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    FORM 5 Variation

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    AMOS YAP WEI KANG Moe
    Variation exists between individuals of the same species and can be classified as continuous or discontinuous. Continuous variation shows small differences in quantifiable traits controlled by many genes, like height and weight. Discontinuous variation exhibits distinct differences in qualitative traits controlled by a single gene, such as tongue rolling. Variation arises due to genetic and environmental factors and helps species adapt and survive in their environments. Mutation, a random change in genes or chromosomes, introduces new variations that can be beneficial or detrimental.

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    FORM 5 Variation

    Uploaded by

    AMOS YAP WEI KANG Moe
    48 views35 pages
    Variation exists between individuals of the same species and can be classified as continuous or discontinuous. Continuous variation shows small differences in quantifiable traits controlled by many genes, like height and weight. Discontinuous variation exhibits distinct differences in qualitative traits controlled by a single gene, such as tongue rolling. Variation arises due to genetic and environmental factors and helps species adapt and survive in their environments. Mutation, a random change in genes or chromosomes, introduces new variations that can be beneficial or detrimental.

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    FORM 5 variation

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    Variation exists between individuals of the same species and can be classified as continuous or discontinuous. Continuous variation shows small differences in quantifiable traits controlled by many genes, like height and weight. Discontinuous variation exhibits distinct differences in qualitative traits controlled by a single gene, such as tongue rolling. Variation arises due to genetic and environmental factors and helps species adapt and survive in their environments. Mutation, a random change in genes or chromosomes, introduces new variations that can be beneficial or detrimental.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    48 views35 pages

    FORM 5 Variation

    Uploaded by

    AMOS YAP WEI KANG Moe
    Variation exists between individuals of the same species and can be classified as continuous or discontinuous. Continuous variation shows small differences in quantifiable traits controlled by many genes, like height and weight. Discontinuous variation exhibits distinct differences in qualitative traits controlled by a single gene, such as tongue rolling. Variation arises due to genetic and environmental factors and helps species adapt and survive in their environments. Mutation, a random change in genes or chromosomes, introduces new variations that can be beneficial or detrimental.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    FORM 5 : BIOLOGY

    CHAPTER 6
    VARIATION
    VARIATION
    • Difference in characteristics that exist in individuals of the same
    species.
    • Variation can exist in human, animals and plant.
    • Variation in human can be classified as CONTINOUS and
    DISCONTINOUS VARIATION
    CONTINOUS VARIATION
    • Variation that shows small differences of characteristics from 1
    individuals to another.
    • Have intermediate characteristics
    • Quantitative (can be measure)
    • Affected by genetic & environment
    • Control by many genes
    • Ex : weight, height, skin colour
    DISCONTINOUS VARIATON
    • Variation that shows big @ distinct difference in characteristics in an
    individuals to another.
    • No intermediate value@ characteristics
    • Qualitative (cannot be measure)
    • Control by a specific @one gene
    • Affected only by genetic.
    • Not affected by environment
    • The caharacteristic is permanent
    • Ex : ability to roll tongue, fingerprint
    Types of fingerprint
    FACTORS AFFECTING VARIATION
    • Variation can be affected by environment and genetic.
    • Variation that affected by genetic can be pass to the next generations.
    • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : nutrition, weather, climate
    • types of soil, topography (plant)
    • GENETIC FACTORS : crossing over, independent assortment, random
    fertilization and mutation
    FACTORS AFFECTING VARIATION
    ENVIRONMENT GENETIC
    - Climate
    - Types of soil CROSSING OVER RANDOM
    - Nutrient
    - Types of soil
    FERTILISATION
    INDEPENDENT
    ASSORTMENT MUTATION
    EXTRA 1

    CHANGE IN NUMBER CHROMOSOMAL


    LACK 1 MUTATION GENE MUTATION

    CHANGE IN STRUCTURE

    DELETION DUPLICATION INVERSION TRANSLOCATION


    CROSSING OVER (prophase 1)
    INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
    (metaphase I)
    RANDOM FERTILISATION
    LEARNING OBJECTIVE :
    • At the end of the class, you should be able to :

    1) Explain mutation
    2) Explain the importance of variation in the survival of species
    MUTATION
    • Random, spontaneous and permanent change that occurs in
    chromosome and gene.
    • 2 types – chromosomal mutation and gene mutation
    • Can caused by :
    Chemical and physical agent (mutagen)
    Mistakes that occur during DNA replication (gene mutation)
    Uneven distribution of chromosome during cell division ( due to
    spindle fibre fail to form or contract)
    GENE MUTATION
    • Defect in gene
    • Also due to deletion, duplication and translocation
    • Examples : haemophilia, sickle cell anemia, albinism,polydactylism
    CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
    • CHANGE IN NUMBER OR CHANGE IN STRUCTURE.
    • CHANGE IN NUMBER IS MOST LIKELY DUE TO NON SEGREGRATION OF
    CHROMOSOME.
    • CAUSE ONE GAMETE TO HAVE EXTRA 1 CHROMOSOME AND
    ANOTHER GAMETE TO HAVE LACK 1 CHROMOSOME.
    • WHEN THE ABNORMAL GAMETE FUSED WITH NORMAL GAMETE, THE
    OFFSPRING WITH MUTATION WILL FORM.
    DOWN SYNDROME
    • Due to non segregration of chromosomes no 21.
    • Cause the individual to have extra 1 chromosome made up total no of
    chromosome is 47.
    KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
    • Due to non segregration of sex chromosome
    • Cause the person to have extra X chromosome -XXY
    TURNER SYNDROME
    • Lack 1 sex chromosome – XO
    • Total no of chromosome -45
    CHANGE IN STRUCTURE
    • DELETION
    • DUPLICATION
    • INVERSION
    • TRANSLOCATION
    DELETION (CRI-DU-CAT)
    DUPLICATION (CHARCOT-MARIE-
    TOOTH)
    INVERSION (CHROMOSOME 9
    INVERSION)
    -molar pregnancies / spontaneous abortion
    TRANSLOCATION (JACOBSEN
    SYNDROME)
    IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION
    • Adapt toward surrounding
    • To increase the survival of the species
    CAMOUFLAGE IN ORGANISM
    APPLICATION OF BIOLOGY
    CONCEPT…
    QUIZ :

    1) Define mutation
    Changes that occurs at the structure
    of gene and chromosome
    2) State 2 types of mutation

    - Chromosomal mutation
    - Gene mutation
    3) State the types of mutation below

    Deletion
    4) Explain the importance of
    variation

    •To adapt toward surrounding


    •To increase the survival of species

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