A revisit on different aspects and solutions to

Kortweg- de Vries (KdV) type equations

 

Submited by:
Labani Joddar 
ROLL NO. : 03
REG NO. : 002736 OF 2020-2021
Department Of Physics
Diamond Harbour Women’s University
 INDEX
1. LINEAR & NON LINEAR WAVE EQUATIONs
2. DISPERSION & Dissipation
3. Kdv equation : solution
4. Kdv equation : solitary waves
5. Kdv equation scattering Problems
6. Sacttering problem & the fourier transform
7. Kdv equation: gardner Transform
8. Linearized Kdv and the Fourier Transform
9. Kdv equation: lax pair
10. Lax pair
 Linear and Non linear wave equations
Simplest (second order) linear wave equation:
where, is the amplitude of the wave and c is a positive constant
D'Alembert's
solution : f and g are arbitrary functions
where,
Less simple linear wave equation with dispersion: 𝑢𝑡 +𝑢 𝑥 +𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0 (A)
𝑖(𝑘𝑥− 𝜔 𝑡 )
Harmonic wave 𝑢 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑒 (B)
solution:
where, k is the wave number and ω is a frequency
(B) is a solution of (A) is it satisfy Dispersion relation
𝜔=𝑘 −𝑘3 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡 =𝑘 {𝑥 − ( 1 −𝑘 ) 𝑡 }
2

Equation (B) with dispersion relation describes the velocity of wave known as “phase velocity”
Phase velocity:

Simple Non-linear wave equation:

General non-linear wave solution: u(x,t) = f[x − (1 + u)t]

 Dispersion and Dissipation
. Which means that wave of different wavelength travels at different phase speed.

Dissipation: It is the phenomena in which wave loss its energy with consequent decrease in height due to
wave breaking, turbulence and viscous effect (in Shallow water due to effect of bottom friction)

𝑥
𝑢 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝐴 (𝑘 )𝑒
𝑖 (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡)
𝑑𝑘
−𝑥

Group velocity: =
[Group velocity is the velocity with
which the wave packet moves.]
Less simple linear wave equation with dissipation:
𝜔=𝑘 −𝑖 𝑘2 𝑢 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 ) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ¿ ¿
•exp{-i
The wave decays exponentially
This describes a wave which propagates at a speed of unity for dissipation
all k but which also decays exponentially for any real k. dispersion
 KdV equation: Solution
An equation we might obtain which is both nonlinear and contains dispersive or
dissipative terms (or both), we might derive
(1)

Under the transformation

Equation (1) changes to 𝛼𝛽 𝛽
; 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢 𝑥 + 3 𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0
𝛾 𝛾
We shall often use the KdV
equation in this form
[we are looking for solutions of the type This is a general form of the KdV
equation
where ; with and

; ]

Hence −
u′ ′ + 3 u 2− vu +c 1=0                            m ultiplying   integrating   factor   u ′
( u′ )2 v 2 It look like an E.O.M. of a Veff =
+u 3 − u + c1 u=c 2 paricle under potential
2 2
v 2 √ vθ
⟶
Soliton solution of the KdV equation u ( θ ) = sech ( )
2 2
 KdV equation: solitory waves
A solitary wave is a wave which propagates without any temporal evolution in shape or
 
size when viewed in the reference frame moving with the group velocity of the wave .
J. Cord Russel in 1858 performed some laboratory experiments, generating solitary waves by
dropping a weight at one end of a water channel. He was able to deduce empirically that the
volume of water in the wave is equal to the volume of water displaced.

Scientist also showed that the wave profile z = ((x, t) is given by

[Where for any n > 0, although the sech^2 profile is strictly only correct if

Scientist provided were s m a l l p a r a m e t e r ,

then
(1)
 KdV equation: solitory waves
Equation (1) can be re-cast as KdV equation

The parameter incorporates the surface tension, T, i n the form, Where is the density of the
liquid. The K dv equation can be written as:
(

The function V(u) has a local maximum at u=0. The soliton solution corresponds to the ‘motion’
from V(0) at to V() at
Cnoidal wave: a general solution,

This cubic

u
du
Reparameterization: θ =± ∫ ¿
u2
√¿ ¿ ¿
 Kdv equation : scattering problem

The Discrete eigenvalues of the Sturm-Liouville problem,

,

The discrete spectrum: 𝜓𝑛 ( 𝑥 )=𝑐 𝑛 𝑒−𝑘𝑛𝑥 𝐸=−𝑘𝑛 ;𝑎𝑠 𝑥 →± ∞

The continuous spectrum E=

So (x;k)=

[R(k)=Reflection coefficient T(k)= Transmission coefficient]

Theorem: If u(x,t) solves the KdV equation and it vanishes as x → ±∞ the discrete eigenvalues of the
Sturm-Liouville problem (λ − u)ψ = 0 do not depend on t.
 Scattering problem and the Fourier transform

This is the Sturm-Liouville equation 𝜓 𝑥𝑥 + ( 𝜆 −𝑢 ) 𝜓 =0

As x

Given the initial condition consider –u as a potential

in the Schrödinger equation and calculate the discrete
spectrum ,the norming constant and reflection
coefficient
Sturm-Liouville Time Evolution Introduce time dependence of these spectral data, the
eigenvalues, are fixed
Carry out the procedure of the inverse scattering
problem to recover u(x,t)
 KdV equation: Gardner transform
In 1965 Gardner & Kruskal found eiylit more conservation laws for the KdV equation. For
example, have the conserved densities
T 5=21 u5 +105 u 2 u 2x +21 uu2x +u 2xxx
3 1 2
where   it   is   obviously   convenient   to   number   them   so   that   T 1 ——  u ,  T 2  =  u  2, T 3=u + u x .
2
First we recall the equation
which led to the connection between the KdV equation for u and the Sturm—Liouville problem for J.
It is now, however, convenient to work with w, rather than r, where and e is an arbitrary

Gardner transform: 𝑢=𝑤+𝜖𝑤 𝑥+ 𝐴 𝜀2 𝑤2 𝑢𝑡 +𝑢 𝑢 𝑥 +𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0

)

=(

If w satisfies the Gardner 𝜖2𝑤2 satisfies kdv equation

𝑢=𝑤+𝑤𝑥 𝜀 −
equation, then 6
Linearized Kdv and the Fourier Transform

Consider linearized KdV equation:

Fourier Transform

¿
Thus we get fourier transform of the
linearized KdV equation u x ( k , t ) − i k 3 u ( k ,t ) =0
+∞
𝑢𝑥 ( 𝑘 ,𝑡 )= ∫ 𝑒
3
3
− 𝑖𝑘 𝑡 −𝑖𝑘𝑥
𝑢𝑥 ( 𝑘 ,𝑡 )=𝑢 0 𝑒
−𝑖 𝑘 𝑡
𝑒 𝑢0 (𝑘) 𝑑𝑘
Fourier transform −∞
 KdV equation: Lax Pair
The KdV equation
can be viewed as a compatibility (integradibility) condition for
two linear differential equations for the function

The time evolution equation for ψ;

= Aψ ≡ (−4−6u −3 +C) ψ = ( + C) ψ + (4λ − 2u)

λ is a complex parameter, C(λ,t) depends on normalization of ψ

Compatibility condition + (𝜓¿¿ 𝑥𝑥)𝑡=(𝜓 ¿¿𝑡)𝑥𝑥+ 𝜆𝑡 =0=𝑘 𝑑𝑣 ¿¿

Isospectral evolution:
 Lax Pair
The KdV equation can be represented in an operator form a 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝐴− 𝐴𝐿= [ 𝐿𝐴 ]

This operator representation provides a route for constructing the KdV hierarchy by appropriate choice of the
operator A. Indeed, given the L-operator, the A operator in the Lax pair is determined up to an operator
commuting with L, which makes it possible to construct an infinite number of equations associated with the
same spectral problem but having different evolution properties.

KdV hierarchy 𝑢𝑡 + 𝜕 𝐿𝑛 +1 [ 𝑢 ] = 0
𝜕𝑥
;

𝐿1 [ 𝑢 ] =𝑢 ; 𝑢𝑡 +𝑢 𝑥 =0
𝐿2 [ 𝑢 ] =𝑢 𝑥𝑥 +3 𝑢2 ; 𝑢𝑡 + 6 𝑢𝑢 𝑥 +𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0
𝐿3 [ 𝑢 ] =𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 +10 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 +5 𝑢2𝑥 +10 𝑢 3 ; 𝑢𝑡 +10 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥 +30 𝑢 2 𝑢 𝑥 +20 𝑢 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥𝑥 +𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0
 Acknowledgements

I express my sincere gratitude to my Hon’ble Assistant Professor Sri Sudip Garai of the
department of Physics, Diamond Harbour Women’s University for his kind help, encouragements and
effective guidance for throughout preparation of this project work.
I am also grateful to Dr. Sujoy Poddar, Assistant Professor respected Head of the department of
Physics, Diamond Harbour Women’s University for providing me all the facilities needed to
complete this project work.
I am also thankful to all the other Faculty members and Library Staff for their kind co-operation in
supplying the necessary suggestions/advices, journals and books.
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents, the two souls who sacrificed everything to watch me grow
and stood beside me in every situation. They just wanted the best for me and motivated me
immensely to achieve greater goals in life. Their love and affection can never be repaid. This project
is as much theirs as it is mine.
THANK YOU