Unit 1: Dynamics of

Population
Sequence of Presentation
 Nature, Scope and Importance of Population
Studies
 Important Elements of Population Studies
 Methods of Data Collection
 Source of Data
 Basic Concept
 Causes of over Population
 Affects of Over Population
 Suggestions
Population
All the inhabitants of a particular town, area or country . OR
A population is the number of living people that live
together in the same place. OR

A population is the number of organisms of the same

species that live in a particular geographic area at the
same time.
A city's population is the number of people living in that
city. These people are called inhabitants or residents. The
population includes all individuals that live in that certain
area.
Population studies
Population studies is broadly defined as the scientific study of human population.
OR
Population studies is concerned not only with demographic variables ( births,
deaths, migration) but it has also relationship with population changes and other
variables.
Social
Economic
Political
Geographical
Environmental
Health

Elements of population studies

Major areas studied include broad population dynamics; fertility and family
dynamics; health, aging, and mortality; and human capital and labor markets.
Effects of World war-II
Developing Countries
 starvation
 misery

Developed Countries
 excessive urbanization,
 negative population,
 pollution
1.Population dynamics is the study of how and
why populations change in size and structure over
time. Important factors in population
dynamics include rate of reproduction, death and
migration.
It also include compositions(constituents) of population
by sex, age, race, ethnicity, occupation, education,
religion, marital status, and living arrangements. (Living
arrangements mean where you live and who you live with)
It also includes distribution of population by region,
country, province or state, urban or rural area etc.
2. Fertility and family dynamics
Cohabitation, marriage, childbearing and divorce are trends in
these dynamics, and differentials in fertility and family dynamics
by race, ethnicity, education, and income.
3. Health, aging and mortality
identify factors that promote health and reduce the
burden of disease in human populations.

Aging can be defined as the time-related

deterioration of the physiological functions
necessary for survival and fertility.
Death is the ultimate consequence of aging.

4. Human capital and labour market

Sociologists and economists in the field of population
studies often examine labor markets and human
capital such as education and skills.
Methods of data collection
 1.Census method is the method of statistical
enumeration where all members of the
population are studied. It is a costly method .The
results obtained are accurate and reliable
 2.Registration method (Birth, death, marriage and

divorce is recorded in government register)

National Database and Registration
authority (NADRA) 
 3.Sample survey method
 4.Administrative records. Data may be collected

from schools or hospitals etc.

Importance of population studies
  (a)Political: In the political field on the basis of
demographic studies(statistical study of human
populations) concerned political leadership and authorities
come to know about the rate at which number of voters,
male and female, is increasing, how the generation gap is
gradually influencing national and international politics.
 (b)Economic: The importance of study that population in

the economic field is immense. It is with the help of

population studies that the nation comes to know how far
the rate of population growth is keeping pace with that of
economic development .
 (c)Planning: Most of the advanced countries are now
accepting the concept of planned development. It is accepted
that limited human and natural resources must be utilized in
a planned manner in the best interest of the society. But no
Planning can be a success unless the planners are aware of
the population growth rates and the areas in which
population is much more rapidly growing than the others.

 (d)Social: Population study is very much advantageous in

the social field as well. It is population studies which can
help in finding out extra electricity, roads ,water, housing,
schools, hospitals, shopping centers and hygienic facilities
etc.
  (e)Advantages to Administrators: Administrators find population
studies immensely useful. In fact, whole administrative machinery
moves keeping in view growth of population. An administrator,
whether in the social, economic, or political field will always have
the growth or decline of population in view for smooth running of
administration.

 (f)Essential for Checking Regional Imbalances: Population study

is essential for finding out population migration trends which result
in creating regional imbalances, particularly when due to one reason
of the other there is mass migration. This trend is quite visible these
days because the educated people and landless labour is migrating
from rural to the urban areas and from one region to the other. Many
serious law and order problems arise because of it and even some
regions become more advanced industrially than the other.
Population change
 Change
Increase and decrease in population is called
population change. It is caused by three factors

1. Fertility
2. Mortality
3. Migration
1. Fertility
It means the number of children actually born
by a woman.

Population growth=births-deaths +in

migration -out migration
Factors affecting fertility rate
1. Decrease in mortality
2. Age at marriage
3. Women education
4. Relationship of fertility with socio-economic
status
5. Fertility and rural urban distribution
6. Govt. acts and policies
7. Access to voluntary family planning
8. Traditional society
2. Mortality
Refers to the state of being mortal . In medicine,
a term also used for death rate, or the number of
deaths in a certain group of people in a certain
period of time.
Factors of mortality in the past
1. Food shortage
2. Epidemics
3. War losses
4. Poor conditions of living
Factors in mortality decline
1. Discovery of additional resources of food and raw
materials
2. Technological changes in agriculture
3. Improved environmental sanitation
4. Improved personal hygiene
5. Development of modern medicines and public
health programs
6. Economic development
7. Status of woman
8. Spread of education
3. Migration
It means to move from one place, country, or
town to another. Thus migration is the movement
from one place to another within the country or
outside it.

1. Internal migration: moving within a state or

country. People who move to a village or city to
settle down are called in-migrants to that place.
People who leave a village or city to settle in some
other places are called out-migrants from that
village or city.
2. External migration: moving to a different state or country.
Emigration: leaving one country to move to another.
 Immigration: moving into a new country.
Causes of migration

1. Scarcity of resources 1. Higher employment

2. High quality housing 2. More wealth
3. Poor sanitation 3. Better services
4. Water supply 4. Good climate
5. Medical and 5. Safer, less crime
education services 6. Political stability
6. Lack of safety 7. More fertile land
7. War 8. Lower risk from natural
8. Poverty hazards
9. Flooding etc.

Pull factors
Push factors
Over population
Human overpopulation  refers to a human
population that is too large to be sustained by its
environment in the long term. 

Over population is not simply a function of the size

or density of the population, but rather the number
of individuals compared to the sources needed for
survival or well-being.
Causes of over population
 High birth rate
 Decline in death rate
 Improved medical facilities
 Illiteracy
 Conservative philosophy of life
 Joint family system
 Lack of female education
 Lack of family planning
 Agricultural advancement
 Immigration
Effects of over population
 Lower per capita income
 Dependency ratio increases
 Unemployment
 Depletion of natural resources
 Degradation of environment
 Starvation, malnutrition etc.
 Reduces life expectancy
 Conflicts and wars
 High cost of living
 Water shortage
 Faster climate change
Solutions to over population
 Better education
 Education for girls
 Awareness of family planning
 Tax benefits or concession
 Empowerment of women
 National population policy
 Remove barriers to contraception
Zero population
 It refers to a population that is unchanging – it
is neither growing, nor declining; the growth
rate is zero. This demographic balance could
occur when the birth rate and death rate are
equal. There are several countries around the
world that are at or near ZPG, including
Iceland, Germany, Portugal, and Poland. The
population stabilization that accompanies ZPG
is often seen as a critical component to long-
term sustainability for a country, region, or the
world.
Negative Population
 Negative population growth means that
these countries have more deaths than births.
Ukraine’s population high emigration rates
coupled with high death rates and low birth
rates are to blame for Ukraine’s population
loss. The country’s birth rate is 9.2 births per
1,000 people and its death rate is 15.2
deaths per 1,000 people.
 Q1 what is meant by population Change?
What are its factors?

 Q2 What are the solutions of overpopulation?