Digital Technology

Module 5
Objectives
• Demonstrate knowledge on the Digital
technology
• Analyze enabling features of Digital
Technology
• Evaluate digital technology on social change
Digital Technology
refer to using new algorithms or applications to solve
a problem

electronic tools, systems, devices and resources

that generate, store or process data

uses digital code to transmit signals and

information between different devices
Benefits of Digital Technology
Social Connectivity
Communication Speeds
Versatile Working
Learning Opportunities
Automation
Information Storage
Editing
Benefits of Digital Technology
Social Connectivity
Communication Speeds
Versatile Working
Learning Opportunities
Automation
Information Storage
Editing
Enabling Digital Technology
1.Artificial Intelligence
2.Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
o Personal area networks
o Wireless sensor networks
o RFIDs
3.Next-generation Networking (NGNs)
o IP Convergence
o Grid/ Cloud computing
Enabling Digital Technology
4. Iot
5. Blockchain
6. Machine Learning
7. Edge Learning
8. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
9. Analytics
10. 5G
 Real-world machine learning use cases
Speech recognition
Customer service
Computer vision
Recommendation engines
Automated stock trading
 Artificial
1
Intelligence
AI is the study of how to make
computers do things at which,
at the moment, people are better.

Image courtesy: http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~dyer/images/AI.jpg

 Applications of AI
• Natural Language Processing
• make a computer understand English
• Machine Learning
• change behavior based on experience
• recognize patterns
• Perception of a visual scene
• be able to pick out people, objects, etc.
• Robotics
• navigation, accomplishing tasks, etc.
IBM Deep Blue defeats Kasparov
What qualifies as AI?---Turing Test
Reverse Turing test---CAPTCHAs
Loebner Prize
Virtual Chat bots
Expert Systems
 Natural Languages Processing
Computers find it hard to process natural
language because of its ambiguity.

Whose ??
Computer’s? or
natural language’s?

Resolved through knowing the context.

A word can have different meanings depending on the

context; this linguistic ambiguity confuses computers.
Natural Languages Processing
 Robotics
Research area in which AI agents are
equipped with sensors to perceive the
world and effectors to change it

An active, artificial agent whose environment is

the physical world.

Three basic parts of a robot:

Sensors Computer Actuators
 Two major types of Robots
1. Industrial Robots
• Operates in a stable and
known environment

• Fixed or limited mobility

• Relatively simple control

program
 Two major types of Robots

2. Mobile Robots
• Operates in the
“real” world
• Mobile!

• Requires a high degree of

autonomy
 Computer or Machine Vision
Computer emulation of human vision

Computer World
Images vision model

World Computer
model graphics Images

Inverse of Computer Graphics

Applications:
1. Face recognition,
2. Image processing,
3. Motion detection, etc.
2
Ubiquitous
Computing

Image courtesy: http://www.timboucher.com

Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
Personal Area Network
Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
Wireless Sensor Networks
Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
Wireless Mesh Networks
Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Image courtesy: http://www.ida.gov.sg/

Ubiquitous (Pervasive) Computing
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Image courtesy: http://www.rfid-library.com/

3
Next-Generation
Networks

Image courtesy: http://fusion.demon.net

Next-generation Networks

Television

Mobile
telephony
Single converged
Fixed
IP backbone telephony

Data
Cloud Computing
Software as a service (SAAS)
Grid Computing
4. Internet of Things
• the concept of connecting any device (so long
as it has an on/off switch) to the Internet and to
other connected devices

• History
• What is the Internet of Things - an explainer |
World Economic Forum (weforum.org)
IoT − Key Features
• AI
• Connectivity
• Sensors
• Active Engagements
• Small Devices
How does it work?
• Capture the data.
• Share the data
• Process the data.
• Act on the data
Scenario #1: IoT in your home
Imagine you wake up at 7am every day to go to work. Your alarm
clock does the job of waking you just fine. That is, until something
goes wrong. Your train’s cancelled and you have to drive to work
instead. The only problem is that it takes longer to drive, and you
would have needed to get up at 6.45am to avoid being late. Oh, and it’s
pouring with rain, so you’ll need to drive slower than usual. A
connected or IoT-enabled alarm clock would reset itself based on all
these factors, to ensure you got to work on time. It could recognize that
your usual train is cancelled, calculate the driving distance and travel
time for your alternative route to work, check the weather and factor in
slower travelling speed because of heavy rain, and calculate when it
needs to wake you up so you’re not late. If it’s super-smart, if might
even sync with your IoT-enabled coffee maker, to ensure your morning
caffeine’s ready to go when you get up.
5. Blockchain Technology
• growing list of records, called blocks, which
are linked using cryptography. Each block
contains a cryptographic hash of the previous
block, a timestamp, and transaction data.
Blockchain - Double Spending
Blockchain - Double Spending
Blockchain - Double Spending
What is Bitcoin?
• the world's first digital currency. It can be used
to transfer money around the world quickly and
cheaply.
Blockchain - Public Key Cryptography

• Public Key Cryptography or in short PKI is also

known as asymmetric cryptography. It uses two
pairs of keys - public and private.
• A key is a some long binary number. The
public key is distributed worldwide and is truly
public as its name suggests.
• The private key is to be strictly held private and
one should never lose it.
Authentication
Message Privacy
Blockchain - Chaining Blocks
 5. Block Chain Technology
 a peer-to-peer decentralized distributed ledger
technology that makes the records of any digital
asset transparent and unchangeable and works
without involving any third-party intermediary.
defined as a shared ledger, allowing thousands of
connected computers or servers to maintain a
single, secured, and immutable ledger.
Blockchain can perform user transactions without
involving any third-party intermediaries. 
 Benefits of Block Chain
Immutability
Transparency
High Availability
High Security
 6. Machine Learning
branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer
science which focuses on the use of data and
algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn,
gradually improving its accuracy.
Differences

Machine Learning vs. Deep

Learning vs. Neural Networks
 Deep Learning
Deep learning automates much of the feature extraction
piece of the process, eliminating some of the manual
human intervention required and enabling the use of
larger data sets.
 Neural Networks
Neural networks, or artificial neural networks (ANNs),
are comprised of a node layers, containing an input
layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer.
Each node, or artificial neuron, connects to another
and has an associated weight and threshold. If the
output of any in
7. Edge Machine Learning
a technique by which Smart Devices can process
data locally (either using local servers or at the
device-level) using machine and deep learning
algorithms, reducing reliance on Cloud networks.
The term edge refers to processing that occurs at
the device- or local-level (and closest to the
components collecting the data) by deep- and
machine-learning algorithms.
Edge ML is revolutionary. It solves both security concerns pertaining to
storing personal user information in the Cloud and also reduces strain on
Cloud networks by processing data locally. It also enables the processing of
data in real-time, currently not possible with traditional, cloud-powered
smart devices, but critical for technologies like autonomous vehicles and
medical devices.
Current and Future Applications
• Edge ML-based systems in hospitals and
assisted living facilities to monitor things like
patient heart rate, glucose levels, and falls
(using cameras and motion sensors). These
technologies could be life-saving and, if the
data is processed locally at the edge, staff
would be notified in real-time when a quick
response would be essential for saving lives.
Current and Future Applications
• Amazons Echo
• Google Home
• systems with predictive sensors and algorithms that
monitor the health of the components to notify
technicians when maintenance is required
• systems monitor for emergencies like machine
malfunctions or meltdown
• assisted living facilities to monitor things like
patient heart rate, glucose levels, and falls (using
cameras and motion sensors)
Virtual and Augmented Reality
Virtual reality (VR), the use of
computer modeling and simulation
that enables a person to interact
with an artificial three-dimensional
(3-D) visual or another sensory
environment.
DIFFERENCE
Mixed Reality
 Analytics
Analytics uses data and math to answer business
questions, discover relationships, predict
unknown outcomes and automate decisions. This
diverse field of computer science is used to find
meaningful patterns in data and uncover new
knowledge based on applied mathematics,
statistics, predictive modeling and machine
learning techniques.
5G
Who invented 5G?
• First generation - 1G
• 1980s: 1G delivered analog voice.
• Second generation - 2G
• Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA-
Code Division Multiple Access).
• Third generation - 3G
• Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g.
CDMA2000).
• Fourth generation - 4G LTE
• 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile
broadband.
• 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to
provide more connectivity than was ever available
before.
Applications
• Enhanced mobile broadband
• Mission-critical communications
• Massive IoT