IGCSE 3 Edition

rd

Core and Extended By Agnes Lee

Maths Notes
Chapter 1

Number and language

 Natural Rational Prime
Integers Real Numbers
Numbers Numbers Numbers
Natural numbers are a An integer is a Rational numbers are Real numbers are Prime numbers are
part of the number number with no any numbers that can numbers that include numbers greater than
system, including all decimal or fractional be written as a both rational and 1 and only have two
the positive integers part, from the set of fraction, where both irrational numbers. factors, 1 and the
from 1 to infinity. negative and positive numerator and the Rational numbers number itself.
numbers, including denominator are such as integers
Also called counting zero. integers and the fractions and
numbers denominator is not irrational numbers are
equal to zero. all real numbers.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Vocabulary for sets of numbers
 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Highest Common
Factor (HCF)

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers is

the highest possible number which divides both the
numbers completely.
Ways to find Highest Common Factor (HCF)
HCF by listing factors method
• In this method, we list the factors of each number and find the common factors of those numbers. Then, among the
common factors, we determine the highest common factor.
HCF by prime factorization
• Step 1: Find the common prime factors of the given numbers.
• Step 2: Then, multiply these common prime factors to obtain the HCF of those numbers.
HCF by division method
• Step 1: In this method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number and check the remainder.
• Step 2: Then, we make the remainder of the previous step as the new divisor and the divisor of the previous step as
the new dividend and perform the long division again.
• Step 3: We continue the long division process till we get the remainder as 0. It should be noted that the last divisor
will be the HCF of those two numbers.
Lowest Common
Multiples (LCM)

The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest

possible number that can be divisible by both numbers.
 Ways to find Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
LCM by listing factors method
• Step 1: List the first few multiples of A and B.
• Step 2: Mark the common multiples from the multiples of both numbers.
• Step 3: Select the smallest common multiple. That lowest common multiple is the LCM
of the two numbers.
LCM by prime factorization
• Step 1: Represent the numbers in the prime factored form.
• Step 2: The LCM of the given two numbers is the product of all the prime factors.
(However, common factors will be included only once)
LCM by division method
• Step 1: Find a prime number which is a factor of at least one of the given numbers. Write
this prime number on the left of the given numbers.
• Step 2: If the prime number in step 1 is a factor of the number, then divide the number by
the prime and write the quotient below. If the prime number in step 1 is not a factor of the
number, then write the number in the row below as it is. Continue the steps until 1 is left
in the last row.
Relationship between LCM and HCF
 Irrational Numbers Square Roots Cube Roots Directed Numbers

Irrational numbers are the A square root of a number is Cube root is the number that Directed Numbers are
real numbers that cannot be a value that can be needs to be multiplied three numbers with both size and
represented as a simple multiplied by itself to give times to get the original direction; one direction is
fraction. the original number. number. positive, and the other is
negative. For example,
temperature.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Chapter 2

Accuracy
Rounding
A rounded number has about the same value as the number you start with, but it is less exact.
Here's the general rule for rounding:
• If the number you are rounding is followed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the number up. Example: 38 rounded to the nearest
ten is 401
• If the number you are rounding is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, round the number down. Example: 33 rounded to the
nearest ten is 30
Decimal Places
Decimal places are positions of the digits to the right of a decimal point.
Rounding numbers to decimal places is shortening a decimal number to a given degree of accuracy. To do this we find the
decimal place we wish to round to and look at the digit to the right of that number.

If the number after the chosen accuracy is a 55 or more than 55, we round up.
If it is less than 55, we round down.
It is important to give the number of digits required after the decimal point, even if the last digit would be a zero.
Significant Figures
Significant figures are the number of digits in a value,
often a measurement, that contribute to the degree of
accuracy of the value. We start counting significant figures
at the first non-zero digit.
Upper and Lower Bound
The lower bound is the smallest value that would
round up to the estimated value.
The upper bound is the smallest value that would
round up to the next estimated value.
Chapter 3

Calculations and Order

Ordering and Inequalities
An ordering can often be considered to be a comparison of the size
of objects, perhaps in some intuitive sense.
Mapping the inequalities on number line can be shown as below :
Chapter 4

Integers, fractions,
decimals and
percentages.
 Fractions
Mixed Number
• A mixed number is a whole number, and a proper fraction represented
together. It generally represents a number between any two whole
numbers.

Proper fractions
• A proper fraction is a fraction whose numerator is smaller than its
denominator.
Improper fractions
• The numerator is greater than (or equal to) the denominator
Simplest form
• A fraction is in simplest form if the top and bottom have no common
factors other than 1
 Fractions
Addition and Subtraction
• Step 1: Make denominators the same
• Step 2: Add or Subtract the numerators (keeping the denominator the same)
• Step 3: Simplify the fraction
 Fractions
Multiplication
• To multiply two fractions together, multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators together.

Division
• To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
• The reciprocal of a fraction can be found by turning a fraction upside down.
 Fractions
Changing Fractions to Decimals
• Step 1: Find a number you can multiply by the bottom of the fraction to make
it 10, or 100, or 1000, or any 1 followed by 0s.
• Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by that number.
• Step 3. Then write down just the top number, putting the decimal point in the
correct spot (one space from the right hand side for every zero in the bottom
number)

Changing Decimals to Fractions

• Step 1: Write down the decimal divided by 1
• Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every number after the
decimal point. (For example, if there are two numbers after the
decimal point, then use 100, if there are three then use 1000, etc.)
• Step 3: Simplify (or reduce) the fraction
 Recurring Decimals
• A recurring decimal, also known as a repeating decimal, is a number containing an infinitely repeating digit – or series of
digits – occurring after the decimal point. For example 0.3333 recurring, or 1.7454545 recurring.

Changing Recurring Decimals to Fractions

• Step 1: Write out the equation
• Step 2: Cancel out the recurring digits
• Step 3: Solve for 𝒳
• Step 4: Simplify the fraction
For example, if x = 0.23232323, then the number of recurring digits are two, so multiply with 10 to power 2 = 100. 100x =
23.23232323 , subtracting the two equations we get 99x = 23 or x = 23/99.
 Percentages
Percentage is a fraction or a ratio in which the value of whole is always 100
Chapter 5

Further Percentage
 Percentages
Percentage is a fraction or a ratio in which the value of whole is always 100
Calculating Percentage of a quantity
• Percentage= (Value/Total Value)×100

Express one quantity as a percentage of another

• To express one quantity as a percentage of another, make sure that both quantities are expressed in the same units.
Write the given quantity as a fraction of the total and multiply it by 100%. Then simplify.
Percentage Change
• Subtract the old from the new, then divide by the old value. Show that as a Percentage.
Percentages
Reverse Percentage
• Reverse percentages (or inverse percentages) means working backwards to find an original amount, given a
percentage of that amount.
How to find?
• Write down the percentage and put it equal to the amount you have been given.
• Divide both sides by the percentage.
• (e.g. if you have 80%, divide both by 80). This will give you 1%.
• Multiply both sides by 100.
• This will give you 100%
Chapter 6

Ratio and Proportion

Direct and Inverse Proportion
Direct proportion is the relation between two quantities where the ratio of the
two is equal to a constant value. It is represented by the proportional symbol,
∝.
Increase ands Decrease by a Given Ratio
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as an improper fraction, then the new quantity is
greater than the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as increasing the old quantity in a given
ratio.
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as a proper fraction, then the new quantity is less than
the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as decreasing the old quantity in a given ratio.
Chapter 7

Indices
Law of Indices
Multiplying indices Exponential Equations

Dividing indices

Brackets with indices

Standard form
Power of 0
Standard form, or standard index form, is a system of writing numbers which can be
particularly useful for working with very large or very small numbers. It is based on using
powers of 10 to express how big or small a number is.
Negative and fractional indices
Chapter 8

Money and Finance

Interest
Simple Interest

Compound Interest
Chapter 9

Money and Finance

Speed
Speed
Speed is a measure of how quickly something moves, so it is calculated by dividing distance by time.
Chapter 10

Set Notation and Venn

Diagram
Sets
• Set notation is used in mathematics to essentially list numbers, objects or outcomes.
• Set notation uses curly brackets { } which are sometimes referred to as braces.
• Objects placed within the brackets are called the elements of a set, and do not have to be in any specific order.
• Sets are named using capital letters with some sets having a predefined name.
Venn Diagram
Chapter 11

Algebraic
Representation and
manipulation
Increase ands Decrease by a Given Ratio
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as an improper fraction, then the new quantity is
greater than the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as increasing the old quantity in a given
ratio.
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as a proper fraction, then the new quantity is less than
the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as decreasing the old quantity in a given ratio.
 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Ordering and Inequalities
An ordering can often be considered to be a comparison of the size
of objects, perhaps in some intuitive sense.
Mapping the inequalities on number line can be shown as below :
Vocabulary for sets of numbers
 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Highest Common
Factor (HCF)

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers is

the highest possible number which divides both the
numbers completely.
Ways to find Highest Common Factor (HCF)
HCF by listing factors method
• In this method, we list the factors of each number and find the common factors of those numbers. Then, among the
common factors, we determine the highest common factor.
HCF by prime factorization
• Step 1: Find the common prime factors of the given numbers.
• Step 2: Then, multiply these common prime factors to obtain the HCF of those numbers.
HCF by division method
• Step 1: In this method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number and check the remainder.
• Step 2: Then, we make the remainder of the previous step as the new divisor and the divisor of the previous step as
the new dividend and perform the long division again.
• Step 3: We continue the long division process till we get the remainder as 0. It should be noted that the last divisor
will be the HCF of those two numbers.
Lowest Common
Multiples (LCM)

The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest

possible number that can be divisible by both numbers.
 Ways to find Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
LCM by listing factors method
• Step 1: List the first few multiples of A and B.
• Step 2: Mark the common multiples from the multiples of both numbers.
• Step 3: Select the smallest common multiple. That lowest common multiple is the LCM
of the two numbers.
LCM by prime factorization
• Step 1: Represent the numbers in the prime factored form.
• Step 2: The LCM of the given two numbers is the product of all the prime factors.
(However, common factors will be included only once)
LCM by division method
• Step 1: Find a prime number which is a factor of at least one of the given numbers. Write
this prime number on the left of the given numbers.
• Step 2: If the prime number in step 1 is a factor of the number, then divide the number by
the prime and write the quotient below. If the prime number in step 1 is not a factor of the
number, then write the number in the row below as it is. Continue the steps until 1 is left
in the last row.
Relationship between LCM and HCF
 Irrational Numbers Square Roots Cube Roots Directed Numbers

Irrational numbers are the A square root of a number is Cube root is the number that Directed Numbers are
real numbers that cannot be a value that can be needs to be multiplied three numbers with both size and
represented as a simple multiplied by itself to give times to get the original direction; one direction is
fraction. the original number. number. positive, and the other is
negative. For example,
temperature.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Content Chapter 1

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Introduction

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Topic One

Subtitle
 Chart
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Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

2/2/20XX P R E S E N T AT I O N T I T L E 56
 Table

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Item 1 4.5 2.3 1.7 5

Item 2 3.2 5.1 4.4 3

Item 3 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.8

Item 4 4.5 2.2 1.7 7

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Summary

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