General

Science
Prepared by:
Edmon B. Escosia, LPT, MM, RMT
GENERAL EDUCATION
• For BEEd
General Education is 40% of the total rating.
• For BSEd
General Education is 20% of the total rating.
GENERAL EDUCATION
• Composed of these subject areas:
1. General Science
2. Mathematics
3. English/Reading Comprehension
4. Filipino
5. Social Science
6. ICT/Current Events
How to compute for your rating?
• (Total number of correct items ÷ Total number
of items) x 50 + 50

• Each item is equivalent to 0.33 of your rating.

• Target: at least 75 correct items

General Science PRE-TEST
• 1. The movement of food through
the intestines is known as:

A. Peristalsis
B. Ileum translation
C. Microvilli propulsion
D. Flexure propulsion
• 2. The enzyme maltase does the
following:

A. Breaks down lactose to glucose

B. Turns glucose into maltose
C. Breaks down maltose to glucose
D. Turns glucose into lactose
• 3. High levels of bilirubin in the blood
stream can result in:

A. Uric acid overexposure

B. Jaundice
C. Bile salt production
D. Hepatic mutation
• 4. The symbol B on the periodic table
stands for:

A. Beryllium
B. Boron
C. Barium
D. Berkelium
• 5. The symbol Mn on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Magnesium
B. Molybdenum
C. Manganese
D. Margon
• 6. The symbol Ca on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Calcium
B. Carbon
C. Cobalt
D. Chlorine
• 7. The symbol Br on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Beryllium
B. Boron
C. Barium
D. Bromine
• 8. Vinegar is also known as:

A. Acetic acid
B. Acetone acid
C. Sulfuric acid
D. Ascorbic acid
• 9. A Lewis acid is a/an ____ pair
acceptor.

A. Neutron
B. Proton
C. Electron
D. Ion
• 10. _____ reactions produce heat.

A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Hydrogen
D. Buffered
• 11. Which of the following match the
definition: The pressure (P) is
inversely proportional to the volume
(V) of a gas.
A. Archimedes' principle
B. Charles' law
C. Boyle's law
D. Anderson's principle
• 12. The combination of sodium and
chlorine to form NaCl is considered
a/an ___ bond.

A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Hydrogen
D. Metallic
• 13. Outer shell electrons are known
as ______ electrons.

A. Hybrid
B. Valence
C. Vector
D. Transitional
• 14. Forces can be indicated on graph
paper by the use of _____.

A. Empirical rules
B. Interaction coefficients
C. Variables
D. Vectors
• 15. P1V1 = P2V2 represents:

A. Archimedes' principle
B. Charles' law
C. Boyle's law
D. Anderson's principle
• 16. An atom of silicon has a mass
number of 28 and an atomic number
of 14. How many protons are in this
atom?
A. 14
B. 12
C. 28
D. 7
• 17. The unit of charge is called the
_____.

A. Newton
B. Coulomb
C. Joule
D. Watt
• 18. A/An ______ is a device
specifically designed to measure
current.

A. Ammeter
B. Cyclotron
C. Resistor
D. Capacitor
• 19. The two bones found in the area
between the knee and ankle in
humans are known as:

A. Femur and Tibia

B. Fibula and Tibia
C. Ulna and Tibia
D. Radius and Tibia
• 20. _____ is the current flow of one
coulomb per second.

A. Ampere
B. Joule
C. Watt
D. Kilowatt
• 21. Simple, multicellular animals with
tissues but no distinct organs.
Commonly known as sponges, they
typically attach to rocks, shells, or
coral. What are they called?
A. Cnidaria
B. Porifera
C. Placozoa
D. Ctenophora
• 22. Which of the following is not an
example of commensalism?

A. Barnacles and Whale sharks

B. Polyp and hermit crab
C. Remora shark and Sperm whale
D. Lice and human beings
• 23. Which of the following is not true
about vertebrates?

A. They all have notochords

B. They are all warm blooded.
C. They belong to the phylum chordates.
D. None of the above.
• 24. Plants give off oxygen as a by
product of photosynthesis. While
human beings and animals give off
carbon dioxide. What symbiotic
relationship occurs between the two?
A. parasitism
B. realism
C. mutualism
D. commensalism
• 26. Which of the following statements is
NOT true about the object moving with
constant speed?
A. The object is not accelerating.
B. The speed of the object is equal to
zero.
C. The distance travelled by the object
increases uniformly.
D. The speed of the object remains the
same all throughout the travel.
• 27. Which of the following is NOT an
electromagnetic wave?

A. Infrared
B. Radio
C. Sound
D. X - ray
• 28. Which pair of resources is
renewable?

A. cotton and leather

B. aluminum and iron
C. coal and solar energy
D. soil and minerals
• 29. Which layer of the atmosphere
contains the ozone layer?

A. troposphere
B. stratosphere
C. mesosphere
D. thermosphere
• 30. He is the father of paleontology.

A. Albert Einstein
B. Henry Mosely
C. Georges Cuvier
D. Robert Schinder
• 31. Which organism is an example of a
fungus?

A. algae
B. yeast
C. euglenoids
D. entamoeba
• 32. Which protist can cause dysentery?

A. Gorilla beringei
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. Streptococcus
D. Entamoeba histolytica
• 32. Which protist can cause dysentery?

A. Gorilla beringei
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. Streptococcus
D. Entamoeba histolytica
• 33. The waste product of
photosynthesis is _____________.

A. carbon monoxide
B. nitrogen
C. carbon dioxide
D. oxygen
• 34. An important endocrine gland that
is shaped like a bow-tie and located in
the neck is called _____________.

A. pituitary gland
B. parathyroid gland
C. adrenal gland
D. thyroid gland
• 35. The molecules that contain an
organism’s genetic make-up is called
__________.

A. genetic membrane
B. nucleic acid
C. nucleolus
D. cytosal
• 36. The asexual reproduction which
occurs when a new organism develops
from an outgrowth is called
__________.
A. fission
B. fertilization
C. budding
D. grafting
• 37. What are the small hair-like
structures that serve as a sensory
function in eukaryotic cells?
A. plasma membrane
B. centromere
C. actin filaments
D. cilia
• 38. Which organism is classified under
Kingdom Fungi?
A. red algae
B. microsporidia
C. diatoms
D. streptococcus
• 39. This is true of recessive genes.
A. will only have phenotypic expression
if present as a homozygous genotype
B. should be paired with a dominant
gene for it to be expressed
C. will prevent a dominant gene from
expressing its phenotype
D. have more superior phenotypic traits
• 40. The Brundtland Commission defines
it as : “development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
A. Ecological development
B. Environmental development
C. Sustainable development
D. Uncompromising development
ANSWERS
 A
• 1. The movement of food through
the intestines is known as:

A. Peristalsis
B. Ileum translation
C. Microvilli propulsion
D. Flexure propulsion
 C
• 2. The enzyme maltase does the
following:

A. Breaks down lactose to glucose

B. Turns glucose into maltose
C. Breaks down maltose to glucose
D. Turns glucose into lactose
 B
• 3. High levels of bilirubin in the blood
stream can result in:

A. Uric acid overexposure

B. Jaundice
C. Bile salt production
D. Hepatic mutation
 B
• 4. The symbol B on the periodic table
stands for:

A. Beryllium
B. Boron
C. Barium
D. Berkelium
 C
• 5. The symbol Mn on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Magnesium
B. Molybdenum
C. Manganese
D. Margon
 A
• 6. The symbol Ca on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Calcium
B. Carbon
C. Cobalt
D. Chlorine
 D
• 7. The symbol Br on the periodic
table stands for:

A. Beryllium
B. Boron
C. Barium
D. Bromine
 A
• 8. Vinegar is also known as:

A. Acetic acid
B. Acetone acid
C. Sulfuric acid
D. Ascorbic acid
 C
• 9. A Lewis acid is a/an ____ pair
acceptor.

A. Neutron
B. Proton
C. Electron
D. Ion
 B
• 10. _____ reactions produce heat.

A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Hydrogen
D. Buffered
 C
• 11. Which of the following match the
definition: The pressure (P) is
inversely proportional to the volume
(V) of a gas.
A. Archimedes' principle
B. Charles' law
C. Boyle's law
D. Anderson's principle
 A
• 12. The combination of sodium and
chlorine to form NaCl is considered
a/an ___ bond.

A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Hydrogen
D. Metallic
 B
• 13. Outer shell electrons are known
as ______ electrons.

A. Hybrid
B. Valence
C. Vector
D. Transitional
 D
• 14. Forces can be indicated on graph
paper by the use of _____.

A. Empirical rules
B. Interaction coefficients
C. Variables
D. Vectors
 C
• 15. P1V1 = P2V2 represents:

A. Archimedes' principle
B. Charles' law
C. Boyle's law
D. Anderson's principle
 A
• 16. An atom of silicon has a mass
number of 28 and an atomic number
of 14. How many protons are in this
atom?
A. 14
B. 12
C. 28
D. 7
 B
• 17. The unit of charge is called the
_____.

A. Newton
B. Coulomb
C. Joule
D. Watt
 A
• 18. A/An ______ is a device
specifically designed to measure
current.

A. Ammeter
B. Cyclotron
C. Resistor
D. Capacitor
 B
• 19. The two bones found in the area
between the knee and ankle in
humans are known as:

A. Femur and Tibia

B. Fibula and Tibia
C. Ulna and Tibia
D. Radius and Tibia
 A
• 20. _____ is the current flow of one
coulomb per second.

A. Ampere
B. Joule
C. Watt
D. Kilowatt
 B
• 21. Simple, multicellular animals with
tissues but no distinct organs.
Commonly known as sponges, they
typically attach to rocks, shells, or
coral. What are they called?
A. Cnidaria
B. Porifera
C. Placozoa
D. Ctenophora
 D
• 22. Which of the following is not an
example of commensalism?

A. Barnacles and Whale sharks

B. Polyp and hermit crab
C. Remora shark and Sperm whale
D. Lice and human beings
 B
• 23. Which of the following is not true
about vertebrates?

A. They all have notochords

B. They are all warm blooded.
C. They belong to the phylum chordates.
D. None of the above.
 C
• 24. Plants give off oxygen as a by
product of photosynthesis. While
human beings and animals give off
carbon dioxide. What symbiotic
relationship occurs between the two?
A. parasitism
B. realism
C. mutualism
D. commensalism
 B
• 26. Which of the following statements is
NOT true about the object moving with
constant speed?
A. The object is not accelerating.
B. The speed of the object is equal to zero.
C. The distance travelled by the object
increases uniformly.
D. The speed of the object remains the same
all throughout the travel.
 C
• 27. Which of the following is NOT an
electromagnetic wave?

A. Infrared
B. Radio
C. Sound
D. X - ray
 A
• 28. Which pair of resources is
renewable?

A. cotton and leather

B. aluminum and iron
C. coal and solar energy
D. soil and minerals
 B
• 29. Which layer of the atmosphere
contains the ozone layer?

A. troposphere
B. stratosphere
C. mesosphere
D. thermosphere
 C
• 30. He is the father of paleontology.

A. Albert Einstein
B. Henry Mosely
C. Georges Cuvier
D. Robert Schinder
 B
• 31. Which organism is an example of a
fungus?

A. algae
B. yeast
C. euglenoids
D. entamoeba
 D
• 32. Which protist can cause dysentery?

A. Gorilla beringei
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. Streptococcus
D. Entamoeba histolytica
 D
• 33. The waste product of
photosynthesis is _____________.

A. carbon monoxide
B. nitrogen
C. carbon dioxide
D. oxygen
 D
• 34. An important endocrine gland that
is shaped like a bow-tie and located in
the neck is called _____________.

A. pituitary gland
B. parathyroid gland
C. adrenal gland
D. thyroid gland
 B
• 35. The molecules that contain an
organism’s genetic make-up is called
__________.

A. genetic membrane
B. nucleic acid
C. nucleolus
D. cytosal
 C
• 36. The asexual reproduction which
occurs when a new organism develops
from an outgrowth is called
__________.
A. fission
B. fertilization
C. budding
D. grafting
 D
• 37. What are the small hair-like
structures that serve as a sensory
function in eukaryotic cells?
A. plasma membrane
B. centromere
C. actin filaments
D. cilia
 B
• 38. Which organism is classified under
Kingdom Fungi?
A. red algae
B. microsporidia
C. diatoms
D. streptococcus
 A
• 39. This is true of recessive genes.
A. will only have phenotypic expression
if present as a homozygous genotype
B. should be paired with a dominant
gene for it to be expressed
C. will prevent a dominant gene from
expressing its phenotype
D. have more superior phenotypic traits
 C
• 40. The Brundtland Commission defines
it as : “development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
A. Ecological development
B. Environmental development
C. Sustainable development
D. Uncompromising development
Introduction
• A teacher can help you become scientifically
literate. Scientific literacy does not only mean
knowing terms and their definitions or
memorizing facts. More importantly, it is
relating the concepts to one another to form
whole conceptual schemes of knowledge.
 Science

• Science maybe defined as:

• Systemized body of knowledge derived from

scientific methods.
• Catalogue of observation or list of information
to understand the world around us.
• Systematic way of explaining with range of
phenomena in the simplest possible manner.
• Vast body of knowledge contributed by
people from different parts of the world
regardless of sex, color, race, religion or
political ideologies.
• Knowledge gained through careful
observations and events.
• System that uses experimentation to help
explain observation questions.
 Pure and Applied Science

• Pure Science
-knowledge acquired when scientific
method is conducted.
• Applied Science
-scientific knowledge when used for
practical purposes otherwise known as
technology.
• Pure science is science done in a laboratory. It
is also called natural science. Applied science
is also called technology or engineering. It is
done outside. In pure science, a biologist
might discover a drug that kills a bacteria. In
applied science, a physician might find out if
that drug cures a patient. In pure science a
physicist might discover a new way to make a
diode. In applied science an engineer will see
if it works in a television set.
• A. Physical Science
Non-living matter

• B. Biological Science
Science of life
A. Physical Science
• Physics
- matter and energy
• Chemistry
- matter, its composition, properties and
changes that it undergoes
• Meteorology
- study of atmospheric condition
• Volcanology
- study of volcanoes and their activities
• Mineralogy
- study of minerals, their nature, properties
and distributions
• Astronomy
- study of heavenly bodies
• Geology
- study of rocks and minerals
B. Biological Science
• Botany
- study of plants
• Zoology
- study of animals
Subdivided into:
1. Anatomy
- parts and structure of living things
2. Taxonomy
- classification and meaning
3. Genetics
– hereditary and lifelong development of
living things, how an organism’s characteristics
are transmitted from parents to offspring
4. Pharmacology
– actions of chemicals on living things
5. Cytology
– structure and function of cells
6. Physiology
– normal function of parts of an organism
7. Histology
– study of tissues
8. Embryology
– growth and development of new
organism
9. Evolution
– study of the origin and differentiation of
different kinds of organism
10. Ecology
– environment and interrelationship of
organisms in it
11. Paleontology
– study of fossils
12. Microbiology
– study of microorganism
a. Bacteriology
– study of bacteria
b. Virology
– study of viruses
c. Protozoalogy
– protozoan or one celled animal
13. Biochemistry
– chemistry of living things

14. Biogeography
– study of the distribution of plants and
animals on earth
Sample board exam question:
• Which of the following is mismatched?

A. physiology – life functions

B. microbiology – microscopy
C. evolution – change through time
D. genetics – heredity and variation

B
 Scientific Method

– involves steps to find answers to problem

involving scientific events in a more logical
way.
• Steps Involving Scientific Method:

1. Knowing the problem

2. Gathering data through observation
3. Formulating a hypothesis
4. Testing the hypothesis through
experimentation
5. Recording and analyzing data
6. Drawing the conclusion or generalization
 Terms
• HYPOTHESIS
– scientific guess
• THEORY
– statement of truth but with limits
• GENERALIZATION
– true statement accepted by all
BIOLOGY
 Biology
– is the study of living organisms,
including their structure (gross and
microscopically), function, origin and
evolution, classification, interrelationship
and distributions.
Living Things and Their Habitat
• Living things perform functions as:
1. taking in and using food
2. growing
3. taking in oxygen
4. getting rid of waste
5. moving
6. reproducing
7. responding to change of surrounding
• Microorganisms or microscopic organisms
– tiny living things or organisms that a
microscope must be used to observe it.

• Biotic community
– refers to all different kinds of organisms
or species which live together and interact
with one another in a region.
Members of the Biotic Community
• Producers
– chlorophyll-bearing organisms
– capable of producing their own food
• Consumers
– this is the group to which animals, as well
as plants without chlorophyll belong.
• Decomposers
– a special group of consumers that feed on
dead things and in doing so returns the
substances of those dead things back to the
environment
 Food chain
– is a sequence of organisms in a biotic
community each of which uses the preceding
organisms in the sequence as a source of food,
the ultimate of which is plant. It is also the
relationship in which larger organisms hunt for
food. Example: Small fishes depend on plants.
These small fishes are eaten by big fishes, and
etc. Another example: banana …. Monkey…
decomposers
• Food Web
– crisscrossing food chain

• Ecology
– scientific study of the interrelationship of
plants and animals and the environment. It
includes wildlife management, agriculture,
forestry, pollution control and conservation.
 Ecological Classification of
Organisms:
• Autotrophs
– self-nourishers or producers. These are
mainly green plants who manufacture their
own food from carbon dioxide, water,
minerals and sunlight.
• Heterotrophs
– are organisms that lack metabolic
machinery to synthesize their own food and
must obtain it from other sources.
 Classification of Heterotrophs:
1. Herbivores
– plant eaters
2. Carnivores
– predators/animal eaters
3.Omnivores
– eat both plants and animals
4. Scavengers
– eat large dead animals
5. Decomposers
– (bacteria and fungi) – smaller
heterotrophs that feed on dead organisms
6. Parasites
– eat living organisms but unlike predator,
they do not devour their host at one time
Sample board exam question:
• Which two terms both apply to organisms that
make their own food?

A. photosynthetic and chemosynthetic

B. autotrophs and heterotrophs
C. humus and detritus
D. predator and parasite

A
 Important Terms in Ecology:
 
• Ecosystem
– refers to an area whose chemical, physical
and biological traits and forms of energy
present like air, water and soil including the
organism big and small are interrelating in a
natural way showing specific characteristics
that distinguish them from adjacent
communities
 Ecosystem
• It is a community of living things in an area
at a given time, where the environment
affects the growth and development of living
things. It is a life support system in
equilibrium.
• Community
– term applied to the assemblage of
organism
• Biomes
– refers to the most extensive communities
which occupy a wide geographic area
• Conservation
– planned and wise use of water, forest,
and other natural resources so that they will
not be wasted.
• Recycling
– using something more than once, either
just the way it is, or treated and made into
something else.
• Pollution
– is the contamination of air, water or soil
by materials that can injure health, the quality
of life or the working of the ecosystem.
• Deforestation
– the cutting down of most of the trees in
the place from a forested land so that the land
can be used for another purpose.

• Groundwater
– water that flows in the spaces between
soil particles and rocks – this supplies water
for wells and springs
• Fossil fuels
– anything that comes from one living
matter deep in earth such as coal, gas and soil.
• Endangered species
– refers to the organisms whose population
is so reduced that they are threatened with
extinction
• Extinction
– complete disappearance of a species of a
plant or animal from the earth
 Causes of Extinction
1. Environmental change
2. Human activities such as hunting, and
fishing and clearing of lands and forests
3. Pollution
• Biodegradable
– are substances which can be broken
down by the decomposing of living organism
like bacteria.

• Non-biodegradable
– substances that could not be broken
down by the decomposer. They are pollutants
like plastics and other materials
• Ozone depletion
– the ozone layer protects the earth from too
much radiation (the harmful ultraviolet rays) of
the sun. When the ozone layer is destroyed,
the UV rays coming through pose great health
risk to people and other living organisms on
earth.
• Global warming
– is the increase in earth’s temperature due to
build up of certain gases in the atmosphere.
• Greenhouse effect
– is the warming of the earth caused by
certain gases that form a blanket in the
atmosphere high over the earth.
• Compost heap
– is the pile of food scraps and the yard
waste that is broken down by worms, tiny
insects and other microorganisms which can
be used to enrich the soil.
• Acid rain
– refers to the rainfall with a pH less than
5.6 in a measuring scale that runs from 0 – 14,
pollutants and other emission from industrial
and electrical plants increase acidification. The
usual sources of acid rain are electricity
generating plants and large burning of coal
and oil.
• El Niño
– is the term applied to the change in the
circulation of Pacific currents caused by the
dropping of pressure in the giant high
pressure system centered near East Pacific, off
South America.
 El Niño
• This brings warmer weather on certain areas
and cold weather to other areas in the
circulation of the Pacific currents. This
phenomenon seems to occur every 4-7 years
which brings drought to affected areas. This is
named after Jesus, as this occur often on
Christmas season.
• La Niña
– is the opposite of El Niño. This brings
heavy torrential rain affected areas.

• Sustainable Development
– is the term applied to the idea of securing
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs.
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following does not contribute to
maintenance of ecological balance?

A. a complex food web

B. conserving biodiversity
C. keeping population size within the carrying
capacity
D. spraying insecticide over a rice field from a
small airplane
D
• The following environmental problems can be
traced to deforestation except:

A. depletion of wildlife resources

B. depletion of mineral resources
C. greater erosions
D. more floods

B
• Which of the following fishing methods is not
destructive to marine ecosystems?

A. muro-ami
B. cyanide fishing
C. use of fine-mesh fishnets
D. use of coarse-mesh fishnets

D
 Types of Animals
• Vertebrate
– with backbone ( mammals)

• Invertebrate
– without backbone (worms)
• Social Animals
– animals which live in a community
working together. Example bees
• Worker
– produces wax, honey and acts as soldiers
• Drone
– mates the queen and after it dies
• Queen
– laying eggs for the next generation
• Hibernating animals
– animals that sleeps in a convenient sage
shelter but have prepared themselves during
cold or dry season

• Fangs
– protection of the snake like its hollow
teeth used to inject poison into their enemies
• Air bladder
– helps the fish swim at a particular level of
water
• Habitat
– natural home of any organism
• Adaptation
– the structure and ways of life of organism
which help them fit their habitat and survive
 Types of Plants
A. Green plants
– with chlorophyll and can manufacture
their own food
• Example: algae, moss, carabao grass, etc.

B. Fungi
– lacks chlorophyll
• Example: mushrooms, etc.
• Lichens
– two plants living together to exchange
food between them.
• Example: Algae and Fungi

• Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

– converts nitrogen to nitrogen compounds
to be used by plants as food.
 Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

• Particular kinds of bacteria that live in nodules

on the roots of many plants in the legume
family such as beans and clover, and some
unrelated plants such as alder trees, and “fix”
nitrogen from the air into a form that can be
utilized by the host plants and, after these die,
then plants that subsequently grow in that soil
• Man
– they upset the balance of nature in his
environment.

• Antibiotic
– is a substance produced by one
microorganism which can hold and check or
kill another microorganism.
• Protozoa
– one kind of animal which feeds itself on
smaller microscopic organism and on particles
of decaying matter.

• Diseases caused by protozoan

a. African sleeping sickness
b. Malaria
• Viruses
– tiny bodies even smaller than bacteria
and protozoa. They can grow only in bodies of
living things and have characteristics of living
and non-living things.
 BACTERIA versus VIRUS
BACTERIA VIRUS
Living attributes: Living organism Opinions differ on
whether viruses are a
form of life, or organic
structures that interact
with living organisms.
Number of cells: Unicellular; one cell No cells; not living
Nucleus: No No
Infection: Localized Systemic
How is it treated?: Antibiotics Vaccines
Beneficial?: Some beneficial bacteria Viruses are not
beneficial.
Reproduction: Fission- a form of Invades a host cell and
asexual reproduction takes over the cell
causing it to make
copies of the viral
DNA/RNA. Destroys the
host cell releasing new
viruses.
Size: Larger (1000nm) Smaller (20 - 400nm)
• Taxonomy
– a branch of biology that deals with the
nomenclature, description, classification and
identification of organisms.
• Carolus Linnaeus
– developed the binomial system for
naming organisms. He formulated the system
of giving two names, consisting of the name of
the genus followed by a specific epithet, to
designate the scientific name of a species.
The seven hierarchical categories
or standard levels of classification:
1. kingdom
2. phylum
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
7. species
Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand
• In biological taxonomy, a domain is the
highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the
Woese taxonomic system, higher than
a kingdom. According to the three-domain
system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990

• Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti
• Domain
• Eukaryota - A eukaryote is any organism
whose cells contain a nucleus and other
organelles enclosed within membranes.
• Prokaryota -  generally do not have a cell
nucleus, nor cell organelles
• Kingdom
• Eubacteria - are prokaryotic, meaning their cells do
not have defined, membrane-limited nuclei.
• Archaebacteria - constitute a domain and kingdom
of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are
prokaryotes, meaning that they have no cell nucleus
or any other membrane-bound organelles in their
cells
• Protista - members of an informal grouping of
diverse eukaryotic organisms that are not animals,
plants or fungi. They do not form a natural group, or
clade, but are often grouped together for
convenience, like algae or invertebrates.
– Fungi - any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms
that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts
and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce
familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.\
– Plantae - also called green plants, are multicellular
eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. They form an
unranked clade Viridiplantae (Latin for green plants) that
includes the flowering plants, conifers and other
gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts,
mosses and the green algae
– Animalia – this kingdom does not contain prokaryotes. All
members are multicellular, and all are heterotrophs.
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following
functions/characteristics is shared by all
individuals in the animal kingdom?

A. locomotion
B. heterotrophy
C. segmentation
D. sexual reproduction

B
• Both rice and corn belongs to the class
Monocotyledonae, then they must also
belong to the same _________.

A. genus
B. species
C. family
D. phylum

D
 Cells the Building Block of Life
• All living organisms are composed of tiny
units called cells.

• Cells are very tiny and are made up of

particles that are too small to be seen.

• Cell is microscopic unit of living matter. It is

the unit structure that functions in our body.
 Parts of a Cell
1. Cell Membrane or Plasma membrane
– serves as a selective filter for material, which
attempts to pass into or out of the cell.
2.Protoplasm
– cell membrane that encloses a mass of
jellylike material.
The protoplasm lying outside the nucleus is
called cytoplasm and the protoplasm inside the
nucleus is called karyoplasm or nucleuplams.
3. Mitochondria
– energy converting organelle and all
energy production for all cell occur. It is
suspended in the gel like cytoplasm. It is
known as the powerhouse of the cell.

4. Ribosome
– found in the cytoplasm. Known as the
protein factors of the cell.
5. Nucleus
– initiates and monitors all the functions
that occur in the cell. It is known as the core
of the cell, and also known as the control
center of the cell.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
– networks of the membrane that has
sometimes ribosome attached to it (rough
and smooth). Protein synthesis and hormone
and enzymes secretion found in the
cytoplasm and known as the “manufacturers
and shippers of the cell”.
7. Golgi Complex or Golgi apparatus
– packaging and removing the materials.
8. Vacuoles
– storage tank of the cell
9. Lysosomes
– suicide bag of the cell. It is rich in
hydidytic enzymes. That is capable of breaking
down and destroying a number of important
cellular constituents.
10. Centrosomes
– helpers in cell division. It is a mass of
dense protoplasm with structure called
centrioles at the center.

11. Cytoskeleton
– framework of the cell.
Plant cell vs Animal cell vs Bacteria
Sample board exam questions:
• A series of membrane-bound channels free of
ribosomes is called

A. mitochondrion
B. plastid
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. rough endoplasmic reticulum

C
• Which structure contains a prokaryotic cell’s
genetic material?

A. DNA
B. nucleoid
C. nuclear envelope
D. ribosome

A
 Division of the Cells
A. Mitosis
– results into 2 daughter cells, each having
a nucleus containing same number and kind
of chromosomes as the mother cell (same
genetic material – DNA)
 MITOSIS
• Four Stages: (PMAT)
1. Prophase
– chromosomes coil up, nucleoli and
nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibers
are formed.
2. Metaphase
– chromosomes midway between the two
poles.
 MITOSIS
3. Anaphase
– aligned chromosomes separate doubly,
chromatids pull apart and the head move at
the opposite pole
4. Telophase
– cytokinesis occur (cytoplasmic division)
where a formation of a cell membrane
between the daughter nuclei
B. Meiosis (reduction division)

– give rise to the four reproductive cells

(gametes) each with a half of the
chromosomes number of parent cell. This is an
exchange of genetic materials. Therefore it
occurs in the reproductive cell.
• Chromosomes
– molecules of DNA containing genes
arranged in linear order and associated with
proteins and RNA. For each species, the
number of chromosomes is constant.
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following is the correct sequence
in which the stages of mitosis occur?

A. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

B. telophase, anaphase, prophase, metaphase
C. metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase
D. anaphase, telophase, metaphase, prophase

A
• The type of cell division that produces
gametes and prepares the organism for
fertilization during sexual reproduction is
called ____________.

A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. synapsis
D. cytokinesis
B
 Cell Functions
• A living cell performs the following life
processes:
1. Nutrition
– process by which cells obtain food
molecules to support their other activities
2. Digestion
– process by which food particles are
broken down into smaller, soluble units
suitable for cell use with the help of enzymes
3. Absorption
– the process by which all cells absorb
from their environment water, minerals, and
other materials essential to life
4. Biosynthesis
– the process by which all cells organize
complex chemicals from simple building units
or substance. Example: All living cells
synthesize amino acid to produce proteins.
5. Excretion
– the process by which by- products of all
cell activities which are not needed for further
cell functioning are eliminated
6. Egestion
– the process by which insoluble, non-
digested particles is eliminated by the cell.
These egested particles have not been a part
of any cellular metabolism
7. Secretion
– the process by which substance that are
synthesized by the cells are expelled from the
membrane. The elimination process influences
extracellular activities and helps in the
functioning of the body. Hormones are the
examples of such secreted substances
8. Movement
– a process by which the locomotion of
cells by means of special structures like cilia or
flagella
9. Irritability
– the process by which cells respond or
react to external factors or condition around
them. Cells can alter their functions in
response to changes in their environment
10. Respiration
– the process of breaking down food
molecules into chemical energy needed by all
cells in order to function.
11. Reproduction
– a process by which a cell copies or
replicates its DNA and increases its number by
cell division. In reproduction, cells give rise to
new cells. As a result, organisms grow.
• Cells are specialized to form different levels of
organization. These are:
1. Tissue
– group of cells carrying out one specific
activity
a. Flat –celled tissue – cheek tissue
b. Hair-like projection – throat tissue
c. Long cells – muscle tissue(walls of the
intestine)
2. Organs
– group of tissue performing one particular
function. Ex. Heart (muscle tissue and nerve
tissue)

3. Systems
– group of organs that work together to
perform one special function. Ex. Digestive
system
 Systems
a) Integumentary System
– protection or covering
b) Skeletal System
– support
c) Muscular System
– movement or locomotion
d) Digestive System
– food reception and preparation
e) Circulatory System
– transport of materials
f) Excretory System
– waste disposal
g) Endocrine System
– regulation of internal process
h) Nervous System
– adjustment to exterior environment
i) Reproductive System
– production of new individuals
Sample board exam questions:
• The lowest level at which evolution operates is
the

A. cell
B. genus
C. organism
D. population

A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Skeleton
– framework of human body with 206 bones
• Division of Skeleton:

A. Skull – hollow, bony structure in which the brain

and eyeballs are found
B.Spine or backbone – small bones at the back
1. Vertebrae – small bones
2. Cartilage – pad of elastic tissue, a specialized,
fibrous connective tissue present in adults, and
forming the temporary skeleton in the embryo,
providing a model in which the bones develop, and
constituting a part of the organism's growth
mechanism
C. Limbs
– set into socket of special bones
1. Upper limb –arm – set into forward end
of each shoulder blade
2. Lower limbs –legs- connected to the
hipbones

D. Joints
– region where two bones meet
 Types of Joints:
1. Hinge joints
– one direction only such as up and down
or back and forth. Example: elbow, toes
2. Ball and socket joints
– movements in all direction. Example:
shoulder, hip
3. Pivot joint– allowing rotary movement.
Example: elbow, neck
4. Sliding/Gliding joints – allowing limited
motion as the bones slide against each other.
Example: backbone
• Ligaments
– band of strong tissues that hold bones
together at the joints to prevent detachment
of bones and joints

• Muscles produce movements of the bones

• Tendons
– are strong cord of tissues in which
muscles are fastened to the bones
Sample board exam question:
• Which of the following does not describe the
red bone marrow?

A. production of platelets
B. found in the sternum
C. production of blood cells
D. does not contain fatty tissues

D
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Types of Muscles:
1. Voluntary
– can be controlled (ex. Bones, arms, legs,
feet)

2. Involuntary
– no direct control (ex. Wall of food tube,
wall of blood vessels, heart)
 5 Senses
1. Eyes
– sight or vision
2. Ears
– hearing
3. Nose
– smelling
4. Tongue
– tasting
5. Skin
– touching
Sample board exam question:
• Which of these are voluntary muscles?

A. muscles of the food tube

B. muscles of the eyelids
C. heart muscles
D. muscles of the walls of blood vessels

B
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Digestion
– is making food soluble with the aid of
enzymes, so the body can utilize it
A. Mouth
• 1.Teeth
8 – incisors
8- bicuspids
4 – canines
12 - molars
B. Stomach
– presence of gastric juice and HCI
C. Small intestine
– (20 ft long &1 in wide) digestion is completed
– (Pancreatic juice and intestinal juice bile)
– for digestion of fat
Villi- tiny hair like projection of the small intestine
D. Large Intestine
– eliminates waste products (8 ft. long)
– water is extracted from the liquid mass.
• Glands
– secrete juices which contains enzymes
like pepsin in the pancreas

• Blood
– made up of microscopic cells of liquid
called plasma in equal proportion

• Human adults have about 5 to 6 quarts of

blood
Other organs involved in Digestion:
• Mouth
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Epiglottis/Glottis
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Liver
• Gall bladder
Other organs involved in Digestion:
• Pancreas
• Appendix
• Small intestines
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
Other organs involved in Digestion:
• Large intestines
1. Cecum
2. Colon
a. Ascending colon
b. Transverse colon
c. Descending colon
d. Sigmoid colon
3. Rectum
• Anus
Sample board exam questions:
• Food molecules undergo mechanical and
chemical digestion as they pass through the
digestive tract. Which illustration below shows
the path of digestive process?

A. Mouth  stomach  esophagus small intestine large intestine

B. Mouth  esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
C. Mouth  stomach  esophagus large intestine small intestine
D. Mouth  esophagus  small intestine stomach large intestine

B
• Which nutrition tip is least important?

A. Chew your food well and eat slowly.

B. Take a dessert at the end of the meal.
C. Drink plenty of water.
D. Balance your food with activity. Eat
only as much as your body can burn.
B
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Blood cells are of three parts:
1.Red blood cells or Corpuscles (erythrocytes)
– hemoglobin, rich in iron used to transport
oxygen from lungs to all parts of the cells of
the body
2.White blood cells (leukocytes)
– destroy germs that invade the corpuscle,
blood and other tissues
3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
– for clotting process
• Plasma

– is the liquid part of the blood containing

about 90% water. This is where the white
blood and red cells are suspended. It delivers
dissolved food to the cells and carry away
waste from the cells.
• Heart
– hollow and muscular portion of the
circulatory system of the body.
It is divided by the walls of the muscles
tissue into a right side and left called a
chamber.
The upper chamber is called the auricle or
atrium. The lower chamber is called the
ventricle.
Separating the auricle and ventricle is a
valve.
• Blood Vessels
– tube through which blood flows
• Three types:
1. Arteries
– blood vessels through which blood flows away
from the heart
Aorta – is the largest artery
2. Capillaries
– tiny vessels in the body which occur everywhere
in the blood to the cells
3. Veins
– carry blood back and prevent from flowing
backward
 ABO Blood Types
• 4 Human Blood Types:
1. Type A
2. Type B
3. Type AB
4. Type O
1. A person with A+ blood type can be
donated to what blood types? List all the
possible recipients.

• A+
• AB-
• AB+
2. A person has B- blood type. List all the
blood types that this person can only
receive.

• B-
• O-
3. If a person’s blood type is AB+, list all the
blood types he/she can receive.
• A+
• A-
• B+
• B-
• AB+
• AB-
• O+
• O-
4. A person is O- to which blood types can
this blood type be donated? List all the
possible recipients.
• A+
• A-
• B+
• B-
• AB+
• AB-
• O+
• O-
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Respiration
– is the process of taking in oxygen for
oxidation and eliminating the waste of
oxidation.
• Parts of the Respiratory System:
1. Nose
2. Larynx
3. Trachea
4. Lungs
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Excretory system functions to remove waste formed by
the body cells.

• Organ for the excretion of the body waste are:

1. Lungs
– eliminates carbon dioxide and water
2. Skin
– perspiration
3. Kidneys
– urine
4. Large intestine
– undigested food material
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following is not an example of
homeostasis?

A. We yawn when we see someone else yawn.

B. The epiglottis sometimes fails to close the
glottis while drinking water.
C. We breathe faster and deeper during and
after an exercise.
D. During a very hot day, some prefer cold
water to cold soft drink. A
• Which of the following is not a metabolic
waste?

A. carbon dioxide
B. sucrose
C. uric acid
D. urea

B
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Control Systems of the Body

1. Nervous system
– coordinates all muscles actions
A. Brain
– mass nerve tissue located in the skull
 Parts of the Brain:
• a.1 Cerebrum
– largest part of the brain. It is located at
the upper region of the brain.
– controls thinking, interpret sound, and
sight and enable us to judge, make decisions,
and learn.
• a.2 Cerebellum
– lower portion, on the rear of the skull.
Coordinate in the movement of muscles under
our control. Helps maintain the proper balance
of our body.
• a.3 Medulla
– below the cerebellum, connects the brain
with the spinal cord. Its controls the actions
that we do not have direct control. Ex. Beating
of the heart, breathing, sneezing, and coughing.
B. Spinal cord
– this is located at the backbone. This is the
center of every rapid action called simple
reflexes, in which thought is not involved.
Ex. Jumping at a sudden noise.
 Methods of Learning
• Centered at the cerebrum – knowledge,
understanding, and skills.
a. Trial and error method learning
b. Habits or conditioning

• Habit
– is an act, which has been learned so
completely that the act is performed
automatically. It save time, thought, and
permits us to do many things.
2. Ductless Glands
– assists the nervous system.

• It secretes hormone, used by the body to

regulate growth and development and
regulate functioning of others organs.
a. Thyroid gland
– secretes thyroxin, which is rich in iodine

• Thyroxin regulates the rate of oxidation of

food by the cells. It also controls the mental
and physical development. Too much
secretion causes swelling of the thyroid
glands, the disease is called goiter. Too little
causes the hindrance of physical and mental
development of the child.
b. Pituitary gland
– it secretes growth hormones, which is
used to regulate the growth of the body. Too
little causes dwarfism, too much produce
gigantism.
c. Pancreas
– secretes insulin as well as pancreatic
juice. Insulin regulates the storage of sugar in
the liver. Too little secretion causes diabetes.

i. Diabetes Insipidus – acquired, may run in

families. The cause of this type is unknown,
patients produce tremendous quantities of
urine.
ii. Diabetes mellitus – pancreas no longer
produce enough insulin or cells stop
responding to the insulin.
• Type I diabetes, sometimes called juvenile
diabetes, begins most commonly in childhood
or adolescence. In this form of diabetes, the
body produces little or no insulin. This form
also is called insulin-dependent diabetes
because people who develop this type need to
have daily injections of insulin.
• Type II is considered a milder form of diabetes
because of its slow onset (sometimes
developing over the course of several years)
and because it usually can be controlled with
diet and oral medication
Sample board exam questions:
• Which sensory perception is most closely
associated with taste?

A. hearing
B. sight
C. smell
D. touch

C
• The following disorders are associated with
undersecretion of certain hormones except:

A. exophthalmic goiter
B. simple goiter
C. diabetes mellitus
D. dwarfism

A
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Human Fertilization
• Fertilization
– may be defined as the union of gametes of
the fusion of the egg cell nucleus and the sperm
cell nucleus when a sperm penetrates through
an egg membrane. It maybe external or internal.
External fertilization is common to aquatic
organisms. During the process, the sperm cell
and the egg cell are shed with their donors in a
surrounding medium (water) where they unite.
• Fertilization is internal if it occurs in a female
reproductive tract. In this process, the egg, is
normally produced by the female, is met by
the sperm. The sperm enters the female body
to meet the egg. This is true with humans.
 Male (outside the body)
1. Penis
– finger shaped organ between the two legs
2. Scrotum
– small sac
3. Testicle or Testes
– oval organ – store the male sex cells or gametes
called sperms
4. Vas Deferens
– system tubes that produces whitish fluid called
semen
5. Urethra
– runs through the penis
 Female (inside the body)
1. Vulva
– fields found between the female legs
2. Vagina
– narrow canal which leads to a uterus
3. Uterus
– hollow pear shaped organ
4. Ovaries
– produce and store the female sex cells
called egg cells or ovum
• Ovulation period (28 days)
– egg enters into the fallopian tube
• Menstrual period
– release of only one egg at a time
• Pregnancy
– happens when the fertilized egg attaches
itself to the lining of the uterus stages.
• Embryo – 2 months of its development

a. Placenta
– disk-shaped organ of tissue and blood
vessels
b. Umbilical cord
– connects the embryo and placenta
c. Amniotic sac
– fluid filled membrane that enclose and
protect the embryo
• Fetus
– five weeks continue until nine months
and then baby is born

• Permanent scar
– navel – umbilical cord
 Animal reproduction
1. Viviparity
– inside the female body (ex. mammals)
2. Oviparity
– female lays egg in the shell outside their
body (ex. reptiles)
3. Ovoviviparity
– eggs remains inside the shell outside
their body until it hatches. (ex. fish)
4. Hermaphrodite
– both eggs and sperms are produced in the
same organism. (ex. earthworm)

5. Parthenogenesis
– occurs in bees and wasps.
– this occurs when an egg develops into an
adult without the benefit of fertilization.
 Birth Control Methods
• Contraception
– anything that interferes with the
fertilization of the eggs.
• Birth Control
– to prevent pregnancy. It is necessary to
prevent sperm cells from meeting an egg cell.
When one intentionally does something to
prevent such as mating, one is practicing birth
control.
 Common Birth Control Methods
a. Rhythm Method

– no engage in sexual intercourse when a

fertilizable egg is present in the fallopian
tube. Just before and just after egg has been
produced in the woman’s body.
 *Days 1-7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are
considered infertile
*Days 8-19 are considered fertile; considered
unsafe for unprotected intercourse
*Day 20 through the end of the cycle are
considered infertile.
• Coitus Interruptus
– penis is withdrawn from the vagina prior
to ejaculation.
c. Condom
– this is a thin sheath or cover of rubber or
similar material worn over the penis during
the sexual intercourse.
d. Chemical Products
– use of chemical products like vaginal
foam, cream, douche, suppository or tablet
that block the way of the sperm cells.
e. Diaphragm
– device that fit over the cervix to prevent
entrance of the sperm.
f. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
– small object made of plastic or stainless
steel inserted into the womb.
g. Vasectomy
– operation performed on males to ensure
prevention of sperm release in the semen.
h. Tubal Ligation
– operation performed on female where in
the fallopian tube are blocked or cut.
i. Pills
– use of the oral contraceptive taken by
women to suppress ovulation. These
interfere with the level of the two pituitary
hormones – estrogen and progesterone
enough to inhibit the process of ovulation.
Sample board exam questions:
• Where does fertilization take place in
humans?

A. placenta
B. ovary
C. oviduct
D. uterus

*D (fallopian tube)
• External development of the embryo is
observed in the following except:

A. birds
B. fishes
C. frogs
D. humans

D
BOTANY
 Plants
 
• Types of Reproduction:

a. Asexual Reproduction or Asexual

Propagation
– produced from single parent
 Kinds of Reproduction employed
by lower plants:
1. Binary Fission
– parents divide in half and form two new
cells (E. coli bacterium)
2. Budding
– small swelling from the parent cells
(hydra)
3. Sporing
– similar to binary fission except that there
are many small cells. This occurs in yeast,
molds and mushrooms.
b. Sexual Reproduction
– process by which offspring are produced
from two parents. Each parent cells. When
the two unites, a fertilized egg is formed.
 Parts of a Flower
a. Sepal
– green leaf like part
b. Petal
– use to attract insects
c. Stamen
– male reproductive structure: anther or
filaments
d. Pistil
– female reproductive structure; which is
usually found in the pistil
1. Stigma
– holds the pollen grain
2. Style
– support the stigma and connects
the stigma with ovary
3. Ovary
– contains ovule from which the
seeds are formed
• Pollination
– transfer of pollen grain from the anther to
the stigma
• Types of Pollination
1.Self-pollination
– transfer of the pollen from the anther
to the stigma
2.Cross-pollination
– transfer of the pollen from the anther
of one flower to the stigma of a flower of
another plant of the same species.
Sample board exam questions:
• Which parts of the flower are directly involved
in sexual reproduction?

A. pistil and stamen

B. pistils and petals
C. stamen and sepals
D. petals and pollen grains

A
• What is the importance of reproduction to
living things?

A. change of species
B. survival of the fittest
C. perpetuation of the species
D. promotion of biodiversity

C
 Famous Scientists:
1. Hippocrates
– Father of medicine
2. Aristotle
– Greatest Ancient Scientist. Known in
making observations
3. Leonardo da Vinci & Michael Angelo
– animals and human anatomy
4. Andres Versalius
– Book – “The structure of the human body”
5. William Harvey
– described the blood circulation in man
6. Robert Hooke
– father of the cell theory
7. Carolus Linnaeus
– father of taxonomy
8. Jean Baptist Lamarck
– theory of evolution
9. Charles Darwin
– father of natural selection in which
evolutionary change take place
10. Louis Pasteur
– father of modern microbiology

11. Gregor Mendel

– father of genetics

12. Hugo de Vries

– formulated mutation theory

13. E. H. Starling
– studied about Endocrinology and Hormone
14. Ernst Haeckel
– stated that “organism was the product of the
interaction of its environment with hereditary
factors”

15. Galen
– Greek Physician who practiced medicine in
Rome and began to study about human
anatomy
Chemistry PRE-TEST
• 1. Salt, hot pepper, onion and
vinegar are mixed together. How
many phases would you observe?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
• 2. Which mixture is heterogeneous?

A. clean air
B. crude oil
C. gravel and sand
D. rainwater
• 3. Several scientists are studying the problems of a
particular community. Which one do you think is
being studied by a chemist?

A. The relation of the economic status of a family to

the health condition of its members
B. The composition of environmental pollutants
found in the river
C. The hereditary factors causing poor health in a
family
D. The rate of population growth in the community
• 4. A paint applied to an iron surface prevents
the iron from rusting. Which of the following
provide the best reason?
 
A. It prevents the carbon dioxide from coming in
contact with iron.
B. It prevents nitrogen from coming in contact
with iron.
C. It reacts chemically with the rain.
D. It prevents oxygen and moisture from coming
in contact with iron.
• 5. Which of the following is a
compound?

A. carbon
B. oxygen
C. hydrogen
D. water
• 6. How many significant numbers are
there in 4 400.00?

A. 0
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
• 7. Which element is always found in
organic compounds?
 
A. carbohydrates
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. carbon
• 8. “One may take it for granted that in every
reaction there is an equal quantity of matter
before and after.” With those words he helped
established the science of Modern Chemistry.
Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?

A. Robert Boyle
B. Democritus
C. John Dalton
D. Antoine Lavoisier
• 9. Who among the following students does
not follow safety rules inside the laboratory?

A. Joshua wears safety glasses when performing

an activity inside the laboratory.
B. Sam only does the assigned experiments
without the permission of his teacher.
C. Loegi keeps his work area orderly and free of
personal belongings such as bag, books, etc.
D. Patrick reads and listens to all directions
carefully before doing the activities inside the
laboratory.
• 10. Which of the following sets of
properties are all extensive
properties of a substance?

A. color, odor, taste B. mass,

volume, height
C. density, boiling point, solubility
D. mass, density, thickness
• 11. Convert 6 721 millimeter to
meter.
 
A. 67.21
B. 6.721
C. 672 100
D. 6 721 000
• 12. Which of the following laws states that
when the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, elements with
similar properties appear in periodic intervals?

A. Law of Definite Proportion B.

Periodic Law
C. Law of Conservation of Mass
D. Law of Multiple Proportion
• 13. A paint applied to an iron surface prevents
the iron from rusting. Which of the following
provide the best reason?
 
A. It prevents the carbon dioxide from coming in
contact with iron.
B. It prevents nitrogen from coming in contact
with iron.
C. It reacts chemically with the rain.
D. It prevents oxygen and moisture from coming
in contact with iron.
• 14. You want to add exactly 15.00 g
of salt to a solution. What
instrument must you use to measure
this amount?

A. beaker
B. graduated cylinder
C. triple beam balance
D. thermometer
• 15. Which of the following changes
will NOT produce a new substance?

A. burning of wood B.
rusting of nail
C. melting of butter D.
decaying of garbage
16. Which process involves formation
of new substance?

A. melting ice cream B.

folding clothes
C. chopping wood D.
rotting of egg
• 17. Annie had a stomachache so her
mother gave her a milky antacid. The
next day, Annie brought her medicine to
school and tested it with litmus paper. To
her surprise, red litmus paper turned to
blue. How do you classify the milky
liquid?
A. salt
B. acid
C. base
D. oxide
18. The volume of the object is the
amount of space that that the object
occupies. Which of the following is
the unit of volume?
A. liter
B. gram
C. meter
D. gram/cm
• 19. Which of the following safety precautions does NOT
apply to storage of gases?
 
A. Flammable gases must be stored away from heat and
fire.
B. Tanks (LPG) must be secured with chain to prevent from
falling.
C. Compressed gases should be stored in confined or closed
places.
D. Compressed gases should not be placed in corridors or
stairways.
• 20. In a neutral atom, the number of
electron is always equal to the
number of __________.

A. neutrons
B. hadrons
C. protons
D. nuclei
ANSWERS
 B
• 1. Salt, hot pepper, onion and
vinegar are mixed together. How
many phases would you observe?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 C
• 2. Which mixture is heterogeneous?

A. clean air
B. crude oil
C. gravel and sand
D. rainwater
• 3. Several scientists are studying the problems of a
particular community. Which one do you think is
being studied by a chemist?

A. The relation of the economic status of a family to

the health condition of its members
B. The composition of environmental pollutants
found in the river
C. The hereditary factors causing poor health in a
family
D. The rate of population growth in the community

B
• 4. A paint applied to an iron surface prevents
the iron from rusting. Which of the following
provide the best reason?
 
A. It prevents the carbon dioxide from coming in
contact with iron.
B. It prevents nitrogen from coming in contact
with iron.
C. It reacts chemically with the rain.
D. It prevents oxygen and moisture from coming
in contact with iron.
D
 D
• 5. Which of the following is a
compound?

A. carbon
B. oxygen
C. hydrogen
D. water
 D
• 6. How many significant numbers are
there in 4 400.00?

A. 0
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
 D
• 7. Which element is always found in
organic compounds?
 
A. carbohydrates
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. carbon
• 8. “One may take it for granted that in every
reaction there is an equal quantity of matter
before and after.” With those words he helped
established the science of Modern Chemistry.
Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?

A. Robert Boyle
B. Democritus
C. John Dalton
D. Antoine Lavoisier
D
• 9. Who among the following students does
not follow safety rules inside the laboratory?

A. Joshua wears safety glasses when performing

an activity inside the laboratory.
B. Sam only does the assigned experiments
without the permission of his teacher.
C. Loegi keeps his work area orderly and free of
personal belongings such as bag, books, etc.
D. Patrick reads and listens to all directions
carefully before doing the activities inside the
laboratory.
B
 B
• 10. Which of the following sets of
properties are all extensive
properties of a substance?

A. color, odor, taste B. mass,

volume, height
C. density, boiling point, solubility
D. mass, density, thickness
 B
• 11. Convert 6 721 millimeter to
meter.
 
A. 67.21
B. 6.721
C. 672 100
D. 6 721 000
 B
• 12. Which of the following laws states that
when the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, elements with
similar properties appear in periodic intervals?

A. Law of Definite Proportion B.

Periodic Law
C. Law of Conservation of Mass
D. Law of Multiple Proportion
• 13. There are antibiotics that need to be
shaken before it is use. Which type of mixture
do they belong?

A. colloid
B. homogeneous
C. solution
D. suspension

D
• 14. You want to add exactly 15.00 g
of salt to a solution. What
instrument must you use to measure
this amount?

A. beaker
B. graduated cylinder
C. triple beam balance
D. thermometer
C
 C
• 15. Which of the following changes
will NOT produce a new substance?

A. burning of wood B.
rusting of nail
C. melting of butter D.
decaying of garbage
 D
16. Which process involves formation
of new substance?

A. melting ice cream B.

folding clothes
C. chopping wood D.
rotting of egg
• 17. Annie had a stomachache so her
mother gave her a milky antacid. The
next day, Annie brought her medicine to
school and tested it with litmus paper. To
her surprise, red litmus paper turned to
blue. How do you classify the milky
liquid?
A. salt
B. acid
C. base
D. oxide C
 A
18. The volume of the object is the
amount of space that that the object
occupies. Which of the following is
the unit of volume?
A. liter
B. gram
C. meter
D. gram/cm
 C
• 19. Which of the following safety precautions does not
apply to storage of gases?
 
A. Flammable gases must be stored away from heat and
fire.
B. Tanks (LPG) must be secured with chain to prevent from
falling.
C. Compressed gases should be stored in confined or closed
places.
D. Compressed gases should not be placed in corridors or
stairways.
 C
• 20. In a neutral atom, the number of
electron is always equal to the
number of __________.

A. neutrons
B. hadrons
C. protons
D. nuclei
CHEMISTRY
 CHEMISTRY
– is a practical science with many
practical applications. The different
chemistry concepts and principles are
continuously being applied to
manufacture the great variety of materials
that we use in our homes, schools, offices,
farms, and factories.
 Chemistry of Life
1. Living things are constructed from molecule
containing carbon atoms. The chemistry of
carbon compound is called organic
chemistry.
2. Molecules of living matters are extraordinary
varied and complex.
3. In addition to carbon, several elements are
found on earth, which are prevalent in
earth’s crust and with those in the human
body.
4. These elements, which are scarce in the
nonliving world, concentrate them within the
living cells. Examples of these are hydrogen,
carbon and nitrogen in which 74% of the
atoms can be found in living matter.

5.The elemental composition of living matter is

uncertain about the exact number of elements
required. Like selenium and aluminum in
minute concentration.
 Chemicals in our Lives
• Matter
– is anything that occupies space and has
mass
• Mass
– amount of matter in substance or object
• Weight
– depends on mass and pull of gravity
 Forms of Matter
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Plasma
 Classification of Matter
1. Pure substance
– matter with a fixed composition, whose
components can’t be separated by any
mechanical means.
*Element
– a substance made up only a single type
of atom
• a.1 – Metal:
*hard, with luster, conducts electricity
Examples: Gold, Copper, Silver
• a.2 – Non-metal:
*soft, some in gaseous form, without luster and do
not conduct electricity.
Examples: sulfur – powdered formed, oxygen –
gaseous form
• a.3 – Metalloid:
*elements half-way between metal and non-metal
Examples: Silicon
• Compound
– substance formed by combinations of different
elements.
b.1 – Acid:
turns litmus paper to red, taste sour when in
natural form, presence of H+ in formula form.
Examples: Muriatic acid or hydrochloric acid,
Ascorbic acid
b.2 – Base:
turns red litmus paper to blue, taste bitter in
natural form, presence of OH in formula form.
Examples: NaOH – Sodium Hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 –
magnesium hydroxide
2. Mixtures
– physical combinations of two or more
substances whose amounts may be varied.

Types of Mixture:
2.1 – Homogeneous:
– uniform in composition and properties
throughout a given sample, but the
composition and properties may vary from
one sample to another. (saltwater)
• A mixture can be determined to be
homogeneous when everything is settled and
equal, and the liquid, gas, object is one color
or the same form.
• Example: Solution
– homogeneous mixture consisting of a
solute and a solvent.
a. Concentrated
– more of the solute
b. Diluted
– more of the solvent
• Solubility:
Saturated
– has reached equilibrium, a solution in
which the maximum amount of solvent has
been dissolved.

Unsaturated
– has not reached equilibrium, a solution
that can still dissolve more solute
2.2 – Heterogeneous:

– components separated into distinct

regions. Thus the composition and
physical properties may vary from one
part of the mixture to another.

Example: salad dressing, muddy

water, vinegar in oil
a. Colloids
– components could hardly be seen by the
naked eye, exhibit Tyndall effect. (milk)
b. Suspension
– components settle.
Examples: (some) antibiotic drugs, clouds
c. Dispersion
– components spread and settle
Examples: perfume
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of these examples is a mixture?

A. distilled water
B. seawater
C. sugar
D. table salt

B
• Oxygen : element; Carbon dioxide: _________

A. compound
B. solution
C. colloid
D. mixture

A
 Changes in Matter
1. Physical change
– is a process wherein the identifying properties
or the intensive property of the substance is
unchanged. No new substance is formed.
2. Chemical change
– is a change in composition of a sample matter
followed by the absorption of evolution of heat.
It involves a change that creates a new
substance with new properties.
 Processes that involve chemical
reaction:
a. Fermentation
– a chemical change produced by the
reaction of the enzyme, a process
converting sugar to acids, gases
and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria. (beer)
b. When a vinegar is added to fresh milk, there
is a formulation of curdle. Curdling results in
the formation of cheese and water.
c. Corrosion
– is the destructive reaction of a material with
its environment. When iron nails are exposed
to moisture (water) and oxygen, it will
corrode.

d. When calcium hydroxide is heated, it

produces calcium oxide and water. Calcium
oxide and water have different properties than
the calcium hydroxide. Similarly, when calcium
hydroxides react with hydrochloric acid, it can
produce calcium chloride and water.
 Evidences of a Chemical Change
1. Evolution of heat and light
2. Evolution of gas
3. Formation of precipitate
4. Production of mechanical energy
5. Production of electrical energy
3. Nuclear change
– is a change in the composition of the
nucleus of radioactive substance to form
isotopes. (e.g. nuclear reaction to power
steam turbines)
 Phase Changes
• A change is a physical change where a substance
changes from one phase to another
a. Solidification
– a process of converting a liquid into solid
Ex. Freezing of water in refrigerator
b. Evaporation
– a process of converting a liquid into gaseous
state
Ex. Boiling water causes some of the water
particles to escape from liquid
c. Condensation
– a process of changing gas into liquid
Ex. Formation of water droplets outside the glass
with cold water.
d. Sublimation
– a process of converting solid into gas without
passing the liquid state.
Ex. Disappearance of mothballs inside the cabinet
e. Deposition
– a process of converting a gas into solid
Ex. Cooling of carbon dioxide to form a dry ice (high
pressure)
 
Sample board exam questions:
• In Baguio City, there is less visibility due to fog
surrounding the place even at 1:00 pm. Fog is
an example of what phase change?

A. Condensation
B. Deposition
C. Melting
D. Sublimation

A
• A compound cannot be separated into other
substances by physical method and the
elements in it are always combined in fixed
proportions of atoms that are held together
by chemicals bond.. Which of the following
substances does not belong to the group?
A. calcium
B. ammonia
C. iodized salt
D. glucose
A
 Energy
• Kinetic Energy

– capacity to do work or to put matter in

motion

• Potential Energy
– stored energy, or energy at rest
 Forms of energy:
a. Chemical energy
– energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
Ex. Food we eat – breaking of the bond gasoline
molecules – using its fuel
b. Electrical Energy
– results from the movement of ions and particles.
c. Mechanical Energy
– directly involved in moving matter
Ex. When you ride in a bicycle, your legs provide the
mechanical energy that moves the pedals.
d. Radiant Energy
– energy that travels in waves, energy of the
electromagnetic spectrum, which includes heat
(infrared) light, radio and cosmic waves.
e. Sound Energy
– energy that travels in wave when molecules move.
f. Atomic or Nuclear Energy
– is the energy produced when the nucleus of the
atom splits. This energy can be converted to
electrical energy in a nuclear power plant and
hence can be used to supply electricity to homes
and industries.
 Composition of Matter
• Element
– building blocks of matter

• Atom
– the building blocks of element,
considered as the smallest particle that still
retain its special properties.
Name the ELEMENT
 H
Hydrogen
He
Helium
 Al
Aluminum
 P
Phosphorus
Ne
Neon
Ni
Nickel
Na
Sodium
 K
Potassium
 S
Sulfur
 Si
Silicon
Sn
Tin
 Mg
Magnesium
 Mn
Manganese
 C
Carbon
 Ca
Calcium
Co
Cobalt
Cu
Copper
Cs
Cesium
 B
Boron
 Be
Berrylium
Ba
Barium
 Sb
Antimony
 W
Tungsten
Ag
Silver
Au
Gold
Hg
Mercury
Fe
Iron
As
Arsenic
 I
Iodine
 In
Indium
 Parts of the Atom:
1. a. proton
– positively charged p+
b. electron
– negatively charged e -
c. neutron
– neutrally charged n0
2. Nucleus
– central part or core of the atom
• Atomic Number
– represents the number of protons
• Atomic Mass or Mass Number
– the sum of proton and neutron
• Isotopes
– same number of protons and electron but
vary in the number of the neutrons
• Radioisotopes
– heavier isotopes of certain atoms that are
unstable and tend to decompose to become
more stable
• Radioactivity
– process of spontaneous decay and can be
compared to a tiny explosion.

a. Alpha
– least damaging
b. Beta
– more irritating
c. Gamma
– most harmful (x-rays)
• Chemical Bonds
– links that connect two or more atoms, the
properties of the products are very much
different from those of the atoms composing
them.
• Types:
1.Ionic Bond – transfer of electron
*Anion
– negatively charged
*Cation
– positively charged
2.Covalent Bond – equally shared
a. Polar – not shared equally
b. Non-polar – equally shared
1. Metallic Bond
– metals – alloy
2. Hydrogen Bond
–hydrogen bond with nitrogen
or oxygen atom. It is a very weak
bond.
 Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Combination
2. Decomposition
3. Single displacement
4. Double displacement or metathesis
 Types of Compounds:
a.Inorganic compounds
– lack carbon atom and tends to be simpler,
smaller molecules.

b.Organic compounds
– carbon – containing compounds
• Electrolytes
– substances that conduct electricity in
solution form

*Acid
– proton donor
*Base
– proton acceptor
 Organic Compounds
A. Carbohydrates
– include sugar, starches and cellulose
Types:
a. Monosaccharide – glucose, fructose,
galactose
b. Disaccharides – lactose, sucrose, maltose
c. Polysaccharides – starch, glycogen,
cellulose
 Lipids and Fats
• Lipids
– are large diverse group of organic
compounds that enters the body in the form
of fat – marbled meats, egg yolk, milk
products and oils.

Neutral Fats or triglycerides:

1. Fatty acids 2. Glycerol
• Steroids
– these are flat molecules, but made largely of
hydrogen and carbon atoms, and are fat soluble.
• Cholesterol
– most important steroid molecules, which
enters the body in animal products such as
meat, eggs and cheese. Cholesterol is found in
all cell membrane, and is particularly abundant
in the brain, and is raw material used to form
vitamin D, some hormones (sex hormones and
cortisol) and bile’s salts.
• Vitamins
– are small organic molecules that cannot
be synthesized in the body from the
intermediate products produced by the
metabolism of the major foods.
 Vitamins and their deficiencies:
a. Vitamin A – night blindness (Retinol)
*Precursor – beta carotene

b.Vitamin B – beriberi
*Vitamin B1 - thiamine
*Vitamin B2 – niacin and Riboflavin
c. Vitamin C – scurvy or skin diseases
*Precursor – citric acid
d.Vitamin D – rickets
*Used for proper metabolism of
calcium and phosphorous
*Known as sunshine vitamin
e. Vitamin E – sterility

f. Vitamin K – hemorrhage
D. Minerals
– inorganic ions needed by the body in
trace amounts
a. Iodine – thyroxin
b. Fluorine – prevention of incidence of
dental caries (cavities)
c. Calcium – bones
d. Phosphorus – bones
e. Sodium and Potassium – water and
blood for the body
E. Proteins
– contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,
nitrogen and sulfur

*Amino Acids
– building blocks of protein.
*Essential amino acids – phenylalanine, valine,
tryptophan, methionine, threonine, histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine.
(PVT MT HILL)
1. Structural proteins
– known as fibrous proteins because of their
strand like appearance, found in the structure.

2. Functional proteins
– mobile and spherical in shape and most
importantly used in biological process.
a. Antibodies – immunity
b. Hormones – regulate growth and
development
c. Enzymes – catalyst that regulate the
chemical reaction in the body
• Mad Cow Disease
– Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) degenerative disease of the brain
that affect cattle and it can cause an
abnormal form of a cellular protein. It
results in the build up of amyloid tissue in
the brain.
F. Nucleic Acid
– makes up the gene, which provide the basic
blueprint of life
*Nucleotides – building blocks of
nucleic acid
1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
2. RNA – ribonucleic acid
• ATP – adenosine triphosphate – universal energy
compound used by all cells of the body
• Drugs
– is any preparation which is used to fight
infections, to relieve pain, to stay awake, to
get sleep, to prevent conception, to heal ulcer,
to lower blood pressure, etc. And to do other
number of things to improve our state of
health or our senses that affect the activities
of the body
• Narcotic drugs
– are chemicals which act on the nervous
system and temporarily affect the activity of
the body
 Types of Drugs
a. Pain relievers
1. Analgesics 2. Antipyretics

b. Antihistamines and allergies

c. Expectorants and nasal decongestants

d. Antibacterial
• Measurement
– way of comparing object by means of a
standard
• Standard
– accepted value
*In science, the metric system is used in
all measurements for convenience and
simplicity.
*The International System of Units (SI)
uses the seven basic principles and units.
 Uncertainties of Scientific
Measurements:
• All measurements are subject to errors
• Types of error:
1. Systematic
– built in or inherent errors
(measuring instruments)
2. Random error
– experimental skills
 Properties of Measurements:
• 1. Accuracy
– closeness of a measured value to the
accepted or real value.

• 2. Precision
– degree of reproducibility of a
measured quantity
• Significant Figures
– are measurements that are made up
of digits known with certainty plus the
first uncertain digit.
Examples Number No. of Significant
Figures
A 1.566 4
B 120 053.1 7
C 0.2055 4
D 5 1
E 5.0 2
F 5.00 3
G 51.003 5
H 0.00045 2
I 0.025 2
J 0.010 15 4
K 0.0150 3
 Rules in
Significant
Figures:
 Rule # 1
•All nonzero
digits are
significant.
14,275
S.F. = 5
232
S.F. = 3
148,235
S.F. = 6
 Rule # 2
•Zeros between
nonzero digits
are significant.
 405
S.F. = 3
 9.008
S.F. = 4
 Rule # 3
•Final zeros to
the right of the
decimal points
are significant
234.80
S.F. = 5
 9.000
S.F. = 4
 23.0
S.F. = 3
156.00
S.F. = 5
 Rule # 4
•Zeros to the left
of the nonzero
digits are not
significant.
 0.03
S.F. = 1
0.00132
S.F. = 3
0.02050
S.F. = 4
 Rule # 5
•Zeros at the
end of number
without a
decimal point,
may or may not be
significant. We
remove the
ambiguity by using
scientific notation.
 30,000
S.F. = 1 , 5
3 x 10 4

S.F. = 1
3.0 x 10 4

S.F. = 2
•Find the number
of significant
figures in each of
the following
statements:
•1. The normal
body
temperature for
a bird is 41.0 C.
o
•2. The Earth’s
mass is 6 600
000 000 000 000
000 000 tons.
•3. An optic
fiber has a
diameter of
0.01cm.
•4. The vapor
pressure of water
at a certain
temperature is
525.8 mm Hg
•Determine the
number of
significant
figures in the
following items:
1064
Ans. 4
0.00050
Ans. 2
0.03000
Ans.4
SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
A number written
in scientific
notation has the
general form
M x 10 n
Where M is a
number
between 0
and 10
 and the
exponent n is a
positive or
negative integer.
Express these
numbers in
scientific
notation:
Diameter of the
Earth:
1 300 000 000cm
1.3 x 10 9

cm
 Diameter of a
hydrogen atom:
0.000 000 01cm
1 x 10 -8

cm
Operations
in Scientific
notation:
 Rule # 1
In adding or
subtracting, the
numbers are first
changed to a common
exponent.
Example:
Add 2.0x10 4

and 5.0x10 3
 Solution:
Before adding,
express both
numbers in the same
power of exponent.
This can be
done in two
ways:
A. 2.0x10 = 20.0x10
4 3

5.0x10 = 5.0x10
3 3

25.0x10 3

Or
2.5x10 4
B. 2.0x10 = 2.0x10
4 4

5.0x10 = 0.5x10
3 4

2.5x10 4
 Rule # 2
In multiplying
numbers, the
exponents are
added algebraically.
Example:
Multiply 20 000
by 0.000 04
 Solution:
Change the
numbers to their
exponential forms.
20000 = 2x10 4

0.00004= 4x10 -5

8x10 -1

or
0.8
1 = 100 0.1 = 10-1

10 = 101 0.01 = 10-2

100 = 102 0.001 = 10-3

1000 = 103 0.0001 = 10-4

10 000 = 104 0.00001 = 10-5

• Formula mass (Molar mass)
– is the sum of the masses of the atoms in
the formula unit. Also, refers to the sum of the
masses of all the atoms in a chemical formula.
The units may be expressed in grams.
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Name of Number of Atomic mass Total mass of
element atoms atoms

Carbon 6 12.0 6 x 12.0 = 72.0

Hydrogen 12 1.0 12 x 1.0 = 12.0
Oxygen 6 16.0 6 x 16.0 = 96.0

Formula mass 180.0 g

• Percent composition

– indicates the proportion of the elements

in a compound as the number of grams of
each element per 100 grams of the
compound.
 Sample Problem:

• The chemical formula of ethanol (ethyl

alcohol) is C2H5OH. What is its percentage
composition?
 a. Determine the molar mass of
ethanol.
• Molar mass of C2H5OH = 2 x atomic mass of
Carbon + 6 x atomic mass of Hydrogen + 1 x
atomic mass of Oxygen:

Molar mass = (2 x 12.0 g) + (6 x 1.0 g) + (1 x 16.0 g)

Molar mass = 46 g
b. Calculate percentage by mass of
each element in the compound.
• % mass of C = 2 x 12.0 g x 100 = 52%
46g
 
• % mass of H = 6 x 1.0 g x 100 = 13%
46g

• % mass of O = 1 x 16.0 g x 100 = 35%

46g
Total = 100%
• Molarity (M)
– defined as the number of moles of
solute in 1 Liter of solution. Its unit is mol/L.

M = no. of moles (solute)

V (L solution)
 
• Sample problem: Suppose there are 5.00
moles of substance A dissolved in 1 L solution.
What is the molarity of the solution?
 
M = 5.00 moles (solute)
1L (solution)

M = 5M
• Molality (m)
– defined as the number of moles of solute
in 1000 g or 1 kg solvent. Its unit is mol/kg.

m = no. of moles (solute)

kg (solvent)
• Sample problem:

Suppose you had 58.5 g of NaCl

dissolved in 5.00 kg of pure water. What is
the molality of the solution?
• Solution: Get the number of moles of solute
(NaCl) by dividing the mass in grams by the
molar mass. The molar mass of NaCl is 58.5 g.

• no. of moles NaCl = 58.5 g

58.5 g/mol
• no. of moles NaCl = 1 mol
m = 1 mol
5 kg
m = 0.20mol/kg
EARTH SCIENCE
The Origin of Life on Earth
 The Primitive Earth
• The sun and the planets, including Earth,
probably formed over a 10-billion year period
from aggregates of dust particles and debris.
 The Primitive Earth
• Intense heat produced by gravitational energy
and radioactivity produced several stratified
layers:
– Heavier atoms of iron and nickel became the
molten liquid CORE.
– Dense silicate mineral became the semiliquid
MANTLE.
– Upwelling of volcanic lava produced the first
CRUST.
The Primitive Earth
 The Primitive Earth
• The Earth’s primitive atmosphere was not the
same as today’s atmosphere, it most likely
consisted mainly of inorganic chemicals such as:
– Water (H2O) Hydrogen (H2)
– Nitrogen (N2) Carbon monoxide (CO)
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 The Primitive Earth
At first it was so hot that water was present
only as a vapor that formed dense, thick clouds.

 Then as the Earth cooled, water vapor condensed to

liquid water, and RAIN began to fall.

 It rained in such enormous quantity over hundreds of

millions of years that the oceans of the world were
produced.
 The Primitive Earth
• In 1999, Louis Frank presented images taken
by cameras on NASA’s Polar satellite to
substantiate his claim that the Earth is
bombarded with 5 to 50 icy comets the size of
a house every minute.

– The ice becomes water vapor that later comes

down as rain, enough rain to raise the ocean’s
level by an inch in just 10,000 years.
The Primitive Earth
 The Primitive Earth
• Comets and meteorites that pelted the earth
may have carried ORGANIC molecules.

– A meteorite from Mars labeled ALH84001 landed

on Earth some 13,000 years ago. When examined,
experts found tiny rods similar in shape to
fossilized bacteria.
 Stanley Miller

The Miller-Urey experiment attempted to recreate the chemical conditions of the

primitive Earth in the laboratory, and synthesized some of the building blocks of life.
 Stanley Miller
 He placed a mixture
resembling a strong reducing
atmosphere – methane (CH4),
ammonia (NH3), hydrogen
(H2), and water (H2O) – in a
closed system, heated the
mixture, and circulated it past
an electric spark (simulating
lightning).
 Stanley Miller
• After a week’s run, Miller discovered that a
variety of amino acids and organic acids had
been produced.

– These experiments apparently lend support to the

hypothesis that the Earth’s first atmospheric
gases could have reacted with one another to
produce small organic compounds.
 Chemical Evolution
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
T
Cell
Biological
Evolution

Protocell

Macromolecules Plasma Membrane

Polymerization
Chemical Evolution

Small Organic Molecules

Energy Capture
Inorganic Chemicals
Cooling
T Primitive Earth
Earth Science
• Earth Science
– broad science that covers geology,
meteorology and astronomy.
Facts:
• The earth is one of the largest planets in the
solar system (5th).
• Measures around the equator with a diameter
of 12,756 km or 7,926 miles.
• It is slightly flattened and the shape is not a
perfect sphere.
• The earth spins faster at the equator than at
the pole so it is flung out more at the equator.
• The equator is a line from which latitudes are
measured.
• The equator is at 00 latitude.
• Latitude is the distance north to south of the
equator. Positions of latitudes are given in
degrees north or south of the equator.
• The North Pole is at 900 N latitude and the
South Pole is at 900 S latitude
• The Philippines is located around 6 -18
degrees north latitude
• Longitude – an East – West division of the
Earth.
• The longitude or meridians are system of lines
that runs N-S and perpendicular to the parallel
of latitudes. These divide the world into 360
degrees like the segment of an orange.
• The Philippines is located around 18 – 126
degrees east longitude.
 Earth’s Motion
• The earth spins around once every 24hours. It
turns first toward the sun, giving us the daylight
and then away from the sun, giving the night.
• The orbit of the Earth as it moves around the
sun is an Ellipse.
• Perihelion
– is the point in the Earth’s orbit when it is
very near the sun.
• Aphelion
– is the point in the Earth’s orbit when it is
farthest from the sun.
• Solar Day
– time between two successive noon. It
lasts for 24 hours.
• Tropics
– area at the either side of the equator in
which the midday sun is directly overhead.
• Solstice
– (“sun stands still”) this occur when the
midday sun is directly overhead at one of the
tropics. There are two solstices each year (a)
summer (b) winter
• Summer Solstice
– falls around June 22, when the sun is
overhead at the tropic of Capricorn (230 300 N)
giving the longest day in the Northern
hemisphere and the shortest in the Southern
hemisphere.
• Winter Solstice
– this occur around December 22, when the
sun is overhead at the tropic of Capricorn (230
300 S) giving the longest day in the Southern
hemisphere, and the shortest day in the
Northern hemisphere.
• Equinoxes
– midway between the solstice, around
March 21 and September 22, when the
overhead sun crosses the equator. At
equinoxes, day and night are equally long (12
hours) throughout the world.
• Moon
–is the Earth’s natural satellite

• Phases of the moon:

1. New Moon
– completely dark
2. Full Moon
– when we see the bright side
• Moon is said to be waxing as it grows from
new moon to full moon over two weeks and
waning as it shrinks back to a new moon over
two weeks.
• Gibbous
– the waxing and the waning of the moon
when it is nearest to the sun.
• Lunar Month
– time it takes for the moon to go through
all its phases. A cycle of 29 – 53 days.
• Eclipse
– is the obscuring of one celestial body by
another particularly that of the sun or a
planetary satellite.
• Types:
1. Lunar eclipse
– moon passes into the earth’s shadow and
appears very dark or dark red in color.
2. Solar eclipse
– moon is between the sun and earth and
its shadow moves across the face of the earth.
• Total Solar Eclipse when it is new moon.
• Total Lunar Eclipse occurs on a full moon.

• Tide
– periodic rise and fall of ocean water
including those of open sea, gulfs and bays,
resulting from the gravitational attraction of
the moon and the sun upon the water and
upon the earth itself.
Sample board exam questions:
• Where on Earth can a lunar eclipse be
observed?

A. Daytime of northern hemisphere

B. Nighttime of northern hemisphere
C. Daytime of northern and southern
hemisphere
D. Nighttime of northern and southern
hemisphere
D
• Which of the following is not a description of
latitudes?

A. They are parallel to each other.

B. They do not have the same length.
C. They meet at the poles .
D. They form circles.

C
• Earthquake
– shaking of the ground caused by the sudden
movement in the earth’s crust.
• Types:
1. Tectonic
– movement caused by the folding, fracturing
and faulting of the crust and movement of the
continents. Strong and destructive.
2. Volcanic
– caused by pressure exerted by the magma
dwelling from the faults toward earth’s surface or
from the explosive volcanic activity. It is weaker and
destructive.
• Seismograph
– instrument that can detect earthquake.

• Rocks
– naturally occurring solid materials
consisting of one or more minerals. They are
the basic building blocks of the lithosphere.
 Common Types of Rocks and their
Major Constituents:
1. Sedimentary rock
– dolomite, limestone, sandstone, basalt
2. Igneous rock
– pyroxenes, granite
3. Metamorphic rock
– quartzite, marbles, quartz, calcite
• Petrology
– deals with the study of the formation,
composition and classification of rocks.

• Soil
– rocks when exposed to water, air and
wind. The process is known as weathering
(breakdown).
 Terms:
1. Atmosphere
– blanket of air that wraps the planet
earth
2. Air
– mixture of several gases. Dry air is
mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen it
contains 78%nitrogen and more than 21%
oxygen until 1% other gases. Air exerts
pressure and becomes less dense when
subjected to heat.
3. Wind
– moving air. This phenomenon is
expected when there is a difference in
pressure.
4. Breeze
– moving air between land and sea and
valley and mountain.
5. Monsoon
– seasoned winds that are caused by
greater difference of pressure between
continent and oceans.
Sample board exam questions:
• Which warms up faster, land or water?

A. Land
B. Water
C. Both warm up at the same rate
D. Rate of warming varies; depends on
weather conditions

A
• In what direction do winds blow?

A. From the northeast to the southwest

B. From the southwest to the northeast
C. From low-pressure areas to high-pressure
areas
D. From high-pressure areas to low-pressure
areas

D
 Layers of Atmosphere
1. Troposphere
– bottom layers that hugs the surface of
the earth
2. Stratosphere
– calm compared to the troposphere with
minimal temperature. Airplane travels in this
layer and where ozone layer begins.
3. Mesosphere
– contains few gases but it still thick
enough to slow down meteorites.
4. Thermosphere
– very much thinner in gases but absorbs
UV light from the sun to a temperature as
high as 2000 degrees Celsius at the top.

5. Exosphere
– region beyond the thermosphere.
• Ionosphere
– layer of ionized air extending from 85km
to 600 km above the earth’s surface.

• Solar radiation
Light travels 150 million Km from the sun to
the earth. Particles of light are called photons.
In vacuum, photons travel at a speed of 8 x 108
m/s. At this rate, it takes about 8 minutes for
sunlight to reach the earth.
Sample board exam questions:
• In which layer of the atmosphere do virtually
all weather phenomena take place?

A. Exosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Stratosphere
D. Troposphere

D
• What is the basis for the division of the layers
of the atmosphere surrounding Earth?

A. Changing temperature
B. Changing amount of Oxygen
C. Changing weather patterns
D. Changing composition of gases

A
• Wind
– air in motion. Winds are produced by
the differences in atmospheric pressure which
are primarily attributable to differences in
temperature.
• Classification of wind:
1. Prevailing wind
2. Personal wind
3. Local wind
4. Cyclonic and anti-cyclonic wind
• Breeze
– moving air between land and sea and
between valley and mountain.
a. Sea breeze
– occurs during daytime
b. Land breeze
– occurs during night time
• Monsoon
– seasoned winds that are caused by
greater difference of pressure between
continent and oceans.
• Northeast monsoon
– AMIHAN (November to February) cold
• Southwest monsoon
– HABAGAT (July to September) rainy
• Cyclone
– area of low atmospheric pressure
surrounded by a wind system blowing in the
Northern hemisphere in a counterclockwise
direction.
Cyclone – low anticyclone – high
• Hurricane
– is a migratory tropical cyclone that
originates from ocean in certain regions near
the equator and particularly to those arising in
west island region, Caribbean Sea.

• Typhoons
– cyclones in western Pacific ocean
• Typhoon signals:
*Signal 1 – wind travel from 30 – 60 kph
*Signal 2 – wind travel from 60 – 100 kph
*Signal 3 – wind travel from 100 – 185 kph
*Signal 4 – wind travel more than 185 kph
• Tornado
– violently rotating column of air extending
from within a thunder cloud down to ground
level.
• Weather
– condition of the atmosphere over a
certain region within a brief period of time.
• Factors affecting weather condition:
1. Amount of rainfall
2. Temperature
3. Air pressure
4. Humidity
5. Type and amount of cloud
6. Wind spread and direction
• Fog
– cloud that touches the ground

• Climate
– weather pattern that occurs in a region
over a long period of time.
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following does not describe the
amihan?

A. Brings lots of rain

B. Brings cold weather
C. Comes around July to September
D. Comes from the northeast and moves
southward

C
• What is false about ITCZ?

A. It results in thunderstorms.
B. It occurs in countries near equator.
C. It occurs in the Philippines all year round.
D. It is a place where winds in the tropics
meet, rise, and form clouds.

C
 Waters of the Earth
1. Covers the larger portion of the earth (3/4)
2. Molecules are polar
3. Strong surface tension (demonstrate
cohesion and adhesion)
4. Dissolve many structures
5. Absorb large amount of heat – property is
called high heat capacity
6. Salinity of water – amount of salt in water. This
affects the density of water. The greater the
salinity, the greater the density
7. Water in ocean circulates. This water movement
is called current
Causes:
a) Temperature difference
b) Salinity
c) Density
d) Earth rotation
e) Surface currents and waves are used by winds
• Tsunami
– caused by earthquake that occurs in
ocean floor

• Tides
– caused by gravitational force of the sun
and the moon
a. High tides
b. Low tides
• Weather and Climate
Process affecting weather and climate
a. Evaporation
b. Condensation 
• Humidity
– amount of water vapor in a definite volume
of air
• Relative humidity
– amount of water vapor present in a given
volume of air
• Rain
– common form of precipitation
 Man and the Environment

Our environment is the whole earth and

everything in it and on it. It is the world
around us. It includes all conditions which
have an effect on our lives. It is therefore, a
complex a great many factors, each
dependent upon another or upon several
others in such a way that a change in one or
more others.
• Biosphere
– is the portion of the earth inhabited by
life. There are three areas in the biosphere
where there is life:
a. Land is less on the average of ½ as
productive as ocean
b. Fresh water
c. Ocean water covers ¾ of the surface of
the earth
 Life on Earth
• a. Life and Matter
Living organisms are made up of material
substances in the physical world. They are
made up of 117 chemical elements. Earlier
observation showed that all organic
compounds originate in living system and
cannot be from non-living materials.
• b. Life and Force

Even though life involves material

substances is the same with those of the
physical world, there is a speculation that a
different kind of force, called the “vital force”,
is involved in living system.
• c. Relation between Organic Compounds and
Organism
By photosynthesis and respiration, the
living organism exchange materials within the
natural environment. It is estimated that all
oxygen in the atmosphere passes through
living organism once every 2,000 years, all CO2
circulates once every 300 years and all water
on earth recycles every 2 million years.
 Chemical elements which are concern for
life are only 16-21, they are divided into four
groups: water, organic elements (H, C, N, O, P,
S), ions (Na, Ca++, K+, Mg++,Cl-,) , and the traces
of element (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) and few
other special organisms.
• Ecosystem
– any area of nature where living and non-
living organisms interact to produce or
exchange of materials between them. Ex.
Human biological waste (material and energy
pollution)
• Environmental Impact

– any change in the environmental

condition adverse or beneficial caused or
induce by the action or set of action of a
major activity. It is beneficial when it
preserves or improves the quality of the
environment.
PHYSICS
• Physics

– is the branch of Science dealing with the

interaction of matter and energy. It also deals
with the Law of Force, Motion and Energy. It is
also a way of thinking, a way doing things and
a way of learning about the world around us.
• In science, the metric system is used in all
measurement for convenience and simplicity.

• The International system of units (SI) uses the

seven basic principles and units given below:
PHYSICAL QUANTITY UNIT NAME
Time Second
Length Meter
Amount of substance Mole
Electric current Ampere
Luminous intensity Candela
Mass Kilogram
Temperature Kelvin
• Uncertainties of Scientific Measurement
All measurements are subject to error:

• Types of error:
1. Systematic error
– built in or inherent errors
(measuring instruments)
2. Experimental error
– experimental skills
• Properties of Measurement:

1. Precision
– degree of reproducibility of a
measured quantity
2. Accuracy
– closeness of a measured value to
the accepted or real value.
• Mass
– is the amount of matter present in a
material or substance. It is also the measure of
the inertia of an object. The greater the mass,
the greater is the inertia of the object.
• Unit of mass = metric

1 ton = 1000 kg
1 kg = 1000g
1 kg = 1,000,000 mg
1 kg = 2.204 lbs
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
• Length
– distance of the object between two fixed
or reference point.

• Distance
– length of path that an object travels.
• Units of Length Metric Units
1 kilometer = 1,000 m
1 meter = 100 centimeters

• English Units
1 mile = 1.609 km = 1,609 m
1 yard = 3 ft =91.44 cm
1 inch = 2.54 cm
• Volume
1 cubic meter = 1,000 liters = 1,000,000 cc
1 Liter = 1,000 cc = 1 x 10-3 m3
Approx. 1 cc = 1ml

• Time
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3,600 seconds
1 day = 24 hours
1 year = approx. 365 days
• Density
– the mass divided by volume of a
substance

d=m
v
• Units: g/ml, g/cm3, kg/m3, kg/L
• Force
– is a push or pull. It is the result of the
interaction between any two bodies, objects
or entities.
– Is a vector quantity, therefore it has
magnitude and direction.

• Units: Newton = kg. m/s2 , Dyne

• 1 Newton = 1 x 105 dynes
Sample board exam questions:
• Which liquid is the heaviest?
water = 0.75 kg
oil = 200 mg
alcohol = 500 g
A. alcohol
B. oil
C. water
D. water and alcohol

C
• How do you convert 65 kgs to lbs?

A. Divide 65 by 1000
B. Divide 65 by 2.2
C. Multiply 65 by 1000
D. Multiply 65 by 2.2

D
• The graduated cylinder contains 35 mL
muriatic acid. What is the volume of muriatic
acid in L?

A. 3.5 x 10-2L
B. 3.5 x 102L
C. 35 x 10-2L
D. 35 x 102L

A
 Nature’s Four Basic Forces:
1. Gravitational Force
2. Electromagnetic Force
3. Weak Nuclear Force
4. Strong Nuclear Force
• Gravitational Force of the Earth (Fg) or
Weight
– this is the downward pull of the earth or
moon on object. Our weight on earth is the
gravitational force that the earth exerts upon
us. Thus,
• W = mass x acceleration due to the pull of
gravity
• Acc (earth) = 9.8 m/s2
• Acc (moon) = 1.63m/s2
• Gravity
– force that pull the objects constantly
toward the earth.
• Tension force
– force exerted by the string, cable and
wires on hanging objects.
• Electromagnetic force
– force on electrically charged bodies
(attraction and repulsion)
• Strong nuclear forces
– keep protons and neutrons together in
the nucleus
• Weak nuclear forces
– act between particles like electron,
neutrons and other fundamental particles.
• Kinetics
– deals with the study and analysis of
motion.
 Physical Quantities to describe
motion:
• 1. Speed
– distance traveled per unit time or rate of
motion
Speed = Distance
Time
units: cm/sec, km/hr, mi/hr
 Physical Quantities to describe
motion:
• 2. Velocity = Displacement
Time

units: cm/sec, km/hr, mi/hr

 Physical Quantities to describe
motion:
• 3. Acceleration
– rate of change in velocity or change in
velocity divided by the time taken to make this
change.
Acceleration = change in velocity
Time lapsed
• Acceleration happens when:
a. Speed increases
b. Speed decreases
c. Change in direction

• Rectilinear motion
– motion of an object in a straight path.
 Types of Rectilinear Motion:
1. Uniform motion
– constant velocity (d = vt)

2. Uniformly accelerated
– motion with constant acceleration (a =
Vf – Vi ) T
Sample board exam questions:
• Which of the following graphs shows that the
object’s motion is accelerating?
A. B.
distance

distance
time time

C. D.

distance
distance

time time

C
• When is an object considered to be in motion?
I. When its position changes with respect to a point of reference
II. When its distance changes with respect to a point of reference
III. When its direction changes with respect to a point of reference

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I,II, and III
D
 Newton’s Law of Motion
•  First Law:
The Law of Inertia
*A body at rest will remain at rest and
a body in motion will continue to move at
constant speed in a straight line unless acted
upon by a net force.
• Inertia
– tendency of an object to remain at rest
or move in a uniform motion. If the sum of
force or the net force on the object or body is
zero then it is in a state of equilibrium – state
of balance.
• Two possible state of motions when the net
force is zero:
1. Body is at rest
2. Body is in equilibrium motion
V = 0 or V = constant
• Second Law:
The Law of Acceleration

• The law states that acceleration is directly

proportional to the net force acting on the
body and inversely proportional to its mass. Its
direction follows the direction of the net force.
• Third Law:
Law of Interaction

*A falling body exerts an equal reaction on

the earth but the force in opposite direction.
*For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
*Action and reaction force are equal in
magnitude but oppositely directed.
*Action and reaction forces are exerted on
different bodies or objects.
• Momentum
– is the product of mass and velocity
Let p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity

• Then; p =mv

• unit: kg.m/sec
• Impulse
– product of the net force acting on a body
and the time during which the force acts.

• Work
– product of external force and its
displacement (w = Fd) (F=net force;
d=displacement/distance)
• Energy
– is the capacity to do work (units: Joule,
Kilojoule, calorie)

• Forms of Energy:
1. Mechanical energy
2. Chemical energy
3. Solar energy
4. Electrical energy
5. Heat or thermal energy
• Mechanical energy
– energy which can be converted to work

a. Kinetic Energy
– motion (K.E. = ½ mv2)
b. Potential Energy
– rest (P.E.=mgh)
• Law of Energy Conservation
– energy can neither be created nor
destroyed. It can only be transformed from
one form to another.
• Temperature
– hotness or coldness of an object. Thermal
agitation of the molecules of a body.
Temperature scales:
1. Celsius
2. Fahrenheit
3. Kelvin
• To convert: Celsius to Fahrenheit
0
F = 9 0C + 32
5
or 0
F = (1.8 x 0C) + 32)
• To convert: Fahrenheit to Celsius
0
C = 5 (0F – 32)
9
or 0
C = (0F – 32) ÷ 1.8
• To convert: Celsius to Kelvin
0
K = 0C + 273
• Heat
– or thermal energy is the energy in transit
between two objects of varying temperature.
Facts about heat:
1. Absorption of heat lead to a phase
change
2. Kinetic energy of molecules increases
when heat is absorbed.
3. The heat content of a substance is
proportional to the kinetic energy of the
molecules. (units: Calorie, Kilocalorie, Joule)
 Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
– heat transfer method in many solid
2. Convection
– heat transfer in fluids. In the
atmosphere, convection is influenced by
the difference in the density of warm and
cool air.
3. Radiation
– transfer of heat through
electromagnetic radiation.
 Effects of heat on matter:
1. Change in temperature
2. Change in phase
3. Change in dimension (linear and volume
expansion)
• The evolution and absorption of heat in a
body can either be:

• 1. Exothermic
– gives off heat
• 2. Endothermic
– absorption of heat
• Thermostat
– device that regulates automatically the
temperature of a system by maintaining its
constant or varying it over a specific range. It
is also used to control the cooling water flow
through radiation of automobile engine.

• Diffusion
– tendency of molecules to flow from
higher concentration to lower concentration.
 Forces between molecules:
1. Surface tension
– a strong attraction force between adjacent
water molecules. Molecules of water are pulled
back into the body of the liquid by this force.
This is the reason why water droplets are
spherical in shape.
2. Cohesion
– attraction between like molecules.
3. Adhesion
– attraction between molecules of unlike
substances.
• Pressure
– is the ratio of force per unit area.
Facts:
• Fast moving air or water has less pressure.
Vacuum is a region of low pressure.

• A different in pressure between two adjoining

region creates a net force that is directed
towards the low pressure area.
*Air pressure is a force exerted on you by the
weight of tiny particles of air. Air pressure is
the weight of air around us.

*Barometric pressure is the weight of air

pushing on a unit of surface area of the
ground.

*Less air means less mass and less weight

pushing down the surface.
 Electric Current
1. Electricity is associated with electric
charges.

2. Electric charge is a property of certain

elementary particles such as electrons and
protons.

3. Electrons (- charge) are attracted to

protons (+ charge) which lead atoms
together.
4. Electric current enables the transfer of
energy from a source to a load.

5. Ampere (A) is a unit for electric current. 1

ampere = 1 coulomb of a charge/sec

6. A source can be a battery or generator

7. By chemical reaction a battery produces

excess electrons.
• Electric circuit
– is the conducting path of the current. By
convention, electric current flows from the
positive terminal of a battery to a negative
terminal in an external circuit.
• Voltage
– is the work done per unit charge when a
charge is moved from one point to another.
• V= w
• q w= work; q = charge; V =
voltage
• Lens
– is an optical device which transmits and
refracts converging or diverging the beam.

• Converging lens
– has a positive focal length. Lens that is
thicker in the center than on the edges.
 Types of Mirrors:
1. Convex Mirror
– converges a parallel beam of light to a
real focal point.
2. Concave Mirror
– diverges such a beam so that the
reflected loop seem to originate in a
virtual focal point behind the mirror.
*The image of any object formed by a
convex mirror is always virtual, erect and
smaller than the object.
*Convex mirror are used as side mirror in
vehicles to give the driver a wide field of
vision. However, these mirrors do not
show an approaching vehicles actual size
and distance.
*Concave mirrors are used to enlarge
images. The shaving mirror – the dentist
mirror and the ophthalmoscope are also
concave mirrors.
*Concave mirrors are also used as light
reflectors.
*Concave mirror reflectors are used in
flashlights, spotlight and headlight of
vehicles.
Post-test Answers
1. A scientific law or theory is valid:

A. Forever
B. For a certain number of years after it is used
C. As long it is not contradicted by new
experimental findings
D. As it is qualitatively proven
E. None of these

C
2. Which chemical is a white liquid metal at
ordinary temperature

A. Zinc
B. Mercury
C. Iron
D. Lead
E. None of these

B
• 3. A waterbed is 80 cm. wide, 210 cm. long and
20 cm, thick. What is the mass in kg if it is full of
water?

A. 550kg
B. 456kg
C. 336kg
D. 100kg
E. None of these
C
• 4. The carrier and manufacture of generic
characteristics is:

A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Fats & Lipids
E. None of these

A
• 5. Who discovered electrons?

A. E. Rutherford
B. J.J. Thompson
C. J. Chadwick
D. J. Keppler
E. None of these

B
• 6. Which element does not belong to the group?

A. Nitrogen
B. Fluorine
C. Mercury
D. Hydrogen
E. None of these

C
• 7. What asexual propagation is done for fruit
trees?

A. Grafting
B. Layering
C. Marcotting
D. Budding
E. Spores formation

C
• 8. Oxidation in which heat and light given off?

A. Tarnishing
B. Decay
C. Combustion
D. Rusting
E. Fermentation

C
• 9. Which part of the eye regulates the size of the
pupil?

A. Lens
B. Iris
C. Lid
D. Retina
E. Cornea

B
• 10. Which statement is correct about the
neutron?
A. It is neutral particle with mass less than the
proton
B. It is neutral particle with mass greater than the
proton
C. It is neutral particle with mass among sub-
atomic particles
D. It is neutral particle with no mass
B
• 11. Who discovered penicillin

A. F. Jenner
B. A. Fleming
C. R. Rock
D. L. Pasteur
E. None of these

B
• 12. How much is the body of water covers the
earth’s surfaces?

A. 70%
B. 30%
C. 50%
D. 855
E. None of these

A
• 13. In a vacuum, which will fall fastest?

A. Cotton ball
B. Block of wood
C. Iron rod
D. They will at the same time
E. None of these

D
• 14. Nerve ending the first received stimuli from
touch, heat, cold, and are located in the

A. Brain
B. Bones
C. Muscles
D. Skin
E. Hairs

D
• 15. Which organisms have no eyes, no lungs, no
bones, and no gills?

A. Cricket
B. Goldfish
C. Mole
D. Worm
E. Ant

D
• 16. The density of alcohol is 0.8 g/cm3. Calculate
the volume of 1.6 kg of alcohol

A. 2,000 cm3
B. 0.002 cm3
C. 1.28 cm3
D. 0.5 m3
E. None of these

A
• 17. The largest artery in the body called

A. Vulva
B. Mania cava
C. Arteria ova
D. Aorta
E. Operculum

D
• 18. In human, digestion begins in the:

A. Liver
B. Mouth
C. Small intestine
D. Stomach
E. Esophagus

B
• 19. Of the following drugs, that one that is most
addicting is

A. Alcohol
B. Aspirin
C. Marijuana
D. Heroin
E. Morphine

D
• 20. Which of the following composes about 78%
of earth’s atmosphere?

A. Nitrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Hydrogen
D. Carbon dioxide
E. None of these

A
• 21. What is the distance covered by a car
traveling 60 km/hr in 2 hours?

A. 30 km
B. 58 km
C. 62 km
D. 120 km
E. None of these

D
• 22. In the growth of human hairs, what kind of
human cell reproduction takes place?

A. Mitosis
B. Asexual mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Regeneration

A
• 23. What is the basic cause of tides?

A. Wind
B. Gravity of the moon
C. Weather change
D. Magnetic pull of tides

B
• 24. Which of the following plants do not have
leaves?

A. Clover
B. Cabbage
C. Potato
D. Mushroom
E. Algae

D
• 25. The red pigment of the blood is called?

A. Hemoglobin
B. Globulin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Chlorophyll
E. Chromatid

A
• 26. A drug that speed the heart reaction is called:

A. An antiseptic
B. Narcotic
C. Stimulant
D. Depressant
E. Disinfectant

C
• 27. The living comprising the bulk of the cell is
called:

A. Cytochrome
B. Protoplasm
C. Mitochondrion
D. Ribosome
E. Chloroplast

B
• 28. Which of the following statements best
describe warm-blooded organisms?

A. Their blood temperature adjust the

environment.
B. They maintain body temperature of 37c
C. They cannot adapt to drastic changes in the
environment temperature
D. They have fairly constant body temperature
E. None of these
B
• 29. Bile, in the human body, completely digests

A. Sugar
B. Starch
C. Fats
D. Proteins
E. Carbohydrates

C
• 30. Which is not true about viruses?

A. Viruses are protected by a protein membrane

B. Viruses can produce on their own
C. Viruses contain DNA
D. Viruses are not strictly classified as living
organism.

B
• 31. A body weighs 750 pounds. What is its
equivalent in kilogram?

A. 341 kg
B. 290 kg
C. 350 kg
D. 342 kg

A
• 32. In an ecosystem, if the population of the
predator decreases, what will happen to the
population of the prey?

A. It will increase
B. It will decrease
C. It will remain the same
D. None of these

A
• 33. In a flower, pollen is produces in the

A. Corolla
B. Ovary
C. Receptacle
D. Stamen
E. Pistil

D
• 34. Photosynthesis takes place only in

A. Bacteria
B. Soil
C. Fungi
D. Green plants
E. Trees

D
• 35. Different substances have different effects on
the body,. Which of the following acts as an
agent of death?

A. Lead
B. Cadmium
C. Mercury
D. Cyanide
E. Sulfides
D
• 36. The balance of nature is most often upset by

A. Disease
B. Erosion
C. Man
D. Strom
E. Flood

C
• 37. Calcium carbonate is a compound used as
antacid and a means of replenishing calcium in
the diet. What is the no. of atom in the
compound?
A. Four
B. Three
C. Five
D. Six
E. Seven
C
• 38. The change from gaseous phase to liquid is

A. Evaporation
B. Condensation
C. Melting
D. Sublimation
E. Distillation

B
• 39. Which is the following is homogenous?

A. Oil and water

B. Unsaturated sugar solution
C. Condense milk
D. Water
E. None of these

B
• 40. All of the following are biodegradable except:

A. Plastic
B. Paper
C. Wood
D. Organic waste
E. None of these

A
• 41. A child suffered from bulging his neck. This is
due to the absence of what mineral in the body?

A. Copper
B. Iodine
C. Calcium
D. Fluorine
E. Magnesium

B
• 42. Lack of this vitamin may result in dry and
scaly and night blindness

A. Tocopherol
B. Retinol
C. Calciferol
D. Phyloquinone
E. Niacin

B
• 43. The most common food enhancer, we used in
large quantity, produce profuse, sweating and
dizziness

A. Citric acid
B. Salitre
C. DDT
D. Prague powder
E. MSG (magnesium glutamate)
B
• 44. Which of the following signals characterizes a
strong tropical cyclone that affects the locality,
the wind moves in speed of 100 kph up to 185
kph and may be expected at least 18 hous?

A. Storm signal no. 1

B. Storm signal no. 2
C. Storm signal no. 3
D. Storm signal no. 4
E. None of these C
• 45. Which of the activity should be avoided to
lessen the problem of the thinning of ozone
layer?

A. Decomposing
B. Burning
C. Recycling
D. Regenerating
E. Throwing
B
• 46. The barometer was invented by

A. Galileo Galilei
B. Anton Van Leuweenhoek
C. Evangelista Torricelli
D. Thomas Edison
E. None of these

C
• 47. The human body’s first line of defense against
disease is the

A. Skin
B. Immune System
C. Vaccine
D. White blood cell
E. None of these

A
• 48. The most common kitchen fuel used
nowadays is

A. Butane
B. Octane
C. Biogas
D. Shellane
E. Kerosene

A
• 49. The body is composed of many blood vessels.
One of which is the vein. What do you call the
clogged vessel?

A. Aorta
B. Capillaries
C. Varicose Vein
D. Blood clots
E. None of these
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
• 50. Mosquito larvae injected in the bloodstream
that caused malaria especially in Bicol and
Palawan is?

A. Plasmodium sporozoites
B. Chylamydia tracomatis
C. Paramecium caudatum
D. Plasmodium merozoites
E. None of these
A
• 51. In which conditions will some gases tend to
liquefy?

A. Increases of pressure and temperature

B. Decreases of pressure and temperature
C. Increases of pressure and decreases of
temperature
D. Decreases of pressure and increases of
temperature
C
• 52. Which best describe a mixture of water and
oil?

A. Homogenous
B. Soluble
C. Heterogeneous
D. Miscible

C
• 53. A yellow powder melts when heated but
reverts to the same powder when cooled. This
material is called:

A. A substance
B. An element
C. A compound
D. A mixture

B
• 54. Which of the following substances could not
be decomposed by any chemical means?

A. Potassium
B. Water
C. Salt
D. Magnesium

A
• 55. Which expands more per unit volume
through the same temperature range?

A. Brass
B. Copper
C. Aluminum
D. Silver

C
• 56.  What name is given to the softening of iron
by heating and slow cooling?

A. Smelting
B. Rusting
C. Melting
D. Annealing

D
• 57. Which is the “old man out’?

A. Vinegar
B. Sour Milk
C. Ammonia
D. Orange Juice

C
• 58. Which of these oxides are acidic?

A. Sulfur dioxide
B. Calcium oxide
C. Copper oxide
D. Magnesium oxide

A
• 59. What is the main constituent of bath salt?

A. Sodium chloride
B. Sodium carbonate
C. Magnesium hydride
D. Calcium sulfate

A
• 60. Who discovered nitrous oxide or “Laughing
gas”?

A. J.J. Thomson
B. Sir Humphrey Davy
C. Henry Mosely
D. Marie Curie

Joseph Priestly
• 61. Which of these bodily functions help us to
keep cool?

A. Urination
B. Defecation
C. Respiration
D. Perspiration

D
• 62. The breaking down and synthesis of
compounds and their movements from place to
place during the growth and decay of organism is
called:

A. Life cycle
B. Nitrogen cycle
C. Growth cycle
D. Food cycle
A
• 63. The pulse rate of the average healthy human
being is equal to:

A. 100 beats per minute

B. 80 beats per minute
C. 72 beats per minute
D. 50 beats per minute

B
• 64. Which nerve controls and receives messages
from the eye?

A. Optic nerve
B. Vocal nerve
C. Lower nerve
D. Tooth nerve

A
• 65. What kind of breathing organs do reptiles
have?

A. Nose
B. Skin
C. Heart
D. Lungs

D
• 66. The house fly has two wings. How many
wings have a dragon fly?

A. Two
B. Four
C. Six
D. Eight

B
• 67. Which of these plants is a grass?

A. Coconut
B. Bamboo
C. Acacia
D. Mahogany

B
• 68. The male mosquitoes feed on plant juices;
while the female mosquitoes feed on:

A. Plant nectar
B. Blood
C. Water
D. Sap of trees

B
• 69. A home for fish is called aquarium. A home
for reptiles and amphibians is called vivarium.
What do you call the home for ants?

A. Formicarium
B. Centurium
C. Anthurium
D. Paramecium

A
• 70. Which of these fuels is smokeless?

A. Coal
B. Paper
C. Coke
D. Paraffin

C
• 71. What is the chemical name for marsh gas?

A. Methane
B. Kerosene
C. Butane
D. Gasoline

A
• 72. Which has a greater density?

A. Water
B. Ice
C. Both
D. All of them

A
• 73. 10 grams of dry table salt is exposed to air
for several days and weighed. It has now a mass
of 10.75 grams. What is he mass of the water it
has taken from the atmosphere?

A. 0.75 grams
B. 7.5 grams
C. 0.5 grams
D. 0.075 grams
A
• 74. During cold weather, the water near the
bottom of a pond is slightly warmer than the
water near the:

A. Sides
B. Top
C. Middle
D. Tip

B
• 75. Which of these foods is not energy giving?

A. Margarine
B. Jam
C. Bread
D. Mushrooms

D
-FIN-
 Good Luck!
September 2022 LET
Takers!
To God Be The Glory!