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    Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuroanatomy &

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    Asaad Jawed

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    Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuroanatomy &

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    Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuroanatomy &

    Uploaded by

    Asaad Jawed

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology


    Asma khalid
    Divisions of the Nervous System

    Central Nervous System-the brain and the spinal cord

    Peripheral Nervous System-the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
    Two Division of the PNS
    Somatic Nervous System-the nerves that convey messages from the
    sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles and
    glands
    Autonomic Nervous System-a set of neurons that control the heart, the
    intestines, and other organs
     Sympathetic (thoracolumbar system)-spinal cord T1 to L2
     Parasympathetic (craniosacral system)-cranial nerves 3,7,9 & 10
    Sacral 2,3 & 4
    Figure 4.1  The human nervous system
    Both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system have
    major subdivisions. The closeup of the brain shows the right hemisphere
    as seen from the midline.
    CNS Cells
     CNS contains more than 20 billion plus neurons of
    varying size, cell body size and shapes and degree of
    axonal myelination.
     Two cell types
     Neuron
     Conducts nerve impulses
     Cannot be replaced if destroyed
     Neuroglia
     Supports, nourishes, and protects the neurons
     Includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microcytes
    Glial Cells
     90% of CNS composed of glia
     Five types of glial cells
     Astrocyte—numerous functions
     Ependymal cells—line cavities
     Microglia—phagocytes
     Oligodendrocytes—form myelin
     Schwann cells (located in PNS)—form myelin
    Glial Cells

    Figure 9.1
    CNS Functional Anatomy
    CNS Anatomy
    Autonomic Nervous System

    Sympathetic-prepares the Parasympathetic-facilitates vegetative,


    nonemergency responses by the body’s organs
    body for arousal
    Ex: increase digestive activity, activities
    Ex: increased breathing, opposing sympathetic system
    increased heart rate,
    Consists of cranial nerves and nerves from
    decreased digestive sacral spinal cord
    activity
    Long preganglionic axons extend from the
    Form chain of ganglia just spinal cord to parasympathetic ganglia
    outside spinal cord close to each internal organ; release
    Short preganglionic axons norepinephrine
    release norepinephrine Shorter postganglionic fibers then extend
    from the parasympathetic ganglia in the
    Long postganglionic axons
    organs; release acetylcholine
    release norepinephrine
    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

     All nerves that leave the CNS


     Two Modalities:
    Sensory/Afferent Somatic
    Visceral/Autonomic
    (info. In)

    Motor/Efferent Somatic
    Visceral/Autonomic
    (commands out) --smooth muscles.
    --heart
    --glands
    Fibers of Spinal Cord
    A fiber (largest)- predominantly in the dorsolateral portion
    and crossover in the medulla.
     Function- conscious proprioception, discriminatory tactile,
    two-point discrimination, vibratory sense and voluntary
    motor activity.
    B fibers (intermediate)- predominantly in the ventro-lateral
    portion of the spinal cord and cross at spinal levels.
     Function- include pain, temperature, light touch, vibratory
    sense and non-voluntary motor activity.
    C fiber (smallest)- found in area surrounding the gray
    matter of the cord and have bilateral effect.
    Cerebral Spinal Fluid

    Figure 9.3c
    CNS: Gray and White Matter
    Functional AreasPrimary
    of motor
    Cerebrum
    cortex
    (voluntary movement)
    Central sulcus
    Premotor cortex
    Primary somatosensory
    (coordinates
    voluntary cortex (somesthetic sensations
    movements) and proprioception)
    Sensory association
    areas (integration of
    Prefrontal sensory information)
    association
    Visual association
    areas (idea and
    areas (higher vision
    plan for voluntary
    processing)
    movement, thoughts,
    personality) Primary visual cortex
    (vision)
    Broca’s area
    (speech formation) Wernicke’s area
    (language
    Olfactory cortex comprehension)
    (smell)
    Limbic association
    Auditory
    cortex (emotions,
    Primary auditory association
    learning, and memory)
    cortex (hearing) areas
    Topographical Organization: Motor
    Topographical Organization: Sensory
    Receptors

    Exteroceptors- located in the skin, eyes, and ears.


     They respond to changes in external environment such
    as general senses of pain, temperature, light touch or
    light pressure and special senses of vision and hearing.
    Proprioceptors- located in muscles (neuromuscular
    spindles), tendons (Golgi tendon organs), fascia, joint
    capsules, ligaments and the vestibular or equilibrium
    mechanisms of inner ear.
     Concerned with vibration, deep pressure and position
    and movements of body.
    Interoceptors (visceroceptors)- mediate sensation from
    viscera.
     Role in digestion, control of blood pressure, cardiac
    function, respiration and so forth.
     Phylogenetically, the nervous system has developed from
    the most primitive, bilateral functions such as ANS and
    reticular referred to as Archi, to intermediate protective
    functions known as paleo, to the discriminative functions
    called neo.
     The neo functions are more vulnerable to trauma while the
    archi systems are least vulnerable.
    Limbic System
    The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of
    brain structures, including the hippocampus, amygdalae,
    anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix.
    The Limbic System

    Figure 9.17
    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
    publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
    Functions of Limbic System
     Learning
     Emotions
     Behavior
     motivation
     long-term memory
     olfaction.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,


    publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
     Moore uses the mnemonic MOVE to outline the
    functions.
     M stands for memory
     O stands for olfaction
     V stands for visceral functions
     E stands for individual’s basic emotional tone or drive.
    Pyramidal system
     The pyramidal motor system controls all of our voluntary
    movements.
     The pyramidal system is a two neuron system consisting of
    upper motor neurons in the Primary Motor Cortex and
    lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
     Each of these neurons have extremely long axons.
     The upper motor neuron axon extends all the way from the
    brain down to the spinal cord, a distance 1-3 feet or more,
    and the lower motor neuron axon extends from the spinal
    cord to the skeletal muscles of the arms or legs, a distance
    4-5 feet in very tall people.
     The Extrapyramidal system plays the role in voluntary
    movements and postural control.

     With the pure lesion of pyramidal system(rare), there will


    be Flaccidity.

     If any extrapyramidal area are also involved, there will be


    hyper tonicity.
    Thank You

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