ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

UNIT 1-I
 Introduction to AI
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science
which focuses on the creation of intelligent machines that
work and react like humans.
• Intelligence includes- Ability to learn, to understand, to
perceive, problem solving capability and rationally adapt to
change
• Also this intelligence is induced in machines by using artificial
methods like algorithms.
 Why AI?
• Few reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices
which can solve real-world problems very easily and with
accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual
Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can
work in an environment where survival of humans can be at
risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and
new Opportunities.
 Goals of AI
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can
advise to its user.
 What Comprises to AI?
• To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our
brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning,
problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
• To achieve the above factors for a machine or software
Artificial Intelligence requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
Approaches to AI
1. Act Humanly :- This approach deals with creating machines
which do things same as the human does. Like – Robotics,
Natural Language Processing.
2. Think Humanly :- Involves thinking like humans do while
making decision, solving problems, learning etc. this approach
involves cognitive modeling.
3. Act Rationally :- This approach leads to do things in right
manner and behave in right manner as per the situation.
Maximizing the performance of the system by designing
intelligent agents.
4. Think Rationally :- Means always thinking in right manner.
Development of correct logic for particular domain. It
requires good knowledge for agent to think in right direction.
History of AI
 Applications of AI
Following are some sectors which have the application
of Artificial Intelligence:
 Intelligent Agents
• An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
The agents act in their environment. An agent is anything
which perceives from its environment through sensors and
act upon that environment through actuators and directs the
activities towards goals. Human has ears, eyes & other organs
as sensors and hand, legs, mouth as actuators similarly
intelligent agents has.
 Intelligent Agents
Components
• Percepts - A percept is the input that an intelligent agent is
perceiving at any given moment. It is essentially the same
concept as a percept in psychology, except that it is being
perceived not by the brain but by the agent.
• Sensors – Manmade devices which take the perceived
knowledge as input and provide to the agents for further
functioning. (Vision and Imaging, Temperature, Proximity,
Pressure and Position Sensors)
• Actuators - An actuator is a component of a machine that is
responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or
system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a
"mover".
• Action – Actions are performed on the environment by the
agents by applying agent functions.
 Intelligent Agents
• Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
• Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the
environment.
• Rule 2: The observation must be used to make
decisions.
• Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
• Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a
rational action.
 Structure of an AI Agent
• The task of AI is to design an agent program which
implements the agent function. The structure of an intelligent
agent is a combination of architecture and agent program. It
can be viewed as:
• Agent = Architecture + Agent program  
• Following are the main three terms involved in the structure
of an AI agent:
• Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent
executes on.
• Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to
an action.
• f:P* → A  
• Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of
agent function. An agent program executes on the physical
architecture to produce function f.
 Types of Intelligent Agents

1. Simple Reflex Agents

2. Model Based Agents
3. Goal Based Agents
4. Utility Based Agents
5. Learning Agents
 Simple Reflex Agents
These agents take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and
ignore the rest of the percept history. The Simple reflex agent
works on Condition-action rule,
If condition (is true)
Then action.
which means it maps the current state to action. Such as a Room
Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.
PROBLEMS FACED
• Very limited intelligence.
• No knowledge about the non-perceptual parts of the state.
• Mostly too big to generate and to store.
• Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
 Model-Based Reflex agent
• A model-based agent has two important factors:
• Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it
is called a Model-based agent.
• Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on
percept history.
• These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and
based on the model they perform actions.
• Updating the agent state requires information about:
• How the world evolves
• How the agent's action affects the world.
 Goal Based Agents
• The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to
decide for an agent to what to do.
• The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
• Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by
having the "goal" information.
• They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
• These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions
before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of
different scenario are called searching and planning, which makes an agent
proactive.
 Utility Based Agents
• These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra
component of utility measurement which makes them different by
providing a measure of success at a given state.
• Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to
achieve the goal.
• The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible
alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best
action.
• The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how
efficiently each action achieves the goals.
 Learning Agent
• It is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences, or it has learning
capabilities.
• It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically
through learning.
• A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
• Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from
environment
• Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how
well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
• Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
• Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that
will lead to new and informative experiences.
• Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways
to improve the performance.
 Rational Agents
• A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about
creating rational agents to use for game theory and decision
theory for various real-world scenarios.
• For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because
in AI reinforcement learning algorithm, for each best possible
action, agent gets the positive reward and for each wrong
action, an agent gets a negative reward.

• Rationality: The rationality of an agent is measured by its

performance measure. Rationality can be judged on the basis
of following points:
• Performance measure which defines the success criterion.
• Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
• Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
• The sequence of percepts.
 PEAS
• PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define
an AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS
representation model.
• Performance – which qualities it should have?
• Environment – where it should act?
• Actuators – how will it perform actions?
• Sensors – how will it perceive environment?
Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver:
Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits
Environment: Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers
Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine sensors,
keyboard
 PEAS
• Medical diagnosis system
• Satellite image analysis system
• Part-picking robot
• Interactive English Tutor
PEAS
Thank you