SETTING OUT WORKS

TOPIC 5

INTRODUCTION
The process of laying out engineering projects by placing pegs or marks at the site of works. The main idea is to define the lines of excavation and levels of the works for the guidance of workers so that construction may proceed with reference to the already prepared drawing. Setting out is the reverse process.

EQUIPMENT USED
SIGHT RAILS  Consists of a horizontal cross-piece nailed to a single upright or pair of uprights driven into the ground.  The upper edge of the cross-piece is set to a convenient height above the required plane of the structure.

 Various forms of sight rails

EQUIPMENT USED
TRAVELLER Same size and same value with sight rail. Used to monitor excavation process for cut and fill.

EQUIPMENT USED
SLOPE RAILS Used for controlling the side slopes in embankments and in cutting.

CONTROLS FOR SETTING OUT

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
Station must be established within or near the construction area. The horizontal control consists of reference marks of known plan position.

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
REFERENCE GRIDS Reference grid are used for accurate setting out of works of large magnitude. The following types of reference grid are used
i. Survey grid ii. Site grid

SURVEY GRID The one which drawn on the survey plan, from the original traverse. SITE GRID Used by the designer As far as possible, the site grid should be actually the survey grid.

VERTICAL CONTROL
Establishment of reference marks of known height relative to some specified datum. To establish a number of temporary bench mark. The position of TBM should be fixed during initial site reconnaissance. All TBM should be checked, properly protected and should be re-checked at regular intervals.

EXAMPLE CALCULATION
QUESTION 1 A 80m long pipeline will be built and the gradient from A to B is 1 in 110 and falls from A to B. Reduced level of point A are 20.102m and point B are 20.195m. The invert level at point A is 18.123m. Calculate: i. The invert level of point B (17.396m) ii. Height of sight rails at A and B above ground level if a 3m traveler is to be used.(1.021m & 0.201m) iii. The depth of excavation at point A and B.(1.979m & 2.799m)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION
QUESTION 2 A straight length of sewer is to be laid between three manholes P,Q and R. The following information is available.
SECTION Horizontal Length Gradient PQ 60m -1:100 QR 30m -1:50 MANHOLE Ground Level Invert Level P 80.760m 78.430m Q 80.200m R 80.140m -

continue
Calculate: i. The invert levels of Q and R. (77.830m & 77.230m) ii. Reduced level of the sight rails at P,Q and R if a 3m traveler is to be used to locate the sewer invert. (81.430m, 80.830m & .m) iii. The height of sight rails above ground level at P,Q and R. (0.670m, 0.630m & m) iv. The depth of excavation at P,Q and R. (2.330m, 2.370m & ..m)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION
QUESTION 3 A culvert with 250m length will be built from section S1 to section S2 and the gradient from S1 to S2 is 1 in 50 and falls from S1 to S2. Reduced level and invert level for section S1 are 23.5m and 21.3m. If reduced level for section S2 is 18.6m and 2.5m rod traveler is to be used, calculate: i. Reduced level on top of peg at S1 and S2 (23.8m & 18.8m) ii. Invert level at S2 (16.3m)

EXAMPLE CALCULATION
QUESTION 4 Given the data below get from the construction for drainage. Reduced level at point A=23.470m Reduced level at point B=22.855m Distance from A to B = 40m Depth of excavation at A = 1m Gradient falls from A to B = 1:100 Traveler length = 2.5m Calculate: i. Invert level at A and B (22.470m & 22.070m) ii. Depth of excavation at B (0.785m) iii. Reduced level of the sight rails at A and B (1.500m & 1.715m)