Sampling Techniques

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Dr. Saud Hasan

Surbaya
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Theoretical basis of sampling
 Essentials of Sampling
 Sampling Process
 Methods of Sampling
 Non Probability Sampling
 Probability Sampling
 Summary
 References
INTRODUCTION
 Population
 A population can be defined as including all

people or items with the characteristic one wishes
to understand.
 Because there is very rarely enough time or money

to gather information from everyone or everything
in a population, the goal becomes finding a
representative sample (or subset) of that population.
INTRODUCTION
 Sampling frame is the list from which the

potential respondents are drawn .
 A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully

representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths about that
population” (Field, 2005)
SAMPLING
 Sampling: the process of learning about
population on the basis of sample drawn from it.
 Three elements in process of sampling:
 Selecting the sample
 Collecting the information
 Making inference about population
 Statistics: values obtained from study of a

sample.
 Parameters: such values from study of
population.
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
 Less resources (time, money)

 Less workload.
 Gives results with known accuracy that can be
calculated mathematically.
THEORETICAL BASIS OF
SAMPLING
 On the basis of sample study we can predict
and generalize the information on
population.
 There is no statistical population whose
elements would vary from each other without
limit.
THEORETICAL BASIS OF
SAMPLING
 Sample is taken at random from a population, it
is likely to possess same characteristics as that of
population.
 Larger the size of sample, more accurate the

results
are likely to be.
SAMPLING PROCESS
 Defining the population of concern.

 Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items
or events possible to measure.
 Specifying a sampling method for selecting
items or events from the frame.
 Determining the sample size.
 Implementing the sampling plan.
 Sampling and data collection
ESSENTIALS OF SAMPLING
 Representativeness- ensured by random

Selection and sampling method
 Adequacy - sample size
 Independence - same chance of selection.
Sampling methods
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Judgement (Purposive) sampling
 Sample members are chosen only on the basis of the researcher’s

knowledge and judgement.
 It enables researcher to select participants who best will answer

his/her research questions and meet the objectives.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 Convenient sample units selected.

 Selected neither by probability nor
by judgment.
 Advant. – useful in pilot studies.
 Disadv. – results usually biased and
unsatisfactory.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING -
EXAMPLE
KSA Family Medicine
Residents
QUOTA SAMPLING
 Most commonly used in non probability

sampling.
 Quotas set up according to some
specified characteristic.
 Within the quota , selection depends on
personal judgment.
 Adv.- Used in public opinion studies
 Disadv. – personal prejudice and bias
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 A special non probability method used when
the desired sample characteristic is rare.
 Snowball sampling relies on referrals from

initial subjects to generate additional subjects.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING - STEPS
 Make contact with one or two

cases in the population.
 Ask these cases to identify further cases.
 Ask these new cases to identify further new
cases.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
 Adv.
 access to difficult to reach populations
(other methods may not yield any results).
 Disadv.
 not representative of the population and will result
in a biased sample as it is self-selecting.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 Each participant has an (Equal chance) of

being selected.
 Chance determines which participants
shall be included.
 The sample is a simple random sample if any

of the following is true –
 All items selected independently.
 At each selection , all remaining items have same
chance of being selected.
 All the possible samples of a given size are equally
likely to be selected.
Simple random sampling
Lottery method Random number tables

 Adv.
 No personal bias.
 Sample more representative of population.
 Accuracy can be assessed as sampling errors follow
principals of chance.
 Disadv.
 Requires completely catalogued population.
SYSTEMATIC Random
SAMPLING
 Selecting first unit at random.
 Selecting additional units at evenly spaced
intervals.
 Complete list of population available.
k=N/n
k=sampling interval
N=population size
n=Sample size
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
 population is sub divided into
mutually exclusive groups.
 A simple or systematic random
sample is then chosen independently
from each group.
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
 Issues involved in stratification
 Base of stratification (according to what)
 Number of strata
 Sample size within strata.
Proportional to
population
Sample size within strata (proportion in each
stratum)
Disproportional to
population (equal no. in each
stratum)
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
 Adv.
 More representative.
 Greater accuracy.
 Disadv.
 Utmost care in dividing strata.
 Skilled sampling supervisors.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 A sampling technique in which the entire
population of interest is divided into groups, or
clusters, and a random sample of these clusters is
selected.
 After clusters are selected, then all units within the

clusters are selected. No units from non-selected
clusters are included in the sample.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Adv.
 Most economical form of sampling.
 Larger sample for a similar fixed cost.
 Less time for listing and implementation.
 Reduce travel and other administrative costs.
 Disadv.
 May not reflect the diversity of the community.
 errors of the estimates and results are high, compared
to other sampling designs with same sample size .
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
 Sampling process carried out in various stages.

 An effective strategy because it applies multiple
randomizations.
 Used frequently when a complete list of all
members of the population does not exist and is
inappropriate.
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
 Adv.
 Introduces flexibility in the sampling method.
 Enables existing divisions and sub divisions
of population to be used as units.
 Large area can be covered.
 Disadv.
 Sometimes, less accurate than a sample
chosen by a single stage process.
Summary
 Definitions: Population, sample, sample frame

 Sample is taken at random from a population, it is likely to
possess same characteristics as that of population.
 Sampling process
 Sampling methods :
-Non-probability sampling methods
-Probability sampling methods
REFERENCES
 Methods in Biostatistics by BK Mahajan

 Statistical Methods by SP Gupta
 Basic & Clinical Biostatistics by Dawson
and Beth.
Sample size
 To determine sample size, we need the followings:

 Confidence level and Z score
 margin of error
 Population proportion
 Confidence level : (C.L.)
The certainty that the value of a parameter lies within a specified
range of values
 Z-score :
a numerical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the
mean of a group of values.
 Margin of error :
A small amount that is allowed for, in case there is miscalculation or
change in circumstances
Usually 5%
 population proportion
is a fraction of the population that has a certain characteristic.
OR
a parameter that describes a percentage value associated with a
population.
 confidence interval : (C.I.)
is the probability that a parameter will fall between a pair of values
around the mean.
 Confidence level :
The certainty that the value of a parameter lies within a specified
range of values
 Confidence interval:
Interval that attempts to capture the true parameter
 Confidence level:
If many confidence intervals were constructed the same exact way,
this is the expected % of those intervals that would contain the true
parameter
 The satisfaction level of KSA Family Medicine residents
95% C.I. = 23% - 32%
Interpret this C.I.

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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Dr. Saud Hasan

 A population can be defined as including all

 Because there is very rarely enough time or money

 Sampling frame is the list from which the

 A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully

 Statistics: values obtained from study of a

 Less resources (time, money)

 Larger the size of sample, more accurate the

 Defining the population of concern.

 Representativeness- ensured by random

 Sample members are chosen only on the basis of the researcher’s

 It enables researcher to select participants who best will answer

 Convenient sample units selected.

 Most commonly used in non probability

 Snowball sampling relies on referrals from

 Make contact with one or two

 Each participant has an (Equal chance) of

 The sample is a simple random sample if any

Lottery method Random number tables

 After clusters are selected, then all units within the

 Sampling process carried out in various stages.

 Definitions: Population, sample, sample frame

 Methods in Biostatistics by BK Mahajan

 To determine sample size, we need the followings:

Interpret this C.I.

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