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Topics:: Environmental Engineering - II (Wastewater Engineering)

The document discusses the design of sewer systems, including parameters for simplified sewer design such as flow area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, and proportional depth of flow. It provides equations to calculate these parameters based on sewer diameter and flow depth. Manning's equation is presented for calculating flow velocity. Minimum sewer slopes and factors for establishing slope are outlined. An example problem calculating required grade for a 300mm sewer is shown. Common sewer materials and minimum sewer sizes are also mentioned.

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65 views15 pages

Topics:: Environmental Engineering - II (Wastewater Engineering)

The document discusses the design of sewer systems, including parameters for simplified sewer design such as flow area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, and proportional depth of flow. It provides equations to calculate these parameters based on sewer diameter and flow depth. Manning's equation is presented for calculating flow velocity. Minimum sewer slopes and factors for establishing slope are outlined. An example problem calculating required grade for a 300mm sewer is shown. Common sewer materials and minimum sewer sizes are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

john haokip
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Environmental Engineering – II

(Wastewater Engineering)

Topics:
Sewer design, Sewer Material

Dr. N. Premananda Singh, Civil Engineering, MIT Imphal


Email: [email protected]
Sewer design
• The flow in simplified sewers is
always open channel flow –
meaning
– There is always some free space
above the flow of wastewater in
the sewer.
– The hydraulic design of simplified
sewers requires knowledge of the
area of flow and the hydraulic
radius. Both these parameters
vary with the depth of flow
Parameters required
• the area of flow (a), in m2
• the wetted perimeter (p), in m
• the hydraulic radius (r), in m
• the breadth of flow (b), in m

The hydraulic radius (also called the


hydraulic mean depth) is the area of
flow divided by the wetted perimeter.
The above parameters depend on the
following three parameters:
• the angle of flow (θ), in radians
• the depth of flow (d), m
• the sewer diameter (D), m
…contd
• The ratio d/D is termed the
proportional depth of flow (which
is dimensionless).
• In simplified sewerage the usual
limits for d/D are as follows:
0.2 < d/D < 0.8
• The lower limit ensures that there is
sufficient velocity of flow to prevent
solids deposition in the initial part
of the design period
• The upper limit provides for
sufficient ventilation at the end of
the design period
…contd
The equations are as follows:
• Angle of flow:
θ = 2 cos-1 [1 – 2 (d/D)]
• Area of flow:
A = D2 [(θ – sin θ) / 8]
• Wetted perimeter:
P = θ.D/2
• Hydraulic radius (= a/p):
R = (D/4) [1 – ((sin θ)/θ)] When d = D, then (running full)
A = π/4.D2
• Breadth of flow: P = π.D
R = D/4
b = D sin (θ/2)
….contd
• Manning’s formula for velocity calculation in
sewerage system –
1 2 3 12
V R S
N
Where,
• V = Velocity in m/s
• N = Friction factor (stoneware – 0.015, brick or cement –
0.013 - new)
• R = Hydraulic radius (C/s area of flow/Wetted perimeter) in
m
• S = Slope of energy grade line in m/m
…Contd
• Manning’s equation is used to establish various
relationships for hydraulic elements at full flow,
partial flow, diameter, velocity and also slope of
the sewer line -
• Since flow = area x velocity,
Q = A.(1/N).R2/3 S1/2
Q = (π/4.D2).(1/N).R2/3 S1/2
where, Q = flow in sewer, m3/s
and so on…
Gradient of sewer
• Sewers should be laid at such gradients which
will produce sufficiently high velocities
– Self cleansing velocities throughout the year
experiencing fluctuating flow discharges
– Slope should be in the direction of the natural
gradient of the ground
• Minimum slopes are often used – to avoid
excessive excavation when the ground is flat
• Smin = 2.33 x 10-4 Q-6/13 where, Q is in m3/s
…contd
• Factors – max and min velocities of flow,
diameter of sewer, quantity of sewage to
be disposed
• Should not be less than 0.0008 m/m
• For house drains – 1 in 40 to 1 in 80 also can
be used (could be larger)
Numerical
Example1: A 300 mm diameter sewer is to flow
at 0.3 depth on a grade ensuring a degree of self
cleansing equivalent to that obtained at full
depth at a velocity of 0.9 m/sec. Find the
required grade and associated velocity and rate
of discharge at this depth. Assume Manning’s
rugosity coefficient n = 0.013. The variation of n
with depth may be neglected.
Solutions (Example 1)
Solutions (Example 1)
Numerical (Home Work)
Example2: A combined sewer was designed to serve
an area of 60 sq. km with an average population
density of 185 persons/hectare. The average rate of
sewage flow is 350 L/Capita/day. The maximum flow
is 50% in excess of the average sewage flow. The
rainfall equivalent of 12 mm in 24 h can be considered
for design, all of which is contributing to surface
runoff. What will be the discharge in the sewer? Find
the diameter of the sewer if running full at maximum
discharge.
Sewer material
• Principal materials used in the manufacture of
sewer pipe – asbestos cement, ductile iron,
reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete
and vitrified clay
• Accordingly their friction factor varies
affecting velocities
Size of sewer
• We have discussed the types of sewers
• Minimum sewer sizes are usually specified in the
sewerage manual prepared by Ministry of Urban
Development (MUD)
• Smallest sewer size should be larger than the house
sewer connections so that objects passed through
the building sewer will not clog the municipal sewer
• Minimum size – 100 mm (cement, clay or pvc) to
3600 mm (concrete, iron)
• by rearranging Q = (π/4.D2).(1/N).R2/3 S1/2 the sewer
size (diameter) can be estimated.

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