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DNA and Protein Powerpoint

This lesson covers DNA and protein synthesis, including: - Genes consist of sequences of nucleotides that code for proteins or RNA molecules - Exons contain coding DNA segments while introns are non-coding - Transcription and translation involve DNA being transcribed into mRNA and mRNA being translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA - Codons in mRNA match with anticodons in tRNA to add specific amino acids to polypeptide chains during translation in the ribosome

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75 views13 pages

DNA and Protein Powerpoint

This lesson covers DNA and protein synthesis, including: - Genes consist of sequences of nucleotides that code for proteins or RNA molecules - Exons contain coding DNA segments while introns are non-coding - Transcription and translation involve DNA being transcribed into mRNA and mRNA being translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA - Codons in mRNA match with anticodons in tRNA to add specific amino acids to polypeptide chains during translation in the ribosome

Uploaded by

Kashish Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 2: DNA and Proteins

Lesson 2.2 DNA and Protein Synthesis


This lesson covers:

From Crierie, Greig, Ruthven (2019), this lesson explores the following Science
Understanding components as they appear on p. 17:
A gene consists of a unique sequence of nucleotides that code for a functional protein or an RNA molecule.

• Distinguish between exons and introns as coding and non-coding segments of DNA found in genes
• Describe how both exons and introns are transcribed but only the information contained in exons will be
translated to form a polypeptide

Protein synthesis involves transcription of a gene into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation of mRNA into an
amino acid sequence at the ribosomes. In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus.

• Describe and illustrate the role of DNA, mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in transcription
and translation
• Describe the relationship between codons, anticodons and amino acids
Genes & Chromosomes

Chromosome

Segment of DNA that contains genes

Gene

Section of a chromosome that codes for a


protein
Exons and Introns

Not all DNA codes for proteins.

DNA

Exon Intron
Ribosomal RNA
Intron Non-coding DNA INTRON RNA Transfer RNA
Micro RNA

Exon Coding DNA


EXON mRNA PROTEIN

Protein synthesis Production of proteins through use of DNA


Amino
3 important molecules Acid

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Produced when DNA is read in


transcription
Single-stranded
Thymine is replaced with uracil
Sets of bases grouped by three Anti-codon
(codon)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

DNA Places amino acids in translation to


form proteins
Two complementary strands Consists of an anticodon
Contains genes as sequences of complementary in bases to an mRNA
nitrogen bases codon
Ribosomes

Site of DNA translation.

Made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).


Amino Acids
20 amino acids
Amino Acids

mRNA codon that codes for a specific


amino acid.

mRNA codons match with tRNA


complementary anticodons

tRNA with anticodon that is complementary


to mRNA codon will place its amino acid
into a polypeptide chain

This polypeptide chain becomes a protein


Protein Synthesis

Two steps:

Transcription Transfer of DNA information into mRNA

Translation mRNA read by ribosomes. Protein formed from aa chain.


Transcription

DNA unravelled by RNA polymerase


enzyme

Coding strand

Template strand

Free mRNA nucleotides align to complementary nucleotides on template strand of


DNA to form single-stranded ‘pre-mRNA’ molecule
Transcription – pre-mRNA to
mRNA

RNA Splicing used to remove introns from


mRNA molecule
Translation

mRNA passes into the cytoplasm and


threads through a ribosome

A start codon initiates polypeptide chain


construction

Each subsequent codon matches with


specific tRNA anticodon, which adds amino
acid to polypeptide chain connected
through bonds (chain elongation)

Stop codon terminates the chain


Further resources

Transcription & Translation


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q

Types of RNA
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/-Types-of-
RNA-mRNA-rRNA-and-tRNA.aspx

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