IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS II
© Khurram Shahzad

(M.A. E.P.M. 505)

(CODE # 6570)
UNIT 7: USE OF
COMPUTER FOR DATA
ANALYSIS
Made by Khurram Shahzad
BN524244
 Computer for Data Analysis

 Computer:
An electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of
performing a sequence of operations in accordance
© Khurram Shahzad

with a predetermined but variable set of procedural

instructions (program) to produce a result in the form
of information or signals.
 Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing,
transforming, and modeling data with the goal of
discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making. ... All
of the above are varieties of data analysis.
 Computer for Data Analysis

 Computer:
An electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of
performing a sequence of operations in accordance
© Khurram Shahzad

with a predetermined but variable set of procedural

instructions (program) to produce a result in the form
of information or signals.
 Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing,
transforming, and modeling data with the goal of
discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making. ... All
of the above are varieties of data analysis.
 Computer for Data Analysis

ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVES:
Computer is not magic, nor is it a toy.
For some studies, the researcher may actually save
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time and money by not using computer.

But…………………..
Results of computer analyses are much more likely to
be error free.
If complex analyses are to be performed, or if a large
number of subjects are involved, researchers frequently
use computers to do the calculations.
…………………………….
 Computer for Data Analysis

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:

A computer system works on hardware and software.

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Hardware refers to the actual equipment(tangible), the

computer itself and related accessories………..

Software refers to the programs which give

instructions to the computer concerning desired
operations………..
 Computer for Data Analysis

TYPES OF COMPUTERS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
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MICRO COMPUTERS
 Computer for Data Analysis
TYPES OF COMPUTERS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Mainframe computers are

very large and very
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fast.

Stores tremendous data.

Bulk data processing, such as census, industry and

consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and
transaction processing.
IBM(OS/360) & UNIVAC 1100.
 Computer for Data Analysis
TYPES OF COMPUTERS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Mini Computers (MICRO)

known as Personal Computers (PCs)
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They are small in sizes and relatively inexpensive.

They are highly flexible and designed for small scale
personal use and business application.
These are based on microprocessor technology, a
silicon chip containing the important circuitry to perform
operations.
IBM, Dell, Sony, HP and Apple are the manufactures of
microcomputers. Nowadays they have come more
advance and powerful in technology.
 Computer for Data Analysis
STATISTICAL PACKAGES FOR MAINFRAMES:

The first step in using a mainframe computer is to

select an appropriate program.
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We can use a range of software packages to analyse

data - from Access or Excel to dedicated packages, such
as SPSS,
Stata and R for statistical analysis of quantitative
data,
Nvivo for qualitative (textual and audio-visual) data
analysis (QDA), or
ArcGIS for analysing geospatial data.
 Computer for Data Analysis

SPSS
(STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES)
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Used internationally for nearly 20 years…….

“Raw” data are organized in tabular format with each
observation having a row and each variable its own
column (i.e., observation by attribute)
Data, command, & output files are distinct and saved
as such
Menu or syntax can be used to create graphical
displays
Variables have to be identified in a certain format prior
to analysis (most likely “numeric,” not “string”)
Extensive “help” menus
 SPSS interface
• Data view
– The place to enter data
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– Columns: variables
– Rows: records
• Variable view
– The place to enter variables
– List of all variables
– Characteristics of all variables

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 Enter data in SPSS 19.0
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Columns:
variables

Rows: cases

Under Data
View

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 Enter variables

1. Click Variable View

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2. Type variable name under

4. Description
2. Type of variable
Name column (e.g. Q01).
variable name NOTE: Variable name can be 64
3. Type: bytes long, and the first
numeric or character must be a letter or
string one of the characters @, #, or
$.
3. Type: Numeric, string, etc.
4. Label: description of variables.

1. Click this
Window

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 Enter variables
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Based on your code book!

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 Enter cases
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1. Two variables in the data set.

2. They are: Code and Q01.
3. Code is an ID variable, used to identify individual case
(NOT people’s real IDs).
4. Q01 is about participants’ ages: 1 = 12 years or
younger, 2 = 13 years, 3 = 14 years…

Under Data
View

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 Import data from Excel
• Select File Open Data
• Choose Excel as file type
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• Select the file you want to import

• Then click Open

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 Open Excel files in SPSS
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 Import data from CVS file
• CVS is a comma-separated values file.
• If you use Qualtrics to collect data (online
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survey), you will get a CVS data file.

• Select File Open Data
• Choose All files as file type
• Select the file you want to import
• Then click Open

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 © Khurram Shahzad

Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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 Continue
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Save this file

as SPSS data

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 Clean data after import data files
• Key in values and labels for each variable
• Run frequency for each variable
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• Check outputs to see if you have variables with

wrong values.
• Check missing values and physical surveys if you
use paper surveys, and make sure they are real
missing.
• Sometimes, you need to recode string variables
into numeric variables
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 Continue
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Wrong
entries

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 Variable transformation
• Recode variables
1. Select Transform Recode
into Different Variables
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2. Select variable that you want

to transform (e.g. Q20): we
want
1= Yes and 0 = No
3. Click Arrow button to put
your variable into the right
window
4. Under Output Variable: type
name for new variable and
label, then click Change
5. Click Old and New Values

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 Continue
6. Type 1 under Old Value
and 1 under New Value,
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click Add. Then type 2

under Old Value, and 0
under New Value, click
Add.
7. Click Continue after
finish all the changes.
8. Click Ok
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