This document discusses several types of deliverability tests used to characterize gas well performance:
1) Flow-After-Flow tests measure stabilized flow rates over time but require long stabilization periods.
2) Isochronal tests measure transient flow rates over equal time intervals and a stabilized point, applicable to homogeneous or fractured reservoirs.
3) Modified Isochronal tests are similar but with transient shut-in periods, addressing long shut-in times of traditional Isochronal tests.
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Deliverability Test
This document discusses several types of deliverability tests used to characterize gas well performance:
1) Flow-After-Flow tests measure stabilized flow rates over time but require long stabilization periods.
2) Isochronal tests measure transient flow rates over equal time intervals and a stabilized point, applicable to homogeneous or fractured reservoirs.
3) Modified Isochronal tests are similar but with transient shut-in periods, addressing long shut-in times of traditional Isochronal tests.
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Deliverability Test
Sejarah Deliverability Test
• Awalnya test ini dilakukan dengan membuka sumur secara penuh, model ini selain terlalu banyak gas yang terbuang juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh ukuran sumur dan tubing • Pierce & Rawlins 1929 mengusulkan conventional back pressure test yaitu mengalirkan sumur dengan beberapa laju alir kemudian diikuti sebuah stabilization rate • Plot (Pr2-Pwf2) vs qg pada logaritmik scale Sejarah Deliverability Test • Cullender 1955 memodifikasi metode diatas dengan pertimbangan pada reservoir permeabilitas rendah kondisi laju alir yang stabil akan memerlukan waktu yang lama These tests can be classified into three general groups; • tests which utilize either all stabilized : Flow-After-Flow and Single Point tests. • a combination of stabilized and transient : Isochronal and Modified Isochronal tests utilize a combination of transient isochronal and stabilized extended flow data • or all transient deliverability data : Multiple Modifled Isochronal test Flow-After-Flow Test • The Flow-After-Flow test was developed from the results of research performed by Pierce and Rawlins2 and later published by Rawlins and Schellhard • This test consists of producing a well at a series of stabilized flow rates and corresponding stabilized flowing sandface pressures • The requirement that the flowing and shut-in periods of this test be continued to stabilization is a major limitation of the test. • The Flow-After-Flow test was developed empirically and incorporates the basic assumption that the radius of investigation for each flow period has reached the effective drainage radius of the well and that stabilized flow conditions exist • For a slow-in-stabilizing natural gas well, the time required for both flowing and shut-in stabilization can be prohibitively long. • For naturally fractured reservoirs, the Flow-After- Flow test is applicable after the reservoir has bean to exhibit matrix pseudo steady-state flow. • Deliverability data obtained with the Flow-After- Flow test at shorter times are not applicable and will provide incorrect estimates of the stabilized AOF potential.‘ • For reservoirs which have been vertically fractured to improve their productivity, the Flow- After-Flow test can be used to determine the stabilized deliverability behavior of the well only after the well has begun to exhibit pseudo radial flow Single Point Test • This type of test involves producing the well at a single flow rate to sand face pressure stabilization, and requires the prior knowledge or assumption of the deliverability behavior of the well • The Single Point test has the same limits of applicability as the Flow-After-Flow test. • The Single Point test is applicable to homogeneous reservoirs, for wells completed in dual porosity reservoirs which exhibit matrix pseudo steady-state flow, and for wells completed in reservoirs which have been vertically fractured and exhibit pseudo radial flow. Isochronal Test • The Isochronal test was introduced by cullender7 in 1955 to adequately characterize the deliverability performance of gas wells. • The Isochronal test consists of producing the well at several different flow rates with flowing periods of equal duration. • The shut-in periods separating each of the flowing periods are continued until the shut-in sandface pressures are stabilized at the average prevailing reservoir pressure. • The Isochronal test also requires that a stabilized extended flow point be obtained. • The basic principles governing the Isochronal test are found in pressure transient testing theory. The principle governing isochronal flow testing is that the effective radius of investigation in a reservoir is function of the duration of the flow period and not of the flow rate. This means that each isochronal flow period in an isochronal test will effect the same radius of investigation into the reservoir. A series of different isochronal flow rates should therefore exhibit a logarithmic-linear behavior, where the deliverability lines obtained with this test will have the same slope as that of the Flow-After-Flow test • The Isochronal test has the same limitations of applicability for the different types of reservoirs as the • Flow-After-Flow and Single Point tests. The Isochronal test is applicable to homogeneous reservoirs, to wells completed in dual porosity reservoirs which exhibit matrix pseudo steady- state flow, and to wells which have been vertically fractured and exhibit pseudo radial flow. Modified Isochronal Test • A modification of the Isochronal test was • introduced in 1959 which yields reliable isochronal • performance res~lts.~ The Modified Isochronal test is • identical to the Isochronal test except that the shut-in • periods separating the isochronal flow periods are ofequal duration as the flowing periods, rather than be of • sufficient duration to permit the shut-in sandface • pressures to stabilize at the average prevailing reservoir • pressure (which is required of the Isochronal test). • The • actual shut-in sandface pressures, recorded immediately • prior to opening the well to flow for each of the • isochronal flow periods, are used in the analyses instead • of the average reservoir pressure. A stabilized extended • flow point is also required for the Modified Isochronal • test (same as in the Isochronal test) for which the well • is produced at a single flow rate (also orifice plate or • choke size with smoothly changing flow rates) to flow • rate and flowing sandface pressure stabilization Multiple Modified Isochronal Test • The Multiple Modified Isochronal test consists of a set • of several Modified Isochronal tests for which the • stabilized extended flow data are not required. Brar and • Aziz9 first proposed two analysis techniques for • utilizing transient isochronal deliverability data of this • type