It uses points and curves (i.e. lines, circles, arcs)
by connecting them using their point of coordinates or vertices.

 It is created by specifying each edge of the physical object where two mathematically
continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices us-
ing straight lines or curves. Ex: Auto CAD, VersaCAD

Surface Modeling
 A Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in that it defines
not only the edges of a 3D object, but also its surfaces. In surface modeling, objects
are defined by their bounding faces. The surface are created by connected by con-
necting lines.
 A model of this type is used for representing only surface like sheet metals cov-
ers, car body exteriors etc.
 Surface modeling software: Neoform, Pro-E and CATIA etc
SURFACE ENTITIES
Similar to wireframe entities, existing CAD/CAM systems provide designers with both
analytic and synthetic surface entities.
 Analytic entities include :
•Plane surface,
•Ruled surface,
•Surface of revolution, and
•Tabulated cylinder.
 Synthetic entities include
•The bi-cubic hermite spline surface,

•B-spline surface,
•Rectangular and triangular Bezier patches,
•Rectangular and triangular Coons patches, and
•Gordon surface.
• Plane surface. This is the simplest surface.
It requires three non-coincident points to
define an infinite plane.

• Ruled (lofted) surface. This is a lin-


surface.ear
It interpolates linearly between two
boundary curves that define the surface
(rails). Rails can be any wireframe entity.
This entity is ideal to
• represent surfaces that do not have any
twists or kinks.

• Surface of revolution. This is an


axisymmetric surface that can
axisymmet- objects.
model It is generated
ric
rotating a planarbywireframe entity in space
about the axis of symmetry a certain angle.
• Tabulated cylinder. This is a surface gen-
erated by translating a planar curve a cer-
tain distance along a specified direction
(axis of the cylinder).

• Bezier surface. This is a surface that ap-


proximates given input data. It is different
from the previous surfaces in that it is a
synthetic surface. Similarly to the Bezier
curve, it does not pass through all given data
points. It is a general surface that permits,
twists, and kinks . The Bezier surface allows
only global control of the surface.

• B-spline surface. This is a surface that can


approximate or interpolate given input data
It is a synthetic surface. It is a general sur-
face like the Bezier surface but with the ad-
vantage of permitting local control of the
surface.
Solid Modeling
 Solid models give designers a complete descriptions of constructs, shape, surface, vol-
ume, and density. Or we can say A three dimensional model incudes the complete in-
ternal and external detail and from this type of model, all sort of information of the
solid may be accessed for mass property calcula- Analysis, manufacturing,
tion, inspection and quality control etc.
 Solid modeling software: Solidworks, Inventor etc.
CAD SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
A CAD system comprises of the following:
1. Hardware: the computer and associated peripheral equipment.
2. Software: the computer program running on the hardware .
3. Data: the data structure created and manipulated by the hard-
ware.
4. Human knowledge and activity .

The architecture of cad system


BENEFITS OF CAD

 Automation of routine design tasks to increase the productivity of designers and engineers.
 Makes the designers to concentrate more on creativity.
 Due to 3D visualization of the model there is increase the designer’s conceptual capacity, and
hence the quality of the design.
 Creating prototypes using digital manufacturing.
 No paper works.
 Can share data with other applications.
 Shorter preparation time for drawing
 Reduce man power requirement
 Costumer modification in drawing are easier
 More efficient operation in drafting
 Low wastage of drawing
 Minimize the transcription error in drawing
 Better design can be evolved
 Revision are possible
 Assistance in preparation in documentation
 Colures can be used to customize the product
 Production of orthographic projection with dimensions and toler-
ance
 Isometric views
 Printing can be done to any scale
 Hatching of all section with different filling patterns
 Preparation of assembly and subassembly drawing
 Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit drawing with symbol
Thank you

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