UNIT 4.

STOICHIOMETRY
 UNIT 4. STOICHIOMETRY

• Stoichiometry:
• Study of the quantitative relationships
between two or more substances
undergoing a chemical reaction.

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 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds between atoms are
formed or broken.
• We use symbols to identify the make up of the chemical compounds formed
when elements are added together.

REACTANTS
The substances that go into a chemical reaction

PRODUCTS
The substances produced at the end of the reaction

Subscripts numbers represent the

number of atoms of an element within a
compound. After the symbol of the
element
 FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS
• Subscript Numbers
• Small digits (2, 3)
• Represent the number of atoms of that element within the compound.
• They always come after the symbol of the element, not before it.

CO2 C2H4  2CO2 

Two oxygen atoms for Two carbon atoms for every 2 molecules of
every carbon atom four hydrogen atoms. carbon dioxide

Ratio: 1:2 Ratio: 2:4 Ratio: 2:4

State:
a) the reactants and products in the following chemical equations.
b) the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side of the
equation.
c) the number of atoms of each element on the product side of the
equation.

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

 CHEMICAL REACTION EQUATIONS
• Chemical reactions are written with chemical equations. These equations
can take two forms: Pure elements: diatomic molecules
• Word equations
• Symbol equations (Chemical Formula)

Reactants Products

Reactants Products
Liquid: state of matter
Aqueous: substance is in its dissolved form in water (solution)
CHEMICAL REACTION EQUATIONS

Reactants Products

Pure elements: diatomic molecules

 CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF
COMPOUNDS
• Every compound has a formula as well as a name.
• The formula is made up of the symbols of the elements present in the compound.
• It is related to its structure.
• For example:

Sodium Chloride forms a giant structure with Water is made up of molecules in which two
one sodium ion for every chloride ion. So its hydrogen atoms are bonded to an oxygen atom.
formula is NaCl So its formula is H2O.
 Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• The chemical formula of a compound represents the symbols and
numbers of atoms or ions.
• In an ionic compound, the sum of the ionic charges is always zero.
• The total amount of positive charge is equal to the total amount of negative
charge.

charge cation + charge anion

charge balance = 0

Subscripts in an ionic compound

represent the number of positive and
negative ions that give an overall
charge of zero.

The formula NaCl indicates that the compound has a charge balance
because there is 1 sodium ion Na+, for every chloride ion Cl-.
The charges are not show in the formula.
Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds

charge cation + charge anion

charge balance = 0

Subscripts in an ionic compound

represent the number of positive and
negative ions that give an overall
charge of zero.

Two chlorine atoms are needed to balance the

positive charge Mg2+. This gives the formula
MgCl2, magnesium chloride, in which the subscript 2
shows that two Cl ions are needed for charge
balance.
 Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• The subscripts in the formula of an ionic compound represent the
number of positive and negative ions that give an overall charge of
zero.
• Thus, we can write a formula directly from the ionic charges of the
positive and negative ions. GROUP In forming a Valency of the Charge
NUMBER compound the element
atoms:

Group 1A Lose 1 electron 1 +1

Group 2A Lose 2 electrons 2 +2
Group 3A Lose 3 electrons 3 +3
Group 5A Gain or share 3 3 -3
electrons
Group 6A Gain or share 2 2 -2
electrons
Group 7A Gain or share 1 1 -1
electron
 Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• Write the formula for the ionic compound (sodium sulfide) containing Na and S
ions.
• Cross-Over method
1. Identify the cation and anion
2. Write down the symbol and valencies (charges) of the two elements.
3. Use the cross-over method.
• Transpose the number of the positive charge to become the subscript of the anion and the number of the negative charge to become the
subscript of the cation.
• Reduce to the lowest ratio.
4. Write the formula unit without charges (net charge = 0)

2(+1) +1(2-) =0
*charge-valency
Ratio: 2:1
 Two Aluminium atoms are
needed for 3 Oxygen ions,
to make the total charge 0.
Ratio 2:3

1 Calcium atoms is needed

for every Oxygen ion, to
make the total charge 0.
Ratio 1:1

One Pb atom is needed for every 2

oxygen ions, to make the total
charge 0.
Ratio 1:2
 Learning Check
Use the cross-over method to write the ionic formula and ratio for:
a) a compound containing Li+ and N3−
b) the compound formed when Ba2+ and Cl− react.
 Learning Check
Use the cross-over method to write the ionic formula and name for:
a) a compound containing Li+ and N3−
b) the compound formed when Ba2+ and Cl− react.
 Learning Check
• Select the correct formula for each of the following ionic compounds.
A. Li+ and O2−
(1) LiO (2) Li2O (3) LiO2
B. Al3+ and Cl−
(1) AlCl3 (2) AlCl (3) Al3Cl
C. Mg2+ and N3−
(1) MgN (2) Mg2N3 (3) Mg3N2
Naming Ionic Compounds
1. How name ionic compounds?
• The name of an ionic compound has two components:
• the name of the metal ion, which is written first, is the same as its
elemental name
• the name of the nonmetal ion, which is written last, is obtained by using the
first syllable of its element name followed by ide.
• A space separates the name of the metal and nonmetal.
 Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with Metals
That Form a Single Ion
Write the name of an ionic compound with a given formula. Mg3N2

STEP 1 Identify the cation and the anion and the charges.
Cation: Mg2+ (Group 2A) and Anion: N3− (Group 5A)

STEP 2 Name the cation by its element name.

The cation Mg2+ is magnesium.

STEP 3 Name the anion by using the first syllable of its element name followed by ide.
The anion N3− is nitride.

STEP 4 Write the name for the cation first and the name for the anion second.
Mg3N2 is Magnesium nitride.
• Select the correct name for each of the following
ionic compounds.

A. CaS (1) calcium sulfur

(2) calcide sulfur
(3) calcium sulfide

B. K2O (1) dipotassium oxide

(2) potassium oxide
(3) potasside oxygen
 CLASSWORK

• Virtual Classroom
• Exercises 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
• 6.21, 6.22, 6.29 (a,b,d), 6.30 (b,f), 6.31 (c,d), 6.32 (a,e).
FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS: Metals with variable
charge
• A charge of a representative element can be obtained from its group number
• We cannot determine the charge of transitional elements this way because
they typically form two or more positive ions to achieve a stable
configuration.
• This is true for metals in Groups IVA and VA, such as Pb, Sn, Bi.
• When a metal can form two or more types of ions, it has a variable charge.
FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS: Metals with variable
charge
• For metals that form two or more different ions, a naming system is used to
identify the particular cation.
• A Roman numeral that is equal to the ionic charge is placed in parentheses,
after the name of the metal.
• For example,
• Fe2+ is named iron(II).
• Fe3+ is named iron(III).
FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS: Metals with
variable
• Writecharge
the formula for iron(III) chloride.
• Cross-Over method
1. Identify the cation and anion
2. Write down the symbol and valencies (charges) of the two elements.
3. Use the cross-over method.
• Transpose the number of the positive charge to become the subscript of the anion and the number of the negative charge to become the
subscript of the cation.
• Reduce to the lowest ratio.
4. Write the formula unit without charges (net charge = 0)

Fe3+ Cl-
FeCl3
Ratio: 1:3

Iron (III) chloride

 Learning Check
• Write the correct formula and ratio for:
a. chromium (III) oxide

1. Identify the cation and anion

2. Write down the symbol and valencies (charges) of the two elements.
3. Use the cross-over method.
• Transpose the number of the positive charge to become the subscript of the anion and the number of the negative charge to become the
subscript of the cation.
• Reduce to the lowest ratio.
4. Write the formula unit without charges (net charge = 0)
NAMIN IONIC COMPOUNDS: Metals with variable
charge
Write the name of an ionic compound with a metal with variable charge by:
STEP 1 Identify the cation and the anion and the charges.
STEP 2 Name the cation by its element name.
STEP 3 Name the anion by using the first syllable of its element name followed by ide.
STEP 4 Write the name for the cation first and the name for the anion second.

• What is the name of Cu2O?

1. Cation: Copper Anion: Oxygen

2. Copper +1 or +2?

Cu2O
+1 -2
Cu2O
.

Copper +1 = Copper (I)

Name of Mn2S3 ?
Copper (I) oxide
 IONIC COMPOUNDS: Polyatomic Ions
• An ionic compound may also contain a polyatomic ion as one of its anions.
• A group of covalently bonded atoms that has an overall ionic charge
• Most polyatomic ions consist of a non-metal such as phosphorus, sulfur, carbon or nitrogen
bonded to oxygen atoms.
• Specific Names and Formula (You need to learn them by 10th grade)

Have charges -1,-2 or -3. Some +1.

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 IONIC COMPOUNDS: Polyatomic Ions
• An ionic compound may also contain a polyatomic ion as one of its anions.
• A group of covalently bonded atoms that has an overall ionic charge
• Most polyatomic ions consist of a non-metal such as phosphorus, sulfur, carbon or nitrogen
bonded to oxygen atoms.
• Specific Names and Formula (You need to learn them by 10th grade)

• The names of common polyatomic ions end in ate.

• When a related ion has one less oxygen atom, the ite
ending is used.
• with hydrogen use the prefix hydrogen (or bi).
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)
• Exceptions ???

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 Guide to Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions
• Write the formula for magnesium nitrate.
Cross-out method
1. Write down the symbol and valencies (charges) of the two elements.
2. Use the cross over method.
• Transpose the number of the positive charge to become the subscript of the anion and the number of the
negative charge to become the subscript of the cation.
• Reduce to the lowest ratio.
3. Write the final formula.
Cross-out method
1. Write down the symbol and valencies (charges) of the two elements.
2. Use the cross over method.
• Transpose the number of the positive charge to become the subscript of the anion and the number of the
negative charge to become the subscript of the cation.
• Reduce to the lowest ratio.
3. Write the final formula.

The formula of the polyatomic ion

(compound ion – ionic groups) in
brackets. This emphasizes that it
cannot be changed.
 Guide to Name Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Write the name of an ionic compound with a given formula. Na2 CO3

STEP 1 Identify the cation and the anion and the charges.
Cation: Na+ (Group 1A) and Anion: CO32−

STEP 2 Name the cation by its element name.

The cation Na+ is Sodium

STEP 3 Name the anion.

The anion CO32− is carbonate

STEP 4 Write the name for the cation first and the name for the anion second.
NaCO3 is Sodium carbonate.
 Guide to Name Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Write the name of an ionic compound with the given formula: Ca(NO3)2

STEP 1 Identify the cation and the anion and the charges.
STEP 2 Name the cation by its element name.
STEP 3 Name the anion.
STEP 4 Write the name for the cation first and the name for the anion second.
 Guide to Name Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Write the name for:

a) Al(OH)3

b) Co2(HPO4)3

c) Ag2(SO4)

d) Ag2S

e) Mg(ClO4)2
 HOMEWORK

• Virtual Classroom

• Exercises 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas

• 6.23 (all), 6.25 (all), 6.27 (all), 6.29 (c,e,f), 6.30 (a,c,e), 6.31 (a,e,b),
6.32 (c,b,d,f).

• Exercises 6.4 Polyatomic Ions

• 6.35, 6.37, 6.39., 6.41, 6.43, 6.44