Traffic Management

and
Accident Investigation
A Lecture Presentation

PSSg Roy E Estillero

Operation PNCO, CIDU-QCPD
Former Investigator, Police Station 8, QCPD
Police Detective Course Class 2019-02
Criminal Investigation CourseClass 193-2013
 HISTORY OF
TRANSPORTATION
 THE MAN POWER

 THE ANIMAL POWER

 THE WIND POWER

 THE WATER TRANSPORTATION

 THE ROAD AND VEHICLE

 THE CANAL AND RAILWAYS

Man Power - Stone age man’s transportation of
firewood and of animals killed in the hunt. Man-
powered transport is the transport of person/s
and or goods using human muscle power. Like
animal-powered transport, human-powered
transport has existed since time immemorial in
the form of walking, running and swimming.
Animal Power – The ox, the donkey, and the
camel were tamed somewhere in the Middle East
by 3000 BC. The reindeer, the elephant in India,
the horse in Central Asia.
Humans may ride some of the larger of these
animals directly on their backs, use them as pack
animals for carrying goods, or support them to
pull wheeled vehicles.
Wind Power – The ships of Egypt. Phoenix and
Greece were driven partly by a large square sail
mid ships. People used wind energy to
propel/move boats along the Nile River as early
as 5,000 BC. By 200 BC, simple wind-powered
water pumps were used in China, and windmills
with woven-reed blades were grinding grain in
Persia and the Middle East.
Water Transportation – Shipping, transporting of
goods and passenger by water. The history of
transportation on water goes back
thousands of years. Because water is the
one thing that mankind needs to survive,
civilizations have always been settled near
and around water. Historically, societies
have always located near water, due partly
to the fact that water enables more efficient
travel compared to going over land.
The Road and Vehicle – designed to
legally carry people or cargo on public
roads and highways such as busses, cars,
trucks, vans and motorcycle.
The Canal and Railways – an artificial
waterway constructed to allow the passage
of boats or ships, a permanent track
composed of a line of parallel metal rails
fixed, for transport of passenger and goods
in trains.
 THE BICYCLE (hobby horse or dandy horse) The two-wheeled rider-
propelled machine.

 THE AUTOMOBILE – A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for

transportation.

a. 1865 – more than 400 Lenoir gas engine in France and 1,000 in
Britain.

Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir – was a Belgian enginner who developed

the Internal Combustion engine (ICE) a heat engine.

b. Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler pioneered the manufactured of

gas engine

c. 1909 First ever car arrived in Manila through on George Richards

 THE HORSELESS CARRIAGE – is an early name for the motor vehicle

car or automobile. The horse drawn calesa.
 AIR TRANSPORTATION (WIND POWER)

a. 1903 Wilbur and Orvilla Wright (Wright Brothers) made

their first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA

b. Today Concorde known as the Supersonic Jet that travel

faster than the speed of the sound which is 660 MPH (Mile Per
Hour)

c. Russian passenger jet called TV-144 can reach the

speed of 1,585 MPH.

d. USA Air Force can reach the speed of 4,534 MPH.

 TRAFFIC defined - It is the movement
of traffic unit in the traffic way. The
movement of vehicles, ships,
persons, etc. in an area, along a
street, through an air over a water
route.
 TRAFFIC UNITS ARE:

1. PERSONS

2. GOODS

3. ANIMALS

4. VEHICLES
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT defined it is an executive
function such as:

1. Planning – the process of making plans for something

2. Organizing – involves assigning tasks, grouping tasks

into department, a process of coordinating task goals
and activities.

3. Directing – control the operation, manage or govern.

4. Supervising –observe and derict a task, project or

activity.
5. Coordinating – bringing the different elements into
harmonious relationship.

6. Operating – control the functioning of process or

system.

7. Recording – to set down in writing.

8. Budgeting traffic affairs/concern – is a process of

creating a plan to spend your money.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
It refers to all agencies (LTO, LTFRB, MMDA,
Local Traffic Enforcer, PNP-HPG, Deputized
Brgy. Enforcer) having responsibilities for
ascertaining or control traffic flow requirements,
such as planning approving, funding, constructing
and or maintaining public facilities for such
movement. It is also refers to all agencies
responsible for licensing, approving, restricting,
stopping, prohibiting, or controlling the use of these
facilities.
THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD
TRAFFIC
 TRAFICO – Greco-Roman word which refer to
the movement of people.

 TRAFRIGA – the origin of the word “trafico”.

 TRAFALGAR SQUARE – is a public square in

the City of Westminster, Central London.
Center of commerce and culture, formerly
known as Charing.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT (5E’S)
3 THE GENERAL PILLARS

2 SUBSIDIARY PILLARS
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
 The science of measuring traffic and travel. (Ex. EDSA
23.80km long)

 The study of the basic laws relative to traffic flow and

generation. (RA 4136 AN ACT TO COMPILE THE LAWS
RELATIVE TO LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC
RULES)

 The application of this knowledge to the professional

practice of planning and operating traffic system to
achieve safe and efficient movement of persons and
goods.
TRAFFIC EDUCATION

 It is the process of giving training and travel and

practice in the actual application of TRAFFIC SAFETY
KNOWLEDGE. LTO Chief Edgar Galvante advises
student driver applicants to take LTO's theoretical
driving course in the agency or in any LTO-accredited
driving school. The course will start on August 3, 2020.
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
It is the action taken by the traffic law enforcer such
as, arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and giving
warning to erring or prone drivers and pedestrians, for
the purpose of deterring and discouraging and or to
prevent such violation.
 2 SUBSIDIARY OR
SUPLEMENTARY PILLARS
TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
It is the study of dealing with potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment
due to scale and density of a new urban concentration
and new activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, specially transport
congestion which result therein.
 TRAFFIC ECONOMICS

It is the study how people choose to use

limited productive resources to produce
commodities or goods and distribute them for
their consumption or activity.
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 Department of Public Works and Highways (ATOME)

 Department of Environment and Natural Resources

 Department of Justice - responsible for upholding the rule of

law in the Philippines.

 Judicial Department (Courts MTC/RTC)

 Department of Transportations (DOTr) - It is responsible for

the country's land, air, and sea communications
infrastructure.

 Land Transportation Office - is tasked to register motor

vehicles, issue driver's/conductor's licenses and permits,
enforce transportation laws, rules and regulations and
adjudicate apprehension cases.

 Land Transportation and Franchising Regulatory Board

(LTFRB) The agency is in charge of granting franchises or
accreditations and regulating public vehicles
 Metro Manila Development Authority - performs planning, monitoring and
coordinative functions, and in the process exercises regulatory and
supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide services within Metro
Manila.

 Local Government Units (BPSO, MAPSA, MTPB)

 Legislative Bodies (National/Local) - assembly with the authority to make

laws.

 Public Information Agencies - posting of the data

 Mass Media (Print, Radio, Television)

 Educational Institutions (Private/Public)

 Citizens Support Group/Non-Governmental Organization (Force Multiplier)

 Police Traffic Supervision (PNP-HPG)

THE TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING:
1.HABITUALLY CONGESTED COMMERCIAL AREAS. (Ex. Ayala, BGC,
Cubao)

2. HEAVILY TRAVELED THOROUGHFARES. (Ex. EDSA, C-5,

Commonwealth)

3. CONGESTED LOCAL AREAS AND INTERSECTION. (Divisoria, Recto,

Baclaran)

4. SPECIAL OCCASIONS OF EVENTS. (ASEAN, SEA Games, Feast of Black

Nazarene)

5. DISASTERS OR EMERGENCIES. (Eartquake, The Big 1, Typoon)

6. SCHOOL CROSSING.
 TRAFFIC CONTROL
INCLUDES DEVICES AND
AIDS
TRAFFIC SIGNS – a device mounted or
on a portable support where the message is
conveyed by means of words or symbols
officially erected or installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning and guiding traffic, or
Road Signs erected at the side of or above
roads to give instructions or provide
information to road users.
Traffic Signs or Road Signs
 DANGER WARNING SIGN
A warning sign is a type of sign which indicartes a potential hazards
requiring special attention.
Ex. Slipper road, fallen rock, pedestrian crossing

Shape – Triangle

Color – Border Red

Background White

Sign/Marking - Black
 INFORMATIVE SIGN
Signs that inform road users of traffics laws and
regulation signs

Shape – Rectangle

Colors – Blue or Green

Sign/Markings – White
 MANDATORY SIGNS
which are used to set the obligations of all
traffic which use a specific area

Shape – Round

Color – Blue

Sign/Markings - White
 PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGNS
A direction sign, more fully defined as a
direction, position, or indication

Shape – Square

Color – Blue

Signs/Marking – White or black

 REGULATORY SIGNS
that are used to indicate or reonforce traffic laws

Shape – Round

Color – Boarder - Red

Sign/Markings - Black
TRAFFIC LANTERN
RED LIGHT SIGNAL
 FLASHING RED SIGNAL – Means bring
your vehicle to a STOP and proceed only
when it is safe to do so.
YELLOW LIGHT SIGNAL
 FLASHING YELLOW SIGN – What
Do Yellow Traffic Light Signals Mean?
The basic rule is very simple. Yellow
means caution.
GREEN LIGHT SIGNAL
 GREEN ARROW SIGNAL – means GO,
the Green Arrow pointing right and left
allows you to make a protected turn.
PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL
 Pedestrian – should not cross the
roadway when vehicular traffic has
flashing green signal unless he/she is
facing a “WALK” signal.
 ROAD OR PAVEMENT MARKINGS
A pavement marking is part of a communication system
for road users in addition to signs and signals,
pavement markings communicate to drivers where to
position their vehicles, warn about upcoming conditions,
and indicate where passing is allowed.
DISABLE PERSON CROSSING

A pedestrian crossing or crosswalk is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a

road, street or avenue.
PAINTED CROSS WALK
Serve as another reminder for motorists to stop clear
of the intersection. They also encourage pedestrians
to cross at the intersection rather than risk a mid-block
crossing.
ROAD CLASSIFICATONS
 ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
1. NATIONAL ROADS -- the main road as conduit system with a right
of way from 20 meters to 120 meters.

2. PROVINCIAL ROADS -- the linkages between two municipalities

with right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters.

3. CITY ROADS – the inter-link between municipalities and with the

city proper with right of way of 15 meters.

4. MUNICIPAL ROADS -- all roads within the town proper with the
right of way of not less than 10 meters.

5. BARANGAY ROADS – commonly called farm-to-market road with

right of way not less than 2 meters.
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS (COLLECT TRAFFIC)

1. FEEDER ROAD – intended for farm-to market traffic.

2. LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD -- intended to collect traffic from

feeder (farm to market) road to municipal road.

3. MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD – intended as major arteries to collect

inter-locality traffic to provincial road.

4. MAJOR HIGHWAYS – serves as main artery that caters on big

volume of vehicular traffic on national roadways.

5. EXPRESSWAY – a through traffic - is a traffic initiated and destined for points

outside a local zone for free- flow of vehicular
movement. (NLEX. SLEX)
6. TUNNEL ROAD – a passage of wide section cut through a
hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway.(Kaybiang Tunnel,
Nasugbu, Batangas)

7. SUBWAY -- an underground conduit running entirely under

the ground for fast travel route of commuters.

8. SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway above street

level for free-flow traffic.
ACCCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHIC TERRAIN
1. FLAT ROAD

2. ZIGZAG ROAD (Kennon Road, Baguio)

3. STEEP-HILL-ROAD

4. DOWN-HILL-ROAD

5. WINDING ROAD (Commonwealth, Quezon City)

6. MOUNTAINOUS ROAD (Terrain to Sagada Mountain Province)

7. ROLLER-COASTER-ROAD (Bitukang Manok, Atimonan Quezon)

 THE SIDEWALK

 IT IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THE ROADWAY IN ANY
METROPOLIS CITIES, MUNICIPALITIES, AND IT IS
ONE OF THE SPECIES OF GEOMETRIC DESIGNS.
(Bangketa)
 SIDEWALK WIDTH
RIGHT OF WAY MINIMUM WIDTH OF SIDEWALK
(METERS) ( METERS )

10 1.0 TO 1.2

15 1.2 TO 1.5

20 2.0

30 2.0

35 2.5

40 + 3.0
THE TRAFFIC
EDUCATION
 DRIVER’S DUTIES

DRIVER’S LICENSE MUST BE CARRIED AT ALL

TIME
AT THE TIME OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION OF
A MOTOR VEHICLE
(R.A. 4136, Section 19)
An Act to Compile the Laws Relative to Land
Transportation and Traffic Rules to Create
Land Transportation Commission and Other
Purposes, August 16, 1971
IN CASE OF ACCIDENT:

1. STOP

2. AID THE VICTIM

3. INTRODUCED HIMSELF SHOWING HIS

DRIVER’S LICENCE AND HIS ADDRESS
AND THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE
OPERATOR / OWNER OF THE VEHICLE
EXCEPTIONS: (RA 4136, Section 55)

1. IF HE IS IN IMMINENT DANGER OF BEING

SERIOUSLY HARMED BY ANY PERSON/S BY
REASON OF THE ACCIDENT.

2. IF HE REPORTS THE ACCIDENT TO THE

NEAREST OFFICER’S OF THE LAW.

3. IF HE HAS TO SUMMON (COME UP) A

PHYSICIAN OR NURSE TO AID THE VICTIM.
 REASON WHY PEOPLE VIOLATE
TRAFFIC LAWS

1. IGNORANCE OF TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES,

AND REGULATIONS. (Number 1 Problem)

2. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND INFIRMITIES

(kahinaan, may sakit)

3. MENTAL DISORDER.
4. LACK OF TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE.

5. HABITUAL TRAFFIC VIOLATORS.

6. WRONG ATTITUDE TOWARDS DRIVING,

RISK TAKING, ENFORCEMENT AND
TRAFFIC LAWS.

7. DRIVER’S OF PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES

(Ex. Jeepney, Buses) FOR INCREASE
COMPENSATION AND COMMISSION.
  CONSIDERATIONS WHICH ACT AS
DETERRENT OR PREVENTIVE TO
MOTORIST AND PEDESTRIAN

1. FEAR OF FINE AND PUNISHMENT

2. LOSS OF DRIVING PRIVILEGE

3. POSSIBILITY OF BEING INVOLVED IN AN

ACCIDENT

4. POSITIVE AREA OF A GOOD CITIZENSHIP,

DOING WHAT IS RIGHT AND SETTING AN
EXAMPLE.
 THE BIORHYTHM

IT IS A THEORY, WHICH ASSERT THAT MAN

ACTIVITIES CONSTANT VARIATION OF LIFE ENERGY
AND MOOD STATES. IS TO PREDICT VARIOUS ASPECT
OF A PERSON’S LIFE THROUGH MATHEMATICAL
CYCLES.

1. PHYSICAL – LOW / HIGH

2. EMOTIONAL – LOW / HIGH

3. MENTAL - LOW / HIGH

 CARRIER – is a person, corporation,
firm or association engaged in the
business of carrying or transporting
passengers or goods or both, by land,
water, or air, for compensation,
offering their services to the public
(Art.1732 Civil Code of the Philippines)
Ex. Land-Bus, Train, Jeefney,
Tricycle, Water-Boat, Ship, Air-
Airplane, Helicopter
 TWO KINDS OF CARRIER

PRIVATE CARRIER

COMMON/PUBLIC CARRIER
  OBLIGATION OF A COMMON
CARRIERS

The law speak of an obligation as a juridical

necessity with prestation/obligation. (an
obligation and may consist of giving a thing,
doing or not doing a certain fact Art. 1156 Civil
Code of the Philippines)
 EXTRAORDINARY
DILIGENCE/CAREFULNESS

 The common carrier is invested with

public interest it is bound to observe EXTRA
ORDINARY DILIGENCE (Effort) in the vigilance
(careful watch for possible danger) over the
goods and safety of the passengers transported
by them.
 COMMON CARRIER LIABILITY

1. RECKLESSNESS ON THE PART OF THE

DRIVER. (Kaskasero)

2. RECKLESSNESS ON THE PART OF THE

OWNER/OPERATOR
 LICENSING SYSTEM
(Chapter 111, Art. 1, Section 19, RA 4136)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136 AN ACT TO COMPILE THE LAWS

RELATIVE TO LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC RULES,
TO CREATE A LAND TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

DRIVER’S LICENSE - PRIVILEGE (immunity

granted or available in particular person)
 STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT

AT LEAST 16 YEARS OLD

ABLE TO READ AND WRITE - ENGLISH AND

FILIPINO

MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY FIT

 WHEN OPERATING MUST BE
ACCOMPANIED BY A HOLDER OF A
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

GOOD FOR ONE YEAR, NONE

RENEWABLE

PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE – GREEN

PLATE
NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

AT LEAST 17 YEARS OLD

ABLE TO READ AND WRITE – ENGLISH AND

FILIPINO

Must be a holder of student driver’s permit for a

period of 30 days from the date of issuance
  Good for five (5) years

 Can operate private motor vehicles

 Green Plate (Private Vehicle)
 Blue Plate (Diplomat) - Is a person appointed by a
state to conduct diplomacy with one or more other
states or international organization
 Red Plate (Goverment Vehicle)
 PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

AT LEAST 18 YEARS OLD

ABLE TO READ AND WRITE – ENGLISH AND

FILIPINO

Holder of a student driver’s permit for a

period of at least 5 months or holder of non-
professional driver’s license for the period
of 4 months from its first issuance.
 Can operate all types of Motor Vehicles

 Good for five (5) years

1 – MOTORCYCLE AND TRICYCLE

2 – WITHIN 4500 KG - M/A (L)

3 – MORE THAN 45OO KG - M/A (T)

4 – WITHIN 4500 KG - A (L)

5 – MORE THAN 4500 KG - A(T)

6 – WITH 1600 KG - (AMV)

7 – MORETHAN THAN 1600 KG BUT

NOT MORE THAN 45OO KG - (AMV)

8 – MORE THAN 4500 KG - (AMV)

 THE RIGHT OF WAY DOCTRINE
Right of way is "the legal right, established
by usage or grant, to pass along a
specific route through grounds or property
belonging to another", or "a path or
thoroughfare subject to such a right"
THE LAST CLEAR CHANCE
DOCTRINE – Under this doctrine, a
negligent plaintiff can nonetheless recover if
he is able to show the defendant had the
last oppurtunity to avoid the accident.
SATURATION/CONDITION FLOW
DOCTRINE – Is the maximum
number of vehicles from lane group
that can pass through the intersection
during one hour of continous green
the prevailing traffic the road way
conditions. It is very important road
traffic performance measure of the
maximum rate of flow of traffic. It is
used extensively in signalized
intersection control design.
 THE EMERGENCY VEHICLES
1.Vehicle with physician on emergency call.

2. Ambulance on emergency call.

3. Vehicle with wounded or sick person for emergency

treatment.

4. AFP/PNP vehicles on official time in use in cases of

riot, insurrection, rebellion or invasion.

5. Vehicle in pursuit of a criminal including a law

enforcer overtaking or pursuing a traffic violator.

6. A Police or Fire Department vehicles on call.

 PROHIBITED PARKING
R.A 4136 SECTION 46. Parking
Prohibited in Specified Places. – No
driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it
to stand, whether attended or
unattended, upon a highway in any of
the following places:
1. Within the intersection

2. On crosswalk or Pedestrian lane

3. Within 6 meters of the intersection of curb

lines.

4. Within 4 meters of the driveway entrance

to any fire station.

5. Within 4 meters of a fire hydrant. (MMDA

Resolution No. 02-33, R.A 4136)
6. In front of a private driveway.

7. Double parking

8. On top of the bridge.

9. On the foot of the bridge.

10. At any place where an official signs are

posted prohibited or no parking.
IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE
THE BUS STOP RULE – All traffic
approching the bus from either direction
must stop at least 10 feet from the front
or rear of the bus and remain stopped until
the bus begins to move or the bus driver
signals motorists to proceed.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF A PINOY
DRIVER – Many Filipino drivers
are undisciplined
 ON PEDESTRIANS
These individuals are referred to as
pedestrians and they are the people
who travel on foot in the
workplace. Pedestrians can
include employees, members of
the public or visiting workers that
pass near vehicles in the
workplace.
REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL
DRIVING SAFETY REMINDER –
Road traffic safety refers to the method and
measures used to prevent road users from
being killed or seriously injured.
Road Safety
TRAFFIC LAWS, ORDINANCES,
RULES AND REGULATION
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136
AN ACT TO COMPILE THE LAWS RELATIVE TO
LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC
RULES TO CREATE A LAND,
TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION AND FOR
THE PURPOSES

LTO DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 2008-39

Revised schedule of fines/penalties for traffic

and Administratives violations
A. VIOLATION IN CONNECTION WITH
LICENSING:
 LTFRB Memorandum Circular no.91-014

(Allowing PUJ to perform out of line, or

emergency and personal use of the operator’s
immediate family)

IMMEDIATE FAMILY:
1. SPOUSE
2. PARENTS
3. DIRECT DESCENDANT

Sign marked conspicuously displayed for the

duration of the trip. “FOR FAMILY USED ONLY”
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 96
(P.D 96, January 13, 1973)

Declaring unlawful use or attachment of

siren, bells, whistle, or similar gadgets that
emit exceptional loud or starling sounds,
including dome lights, and other signalling
or flashing devices on motor vehicles
 EXCEPTIONS: (Exemption to the rules)

 ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES

 NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

 LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE

 POLICE DEPARTMENT (PNP)

 BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMNET PENOLOGY

 FIRE DEPARTMENT (BFP)

 HOSPITAL AMBULANCES
  LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS NO.
112
(LOI No. 112 of 1973 to the Secretary
of National Defense)

Prevention of unnecessary destruction

of roads
(Load Capacity)
DPWH - ATOME
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS NO. 229
 (LOI No. 229 of 1974)

Installation of Early Warning Devices

on motor vehicles
(4 meters away)
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 7924
(R.A 7924)

AN ACT CREATING THE METROPOLITAN

MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMDA
LAW)
 MMDA REGULATION NO. 96-003

Authorizing Traffic Law Enforcer Agencies

to TOW and IMPOUND stalled motor vehicles
  MMDA REGULATION NO. 96-005

UNIFIED VEHICULAR VOLUME REDUCTION PROGRAM

REGULATING THE REGULATION OF CERTAIN OR
VEHICLES ON ALL ROADS IN METROPOLITAN
MANILA (TRUCK BAN)
  MMDA ORDINANCE NO. 6

Prohibiting PEDICABS, SIDECAR and

TRICYCLES
along major thoroughfares (Ex. EDSA, C-5,
Commonwealth)
 COMPULSORY/MANDATORY MOTOR
VEHICLE
LIABILITY INSURANCE

Chapter Vl, of P.D. 612 as amended

Insurance law as amended by R.A 10607
Philippine Insurers and Reinsurers
Association
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8750 (R.A. 8750)
SEAT BELT USE ACT OF 1999

MANDATORY USE OF SEAT BELTS

 LTO ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
NO. BGC-A0-99004

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

GOVERNING THE INSTALLATION AND USE OF
SEAT BELT DEVICES AND SEAT

CHILDREN PROHIBITED TO SIT IN FRONT SEAT

(6 YEARS OLD AND UNDER)

  LAND TRANSPORTATION
FRANCHISING
AND REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB)
EXECUTIVE ORDER 202 JUNE 19, 1987

(EXECUTIVE ORDER E.O 202)

 THE TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
  TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT THEORY

1. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT – it is the

action taken by the police (or the traffic
law enforcer) and the court to
compel/command obedience/order to
traffic laws and ordinances and rules and
regulations.

2. ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC LEGISLATION –

is the area of activity aim to controlling
road user behaviour by preventive,
persuasive and punitive methods in order to
effect safe and efficient movement traffic.
POLICE AND TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
PROCESSES

DETECTION (Spotting)

APPREHENSION (To place in legal custody)

PROSECUTION (Criminal Prosecution)

ADJUDICATION (Judgement)

PENALIZATION (Punishment) BuCor

 GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

1. TO INCREASE SAFETY LEVEL

2. TO INCREASE TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY

the state or quality of being efficient.

3. TO ENSURE HARMONIOUS AND

COMPORTABLE ENVIRONMENT

4. ATTEMPT TO MAXIMIZED SAFETY

SOMETIMES REDUCED EFFICIENCY

5. MAXIMIZED OF EFFICEINCY SOMETIMES

DETRACTS FROM SAFETY
 3 OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCEMENT

PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES
(to impede, to obstruct)

PERSUASIVE ACTIVITIES
(becoming, credible,
believable activities, mapanghikayat)

PUNUTIVE ACTIVITIES
(malicious activities, pampahirap)
 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
Is the process of ensuring compliances with
laws, regulations, law and rules

ROAD USERS
Pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers and
passengers

TRAFFIC SYSTEM
An operators in the loop that allows better
monitoring and control of traffic in order to
optimize traffic law.
POLICE AND TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
ACTION

PREVENT VIOLATION

PREVENT CONTINUED VIOLATION

DISCOURAGE/REJECT FUTURE VIOLATION

KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

TRAFFIC ARREST

TRAFFIC CITATION

TRAFFIC WARNING
 TRAFFIC ARREST

1. OFFENSE COMMITTED IS SERIOUS

2. THERE IS NECESSITY TO AVOID

CONTINUED VIOLATION

3. THERE IS REASONABLE DOUBT THAT THE

VIOLATOR WILL NOT APPEAR IN COURT
 TRAFFIC CITATION

TEMPORARY OPERATOR’S PERMIT

(TOP)

TRAFFIC VIOLATION’S RECEIPT

(TVR)

ORDINANCE VIOLATION’S RECEIPT

(OVR)

UNIFIED ORDINANCE VIOLATION'S

RECEIPT (UOVR)
3 KINDS OF TRAFFIC WARNING

 VISUAL WARNING (Sinyas)

 VERBAL WARNING

 WRITTEN WARNING
DECISION OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

DEGREE OF VIOLATION

ACCURACY/TRUTH OF OBSERVATION

TYPES OF VIOLATION

TRAFFIC/WEATHER CONDITIONS

EVIDENCE GATHERED

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
(Ex. PWD, Senior Citizen, Diplomat)
 TRAFFIC PATROL

OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC PATROL

 DETERRENT/DISCOURAGE

 DETECTING AND APPREHENDING

 OBSERVING AND REPORTING

 PROVIDING SERVICES

 HANDLING EMERGENCIES
2 TYPES OF TRAFFIC PATROL

 LINE PATROL

 AREA PATROL
4 TYPES OF PATROL SUPERVISION

STATIONARY (Fixed)

CONSPICUOUS (Clearly visible)

VISIBLE (Seeable)

CONCEAL (Covert/Hide)
PURSUIT/MOVEMENT IN TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT

DECISION

PURSUIT TECHNIQUES

SAFETY DRIVING PURSUIT

 TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK

FAULTY VEHICLE EQUIPMENT

REGISTRATION AND LICENSING

VIOLATIONS

INTOXICATION/POISONING AND
CARGO/LOADING/PRODUCT
 OFFICER - VIOLATOR’S
RELATIONSHIP

IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE
(pursued or in order to catch)

ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
(goal, aim is to change)
 PROPER PROCEDURE IN
REQUESTING DRIVER’S LICENCSE
AND MOTOR VEHICLE
CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION
(C.R)
NEVER ACCEPT ANYTHING EXCEPT
PAPER REQUESTED
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION
POINT/AREA CONTROL
POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION
AND CONTROL
3 KINDS WHISTLE SIGNALS

 ONE LONG BLAST – STOP

 TWO SNAPPY BLAST – GO

 THREE BLAST – ATTENTION OR

EMERGENCY
 DOTC (Now DOTr) MEMORANDUM
CIRCULAR NO.19-005

PRESCRIBING PROPER
CONDUCT/BEHAVIOR AND
DECORUM/PROPERNESS DURING
CONFRONTATION WITH TRAFFIC
VIOLATORS
 THE TRAFFIC
ENVIRONMENT
THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
EXTERNAL (Outside) FACTOR

THE HEAT

THE STORM

THE FOG
 INTERNAL (Inside)FACTOR

(BEHAVIOR PATTERN OF THE MAN)

 COMMON INDENTIFIABLE (able to be
recognized) INTERNAL FACTOR THAT CAUSES
ROAD ACCIDENT:

PERSONALITY - the combination of characteristics

or qualities that form an individual's distinctive
character.

CHARACTER - the mental and moral qualities

distinctive to an individual.

EPILEPSY - a neurological disorder marked by

sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance

SLEEPING SICKNESS
VEHICLE EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

AIR POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION
 TRIPOD/FRAMEWORK OF
ROAD SAFETY

 ROAD SAFETY – refers to the

methods and measures used to
prevent users from being killed or
seriously injured. Road users are:
Pedestrians, cyclists, motorist, vehicle
passenger, horse riders and passenger
on road public transport.
THE MAN COMPONENT/PART – refer to
human factors:

1. THE DRIVER – of a particular vehicle (as

distinguished from other drivers)

2. HIS HEALTH – physical, mental and

emotional

3. HIS HABITS – skills, knowledge and attitude

4. CONDITIONS AND OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES

at a particular driving period.
 ENGINE COMPONENT/PART – refers to
the technological factors:

THE ENTIRE VEHICLE – engine, chassis,

tires, lights, accessories, gadgets, (flywheel,
crankshaft, piston, carburetor, cylinder
block, timing belt and spark plug).
 THE ENVIRONMENT COMPONENT –
refers to natural and environmental
consideration:

1. The weather, the laws of nature.

2. The traffic control and signage's.

3. The road, highways, bridges, and road

signs

4. The other drivers, vehicles, pedestrians

and other road users.
 The FIVE (5) E’s of road safety
in order to maintain the balance of a
man-engine-environment, interventions
(involvement) along the field of
ENGINEERING, EDUCATION,
ENFORCEMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND
ECONOMICS must be carefully pursued.
  ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED LAWS

Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (B.P. 344) AN ACT TO

ENHANCE THE MOBILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS
BY REQUIRING CERTAIN BUILDINGS,
INSTITUTIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES TO INSTALL FACILITIES AND OTHER
DEVICES

MMDA ORDINANCE. NO. 2

Governing ROAD DIGGINGS/EXCAVATION
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.1151
(P.D. 1151)

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

WHEREAS, the individual and, at times,
conflicting, demands of population
growth, urbanization, industrial
expansion, rapid natural resources
utilization and increasing technological
advances have resulted in a gradual-
approach concept of environmental
protection.
  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749
(R.A. 8749)

(CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999)

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A
COMPREHENSIVE (ALL-INCLUSIVE) AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY.
 SPECIAL
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
AND INVESTIGATION
 ANTI-CARNAPPING LAW
Republic Act No. 6539 as amended by R.A 10883 New Anti-
Carnapping Act of 2016

Defacing or tampiring with serial number refers to the

altering changing, erasing, replacing or scratching of the
original factory inscribed serial number on the motor
vehicle eng, engine block or chassis of any motor vehicle.

1. There is a motor vehicle belonging to another.

2. The taking is without the consent of the owner.

3. The taking is with intent to gain.

4. The taking is by means of violence against or

intimidation/aggression of persons, or by using force upon
things
 MOTOR VEHICLE - shall mean any vehicle
propelled(drive or cause to move) by any power other
than muscular power(great force) using the public
highways, but exempting road rollers, trolley cars,
street sweepers, bulldozers, granders, fork-lifts,
cranes vehicles, which runs only on rails or tracks,
tractors, trailers and tranction engine.
 RECOVERED CARNAPPED MOTOR
VEHICLE:

METRO MANILA – WITH 48 HOURS

(2 DAYS) TO CENTRAL VEHICLE
IMPOUNDING AREA (PNP-HPG)

OUTSIDE METRO MANILA - 48 HOURS TO

(2 DAYS) THE NEAREST PNP-HPG
DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS
 ANTI FENCING LAW
Presidential Decree No. 1612 of 1979
(P.D. 1612)
Is the act of any person who, with intent to
gain for himself or for another, shall buy,
receive, possess, keep, acquire, conceal, sell
or dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or any
other manner deal in any article, item, object
or anything of value which he knows, or
should be known to him, to have been derived
from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or
theft.
 THE DRUNKEN DRIVER
 The Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
level or the concentration of alcohol in the blood
of an individual can be distinguished by blood or
urine tests. Refers to the percent of alcohol
(ethyl alcohol or ethanol) in a person's blood
stream. A BAC of .10% means that an
individual's blood supply contains one part
alcohol for every 1000 parts blood. In California,
a person is legally intoxicated if he/she has a
BAC of .08% or higher.
  BEHAVIORAL LEVEL OF INTOXICATED
DRIVER
(Measurement of Blood Alcohol Level)

1. 0.05% or less - the driver is presumed not under the

influence of intoxicating liquor.

2. Between 0.08% to 0.15% – driver apparently lack of

mental control.

3. Between 0.18% to 0.25% – the driver’s behavioural

attributes become patently ominous (alarming),
laughing (riant/happy), uncoordinated (unorganized)
walking, slur (discourteously) speech and visibility is
blurred.
4. Between 0.38% to 0.50% - the average person
is physically insensible (asleep), as if in a coma
or trance (unconsiousness).

5. Between 0.40% to 0. 50% - the person is numb

(insensitive, paralyzed (ill) as if anesthetized.

6. Level 0.50 - the average person is seemingly

dead but other can still drive but dangerous.
  BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION LIMITS:

1. USA – Study in the US, 0.08 which equates to (3

to 5 bottles of beer 0.05%), is at least 11 times
more likely to be killed in a car crash than a sober
(drug-free) driver.

2. ENGLAND, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, FRANCE, and

NORWAY – 0.8 mg/ml

3. SWEDEN – 0.5 mg/ml

4. POLAND – 0.3 mg/ml

5. JAPAN AND SAUDI ARABIA - 0.00 percent

 MEASURING DEVICES

ALCOHOL METER

BREATH ANALYZER

INTOXILYZER (breath alcohol instrument)

FIELD SOBRIETY/DUNKENNESS TEST

WALK ON A STRAIGHT LINE

ONE-FOOT BALANCE

READING

SPELLING

VIDEO TAPE MOVEMENT

PHOTOGRAPH THE UNGUARDED MOMENTS

 CHEMICAL TEST

BLOOD TEST

URINE TEST

PERSPIRATION TEST

BREATH TEST

SKIN TEST

EENT (Ear, Eye, Nose, Tongue)TEST

ULTRA-TECH TEST
Republic act 10586: Anti
drunk driving law overview

RA No. 10586 was signed

by the former President
Benigno Aquino III on 27th
of May, in 2013. The law is
also known as an Act
Penalizing Persons Driving
Under the Influence of
Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs,
and Other Similar
Substances.
HIT AND RUN VIOLATION
 LEGAL ACTION (Against)

1. Abandonment of one’s victim.

2. Failure to lend assistance to the injured person.

3. Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide or

damage to property

4. Failure to render assistance to one’s own victim

5. Violation of Section 55, RA 4136 (provide a duty driver

in case of accident Feb. 27, 2012)

6. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony.

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
HOW TO DELIMIT/ DEFINE THE SCOPE
INVESTIGATION FROM THE WIDE UNIVERSE OF
UNKNOWN:
1.THE VICTIM’S IDENTIFICATION (name of victim/s)

2.THE KIND OF VEHICLE (SUV, AUV, 10 wheeler Truck)

3.THE MAKE OF THE VEHICLE (Ex. Toyoya, Mitsubishi, Ford etc.)

4.THE MODEL OF THE VEHICLE (2018, 2019, 2020 latest model)

5.THE REGISTRED VEHICLE

6.THE DRIVER (name of driver)

7.THE EYE WITNESSES

ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD TRAFFIC
INVESTIGATOR
 MANAGERSHIP – To stand what is right

 ABILITY – Possess a high level of intelligence

 CHARISMA – Simplicity in words, action and

behaviour

 ADAPTABILITY – One that can keep pace with

the tempo of technology advancement
 SINCERITY – Denote sensibility to the needy and
suffering of the victim

 INTEGRETY - It denote dedication, interest and

sacrifices

 ACCURACY – Be precise (skillful) exact (direct)

and accurate (true)

 NUETRALITY – Maintain impartiality

 OPTIMISM - The character with the firm to resolve

  DEFINITION OF TERMS:
 TRAFFIC - MOVEMENT IN PUBLIC ROAD

 NON-TRAFFIC – MOVEMENT OUTSIDE OF THE PUBLIC ROAD

 ACCIDENT - UNINTENTIONAL ACT

 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – INVOLVING TRAVEL

TRANSPORTATION ON A TRAFFIC WAY, ATTRIBUTED TO
HUMAN ERROR.

 MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – ATTRIBUTED DIRECTLY

OR INDIRECTLY TO THE MOTION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE ON
A ROAD.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE
TRAFFIC ACCIDDENT ACCORDING TO KEY
EVENTS

1. RUNNING OFF ROAD - (or roadway departure)

is a US term for a type of single-vehicle collision
that occurs when a vehicle leaves the roadway.

2. NON-COLLISION ON ROAD
examples include: fire/explosion,, separation of
units, downhill runaways or cargo loss.

3. COLLISION ON ROAD WITH MOTOR

VEHICLE versus other motor vehicle, pedestrian,
parked motor vehicle, railroad train, fixed object
and other objects
CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTOR

a. ROAD CONDITION (curve road, landslide,

water floods)

b. DRIVER’S ATTITUDE OR BEHAVIOR

c. WEATHER CONDITION (there is a typhoon)

B. SEQUENTIAL/FORMING FACTOR

a. SPEED IS GREATER OR LESS THAN SAFE

b. DEFECTIVE VEHICLE (VEHICLE FAILURE

OR MALFUNCTION)
C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR

a. ROAD HAZARDS - means a hazard that is

encountered while driving a motor vehicle
including, but not limited to, potholes, rocks, wood
debris, metal parts, glass, plastic, curbs, or
composite scraps.

b. DRIVER’S NON-COMPLIANCE TO TRAFFIC

LAWS, ORDINANCE, RULES AND
REGULATIONS
D. PERCEPTION FACTORS (ABILITY TO
HEAR AND SEE)

a. DRIVER’S IN ABILITY TO REACT

PROMPTLY TO A SITUATION

b. DIVER’S FAULTY ACTION TO ESCAPE

COLLISION/ACCIDENT COURSE
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT

FATAL (CAUSING DEATH)

NON-FATAL (DOES NOT CAUSE

DEATH)

PROPERTY DAMAGE
 RESPODING TO THE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SCENE
THE MEANS OF THE REPORT (Traffic accident a
collision between two (2) vehicle, ask the exact
place/location, place of opponent) T.D.P.O

THE TIME OF REPORT (Put the time and date upon

recieving the report)

THE RECEIVER OF THE REPORT (Name of the

reciever of the report, mostly traffic desk officer or
the traffic radio operator)

THE TIME OF DISPATCH (Time/hour of the traffic

investigator being dispatch)
STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

(5S’s)
 SAFE
SAVE
SKILL
STAMINA
(prolonged physical or mental effort)
SPEED
 AQUAPLANING or HYDROPLANING
 By the tire of a road vehicle or sometimes
roller coaster occur when a layer of water
builds between the rubber tires of the
vehicle and the road surface, leading to the
loss of traction and thus preventing the
vehicle from responding to control inputs
such as steering (control), braking or
accelerating (fast braking), loss of traction
that prevents the vehicle from responding
to control inputs.
SKID MARKS - long black mark left on a
road surface by tires of a skidding vehicles
Skid marks caused by tires on roads occur
when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and
slides or spins on the surface of the road.
SCUFF MARK - a mark made
by scraping or grazing a
surface or object.
 THANK YOU!!!

GOOD LUCK AND

GOD BLESS...