Woreta Health Science And Business

College

Dr. Ayana Wasse (MD,SCR)

Integumentary System

1
 Introduction
• Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and
performing specialized functions constitutes an
organ.

• The skin and its various structures make up the

integumentary system.

2
 Skin and Its Tissues

• Composed of several tissue types

• Maintains homeostasis
• Protective covering
• Retards water loss
• Regulates body temperature
• Houses sensory receptors
• Contains immune system cells
• Synthesizes chemicals
• Excretes small amounts of wastes

3
 Skin Cells

• Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal

bone and tooth development

• Some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances

that simulate development of some white blood
cells

4
 Layers of Skin (3)
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• Epidermis Stratified
squamous

• Dermis epithelium

• Subcutaneous layer
• Aka hypodermis Dense irregular
connective
tissue
• Beneath dermis

Adipose tissue

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

5
 Epidermis
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• Lacks blood vessels Hair shaft

• Keratinized
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Epidermis

• Thickest on palms and

Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla

Basement membrane

soles (0.8-1.4mm) Dermis

TTactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle

• Melanocytes provide Sweat gland duct

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Hair follicle

• melanin
Rests on basement membrane Subcutaneous
layer
Sweat gland

Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

• Stratified squamous epithelia Blood vessels

Muscle layer

(a)

Hair shaft

Epidermis

Hair follicle Dermis

Sebaceous gland

(b) 6
b: © Victor Eroschenko
 Epidermis
There are five (5) layers of the epidermis:
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale
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Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Basement
membrane
Dermal papilla
Dermis

(a) (b) 7
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
 Epidermis
• Heredity and environment determine skin color
• Genetic Factors • Physiological Factors
• Varying amounts of • Dilation of dermal blood
melanin vessels
• Varying size of melanin • Constriction of dermal blood
granules vessels
• Albinos lack melanin • Accumulation of carotene
• Jaundice
• Environmental Factors
• Sunlight
• UV light from sunlamps
• X-rays
• Darkens melanin 8
 Dermis
• On average 1.0-2.0mm thick
• Contains dermal papillae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Binds epidermis to underlying Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore
Sweat

tissues Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary

• Irregular dense connective tissue Dermal papilla

Basement membrane

• Muscle cells
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Dermis Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct

• Nerve cell processes Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Hair follicle

• Specialized sensory receptors SubcutaneousSubcutaneous Sweat gland

layer Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels

• Blood vessels Muscle layer

(a)

• Hair follicles
• Glands
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 Dermis
• There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:
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• Papillary layer
• Thin
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat

• Superficial
Stratum corneum
Epidermis Stratum basale
Capillary

• Dermal papillae here Dermal papilla

Basement membrane
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Dermis

• Reticular layer
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct

• 80% of dermis
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
SubcutaneousSubcutaneous Sweat gland

• Cleavage, tension or layer Nerve cell process

Adipose tissue

Langer’s lines are here

Blood vessels
Muscle layer

(a)

10
 Subcutaneous Layer
• Aka hypodermis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Loose connective Hair shaft

Sweat gland pore
Sweat

tissue and … Epidermis

Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla

• Adipose tissue are Dermis

Basement membrane
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland

present Arrector pili muscle

Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

• Insulates SubcutaneousSubcutaneous
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
layer Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue

• Major blood Blood vessels

Muscle layer

vessels present
(a)

11
 Accessory Structures
of the Skin
• Accessory structures of the skin originate from the
epidermis and include:
• Hair follicles
• Nails
• Skin glands-sweat gland, sebaceous gland

12
 Hair Follicles
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• Epidermal cells
•
Hair shaft

Tube-like depression Pore

• Extends into dermis

• Three (3) parts: Sebaceous
gland

• Hair root
• Hair shaft Arrector pili
muscle
Hair root
• Hair papilla (keratinized
cells)
Hair follicle
Eccrine
• Dead epidermal cells sweat gland
Region of
cell division

• Melanin Hair papilla

• Arrector pili muscle DermalDermal

blood
vessels
(a)
13
 Nails
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• Protective coverings Lunula Nail bed Nail plate

• Three (3) parts:

• Nail plate
• Nail bed
• Lunula

14
 Sebaceous Glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Usually associated with hair Sebaceous

gland
follicles Hair follicle

• Holocrine glands

• Secrete sebum (oil) Hair

• Absent on palms and soles

© Per H. Kjeldsen
15
 Sweat Glands
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• Aka sudoriferous glands

Hair shaft
• Widespread in skin Pore

• Originates in deeper dermis Dermal

papilla
or hypodermis
Sebaceous
gland
• Eccrine glands Duct

Hair

• Apocrine glands follicle

Eccrine
sweat

• Ceruminous glands gland

Apocrine
sweat
• Mammary glands gland
16
 Regulation of
Body Temperature
• Regulation of body temperature is vitally important
because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions.

17
Regulation of Body
Temperature
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Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.

Receptors Effectors
Thermoreceptors Dermal blood vessels
send signals to the dilate and sweat glands
control center. secrete.

Stimulus Response
Body temperature rises Body heat is
above normal. lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward
normal.

too high

Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)

too low

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is conserved,
drops below normal. temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Effectors Effectors

Thermoreceptors Dermal blood Dermal blood
send signals to the vessels constrict vessels constrict
control center. and sweat glands and sweat glands
remain inactive. remain inactive.

Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals 18
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
 Heat Production and Loss
• Heat is a product of cellular metabolism
• The most active body cells are the heat producers and
include:
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Cells of certain glands such as the liver
• The primary means of heat loss is radiation
• Also there is conduction, convection and evaporation

19
 Problems in Temperature
Regulation
• Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature

• Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

20
 Healing of Wounds and Burns
• Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress.
• Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more
permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues.
• Inflammed skin may become:
• Reddened
• Swollen
• Warm
• Painful

21
 Healing of Cuts
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Site of injury

Blood cells

(a) (b)

Scab

Blood
clot

(c) (d) (e)

Scab

Scar
tissue

Scar
tissue
Fibroblasts

22
(f) (g)
 Types of Burns
• First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness

• Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness

• Third degree burn – full-thickness

• Autograft
• Homograft
• Various skin substitutes

23
 Rule of Nines for Adults
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Anterior head 4 1/ 2% Anterior and posterior head and neck 41/2% Posterior head
and neck 41/2% 9% and neck 41/2%

Anterior Anterior and Posterior

trunk posterior upper trunk
18% extremities 18%
18%
Anterior upper Anterior and Posterior upper
extremities 9% posterior trunk extremities 9%
36%
41/2% 41 / 2 % 41/2% 41/2%

Perineum 1%
9% 9% 9% 9%
Anterior lower Anterior and Posterior lower
extremities 18% posterior lower extremities 18%
extremities
36%

24
100%
 Lifespan Changes
• Skin becomes scaly • Melanin production slows
• Age spots appear • Hair thins
• Epidermis thins • Number of hair follicles
• Dermis becomes reduced decreases
• Loss of fat • Nail growth becomes
• Wrinkling impaired
• Sagging • Sensory receptors decline
• Sebaceous glands secrete • Body temperature unable to
less oil be controlled
• Diminished ability to activate
Vitamin D

25