Things you need to be familiar with in Word

Association
1. Constellary words
2. Plural forms
3. Logos (study of, science of)
4. Adjectives
5. Synonyms and Antonyms
6. Scientific Classifications/ Animal Kingdom
Tip: Expand your vocabulary and Enhance your Analytical Skills
Finding the Error
 Tip number 1

Read the sentence

SSSSLLLLOOOOOWLLLY….
 Why read slowly?
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in waht
oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat
ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it
wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter
by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Even though the above message is spelled incorrectly, your brain is able to
read it right.
Thus, you are most likely to commit an error if you do not read carefully.
 Tip number 2

Look at each underlined part.

Because we process things in chunks, reading
each part will force you to interact with that
section first.
 Tip number 3

Learn the common error.

1. Grammar – 70 to 80% of errors are related to grammar.
- subject-verb agreement,
2. Spelling – lacking “s”, interchanged I and E (received, perceived, relieve)
3. Punctuation – placement of comma and period, quotations, colons and
semicolons
 Common Grammar Errors

1. Subject-Verb Agreement
2. Tenses
3. Prepositions (into, from, to, at, in, on)
4. Modifiers (changes, clarifies, qualifies, or limits a particular word in a sentence in order
to add emphasis, explanation, or detail. )
5. Run-on sentences
6. Arranging Adjectives
7. Collective Nouns
 Common Spelling Errors
1. Homonym Horrors – immigrate,
emigrate; canvas, canvass; dessert,
desert
2. Idiomacy – idioms that are wrongly
used for the sentence usually come
out on the exam
3. Punctuation – quotation punctuations,
comma, semicolon
Subject-Verb
Agreement
 The Rule

Pag Singular, may S

Pag Plural, wala
Alamin kung SINO ang pinag-uusapan.
(SUBJECT)
 Example

In the province, the children _______ in the yard all day.

a. is playing
b. are playing
c. play
d. plays
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
 Example

Lucy, one of the Cruz sisters, _______ the family business.

a. run
b. runs
c. haven’t runs
d. running
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
 Example

The airplanes in the hangar __________ scheduled for repair.

a. are
b. is
c. haven’t
d. hasn’t
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
 Example

There _________ candies in the drawer.

a. is some
b. are
They are his
c. are his
d. maybe
may be
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
 Example

Every child in this world of ours ________ a good home.

a. deserves
b. deserve
c. had deserved
d. deserving of
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
 Example

Reading,
1
writing,
2
and drawing
3
_____ my hobbies.
a. is
b. are
c. isn’t
d. wasn’t
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
6. Indefinite Pronouns (Everyone, Nothing, Anything..)= Singular
 Example

Everyone in her class _________ that she isn’t adjusting well.

a. knew
b. know
c. knows
d. knowing
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
6. Indefinite Pronouns (Everyone, Nothing, Anything..)= Singular
7. Either/ or/ Neither/ nor = ang masusunod ay ang malapit
 Example
Raul and Christine ____ in love. Neither the directors nor the
Phantom ______ aware of that fact.
a. are, are
b. was, is
c. were, are
d. are, is
 Panggulo

1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
6. Indefinite Pronouns (Everyone, Nothing, Anything..)= Singular
7. Either/ or/ Neither/ nor = ang masusunod ay ang malapit
8. Proper Nouns = actual names of people, places, things
 Example

The Beatles _________ a perfect example of a timeless band

a. are
b. is
c. have
d. haven’t
 Panggulo
1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
6. Indefinite Pronouns (Everyone, Nothing, Anything..)= Singular
7. Either/ or/ Neither/ nor = ang masusunod ay ang malapit
8. Proper Nouns = actual names of people, places, things
9. Parts
 Example

Half of the city _____ in ruins. 80% of the citizens _____ left
homeless.
Part of what? a. is, is
Part of many b. are, is
is still many
Part of one is c. are, are
still one.
d. is, are
 Panggulo
1. Tanggalable Phrases
2. Prepositional Phrases
3. Here and There
4. Each, Every, No = Singular
5. Multiple subjects
6. Indefinite Pronouns (Everyone, Nothing, Anything..)= Singular
7. Either/ or/ Neither/ nor = ang masusunod ay ang malapit
8. Proper Nouns = actual names of people, places, things
9. Parts
Use of Articles
A, An, The
 Example

You are _____(the, a) love of my life.

 Types of Articles
DEFINE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

The A
An
 Example

You are _____(the, a) love of my life.

 Definite Article: The
• Used before a particular or specific noun Example:
• It doesn’t matter if it’s
- Singular Is that the car?
- Plural Are you the owner of this car?
- Or uncountable Did you see the damage you caused?
 Indefinite Articles

A An
• If the next word starts with a • If the next word start with a vowel
consonant or consonant sound or a vowel sound.
Example: Example:
She is a hero. She is an umpire.
She is a unique person. She is an honest person.
 Your turn

Please return _____ Please bring ____

book you borrowed book to read for fun.
from me.
A. a
A. a
B. an B. an
C. the C. the
Sentence Correction
 Example

Haley sheepishly asked, “Ma’am, would you

A B
repeat the question again, please?” NO ERROR
C D E
 Redundancy Error
re·dun·dant
[rəˈdəndənt]
ADJECTIVE
1.not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous:
"many of the old skills had become redundant" · 
 What’s wrong with this

Don’t allow and give permission to your past

history to completely destroy your coming

future.
 Your turn
The small dwarf was shockingly
surprised by the evident appearance
of the enormous giant.
HAVen rule
 What does it mean?

HAVE en
If there is an –en form, use it.
 Why does it matter?

Have you ___________ the new Avengers movie?

a. see
b. saw
c. seen
d. seeing
 Sentence Correction

She has speak the truth. NO ERROR

A B C D
 Your Turn

They have _________ five books together.

a. write
b. writing
c. written
d. wrote
 Your Turn

Have you _________ the snacks I bought for you?

a. eating
b. eat
c. ate
d. eaten
 Your Turn

They have ____________ five books together.

a. write
b. writing
c. written
d. wrote
 Your Turn

I _______ a horse up to Taal’s crater.

a. ride
b. rode
c. riding
d. ridden
Vocabulary and Correct
Usage
 What is Vocabulary?
• Vocabulary refers to the words that we know.  In the course of acquiring
vocabulary we form concepts in our head, an indispensable foundation
of language skills. 
• Think about vocabulary as if you're an architect-you need the right
foundation and beams to hold up a building. Once that structure is strong,
you can build anything!
 Defining from Concept

Context – are the things

around something that help
us understand it.
Example: Say you see a man with hose. Why does he have it? What kind of person is he? That depends on the context.
 Using Context to Define a Word

• Sometimes we don’t know what the word means,

but we can still figure out something about it
from context in the sentence.
 Using Context to Define a Word
• Example:
Some people like lions, and others like tigers, but I prefer
bandersnatches.
1. An animal like a lion or tiger
2. Somehow different from a lion or tiger.
3. Perhaps better than a lion or tiger.
 Guess the meaning using context

• FROM THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

• There was a salt-marsh that bounded part of the mill-pond, on the edge of which, at high water, we
used to stand to fish for minnows. By much trampling, we had made it a mere quagmire. My proposal
was to build a wharff there fit for us to stand upon, and I showed my comrades a large heap of stones,
which were intended for a new house near the marsh, and which would very well suit our purpose.
Accordingly, in the evening, when the workmen were gone, I assembled a number of my play-fellows,
and working with them diligently like so many emmets, sometimes two or three to a stone, we brought
them all away and built our little wharff. The next morning the workmen were surprised at missing the
stones, which were found in our wharff. Inquiry was made after the removers; we were discovered and
complained of; several of us were corrected by our fathers; and though I pleaded the usefulness of the
work, mine convinced me that nothing was useful which was not honest.
 “quagmire”
• First, look at what else is around it.
* It's on the edge of a marsh, so it's probably wet or damp.
* It happens when you trample down the edge of a marsh.
* It's not as nice as a marsh, because he calls It "a mere quagmire," as if it's
worse than it was before
• Take an educated guess. I would guess a "quagmire" is something watery
and not very pleasant
 “quagmire”

Definition:
“an area of soft, wet ground that you sink into
if you try to walk on it.”
 “emmet”
• First, look at what else is around it.
* "A number" and "so many" makes me think there are lots of them. -
"Working diligently" means good workers.
• "Sometimes two or three to a stone. " so his friends are working together.
• Then, take an educated guess. I would guess an "emmet" is an animal that
often works hard with many other emmets--possibly to build things.
 “emmet”

Definition:
“a word used in some parts of the UK and
Ireland to refer to an ant.”
 LATIN and GREEK
AFFIXES and ROOTS
AFFIXES and ROOTS.Some word parts show AB in Latin = AWAY
up again and again in different words. FROM
Example: AB in English = AWAY,
ABsurd: not reasonable OR OPPOSITE
ABnormal: not normal (or away from normal)
Absolutely: without restriction (or away from
restrictions)
 LATIN and GREEK
AFFIXES and ROOTS

AF = IN AFFIX PRE = BEFORE.

ADDITION TO LIKE IN
LIKE IN "AFTER" PREFIX “PREVIEW”
SUF = BELOW.
LIKE IN
SUFFIX FIX is the root. Ot
appears in all three words,
and it means “to be
“SUFFER” attached to something
else”
 Sophisticated Swear Words
1. Pediculous
This insult has a Latin origin. It means lice-infested.
2. Bescumber
You certainly wouldn’t want to be bescumbered. It literally means to spray with poo.
3. Xanthodontous
It may sound like the name of a dinosaur, but this actually means yellow-toothed. It comes from the
Greek xanthos (yellow) and odont (having teeth).
4. Coccydynia
This one literally means a pain in the butt. It’s actually a real medical term for a pain in the coccyx or tailbone.
5. Ructabunde
If there is someone in your life that likes the sound of their voice a little too much, this might be the perfect
way to insult them. It means a gasbag or someone full of hot air. From the Latin ructus (belch)
and abundus (abundant).
 Sophisticated Swear Words
6. Ninnyhammer
A ninny hammer is fool or a silly person. It’s sometimes shortened to ninny, but I prefer the original English term that dates
from the 1590s.
7. Flagitious
Save this one for someone you really despise as it means thoroughly wicked or villainous. It comes from the
Latin flagitium (shameful act).
8. Hicismus
Hicismus means someone who has smelly armpits. It comes from the Latin “hircus” meaning goat.
So presumably, really stinky armpits must smell a bit like goats.
9. Quisquilian
Be careful how you use this one as its pretty harsh! Quisquilian means someone who is totally
worthless.
It’s from the Latin quisquiliae (waste matter or rubbish).
10. Rampallian
A rampallian is a good-for-nothing scoundrel, wretch or rascal.
 Words to use instead of very
very angry = furious very competitive = cutthroat
very creative = innovative very bad = atrocious very confused = perplexed
very crowded = bustling very busy = overloaded very conventional = conservative
very cute = adorable very calm = serene very core = gist
very dangerous = threatening very careful = cautious very depressed = despondent
very dark = lightless very charmed = mesmerized very detailed = meticulous
very dear = cherished very cheap = stingy very big = immense
very realistic = practical very clean = spotless very boring = dull
very rich = wealthy very clever = brilliant very brave = courageous
very risky = perilous very cold = freezing very dull = tedious
very deep = profound very colorful = vibrant very eager = keen
very beautiful = exquisite very compete = comprehensive very easy = smooth
very bright = luminous
very empty = desolate
very accurate = exact
 Words to use instead of very
very evil = wicked
very disagreeable = obnoxious very humble = courteous
very excited = thrilled
very distressing = dreadful very interesting = fascinating
very willing = eager
very dry = parched very jolly = carefree
very windy = blustery
very glad = overjoyed very kind = considerate
very fancy = lavish
very good = excellent very large = huge
very far away = distant
very greedy = impatient very lazy = indolent
very fast = quick
very happy = ecstatic very light = luminous
very fat = obese
very hard = difficult very gracefully = lithely
very fierce = relentless
very hard-to-find = rare very great = terrific
very fond = attached
very high = soaring very limited = finite
very fortunate = blessed
very huge = colossal very little = tiny
very friendly = affectionate
very exciting = exhilarating very lively = animated
very funny = hilarious
very expensive = costly very long = extensive
very different = disparate
 Words to use instead of very
very long-term = enduring very mean = cruel very powerful = compelling
very hungry = starving very messy = slovenly very pretty = beautiful
very hurt = battered/crushed very much = enough very protective = defensive
very important = crucial very neat = immaculate very proud = honored
very inexpensive = cheap very necessary = essential very numerous = diverse
very loose = slack very nervous = apprehensive very often = frequently
very loud = deafening very nice = kind very old = ancient
very smelly = pungent very noisy = deafening very open = transparent
very smooth = sleek very painful = excruciating very quick = rapid
very soft = downy very pale = ashen very quiet = silent
very scared = petrified very perfect = flawless very raining = pouring
very loved = adored very pleasant = amiable very rainy = drizzly
very lovely = stunning very poor = destitute/underprivileged very roomy = spacious
 Words to use instead of very
very sad = sorrowful very sure = certain very sorry = apologetic
very shy = timid very talented = gifted very special = exceptional
very simple = basic very tall = towering very unhappy = miserable
very skinny = skeletal very tasty = delicious very upset = distraught
very sleepy = lethargic very thin = gaunt very wicked = villainous
very slow = sluggish very valuable = precious very wise = sage
very serious = grave very warm = hot very worried = distressed
very sharp = keen very weak = frail very difficult = challenging
very shiny = gleaming very wet = soaked very afraid = terrified
very short = brief very tight = constricting
very strong = unyielding very tired = exhausted
very stupid = idiotic very ugly = hideous