Over Fluxing Or Over excitation in
Transformers
• Generator transformers and grid transformers
• Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
• Flux V/ f
• Effects of over fluxing, increase in,
• Magnetizing current
• Winding temperature
• Noise and vibration
• Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by stray flux)
Over Excitation:
Over Excitation can occur under no load and on load conditions.
Over Excitation depends on the flux flow in the transformer core.
As
Flux Voltage Voltage Volts
Flux
Flux (Frequecy)-1 Frequency Hertz
Whenever
Volts (P.U)
transformer’s
Volts
Hertz
(P.U)
> Rated transformer’s
Hertz
Over Excitation
Under Over Excitation condition excessive flux saturates core causing
high Eddy current losses in core and adjacent conducting material.
May result in thermal damage to core due to excessively high flux in
magnetic circuits.
2
Over Excitation protection:
Instantaneous tripping is undesirable for Over Excitation. As system
may get overexcited momentary due to some momentary disturbance.
Momentary system disturbances are those which can be borne safely,
and within a very short specific time system restores its normal
conditions.
Over Excitation protection is time dependent function.
For each transformer there exists an “Over Excitation curve”.
“Over Excitation curve” defines over excitation characteristics of a particular
transformer versus time.
Overfluxing protection relay follow “Over Excitation curve” to protect
transformer from over excitation.
3
Over Excitation protection: (Cont)
Over Excitation curve:
Every transformer possesses its own excitation curve.
It follows Inverse time characteristics and definite time characteristics.
Below is the Over Excitation curve of a typical 230/69kV substation transformer.
Over Excitation Curve
70
60
50
40
Danger zone
(Sec)
Time
30
20
10
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Percentage Over Excitation
Transformer Over Excitation curve
4
Over Excitation: (Cont)
Basic concept:
ip(t) is(t)
+ +
Vp(t)= 132kV Vs(t)= 11kV
f= 50
35 Hz f= 50
35 Hz
- -
Due to some external fault, transformer’s operating frequency falls
Consider
down toIf35Hz.
transformer
Due tothe above
will
which not transformer
be
Flux isolated
inside under
thefrom normal
coresupply
has within
been exceeded.
operation and having rating as follows
A relay connected at the primary side of transformer through VT
one or two minutes
having ratio132/√3 will read the information as follows.
24 MVA
“ A transformer
132 kV / blast
63.5/√3
50 Hz
11 kV can occurOver Excitation
”. Over Excitation will occur
Fault
Undercondition
normal Operation
3-phase “ If transformer’s [V/Hz] exceeds
transformer’s
Rated
Volts
FOA
Hertz
=
63.5V
35Hz
50Hz
= 1.81 >Rated
Volts
1.27 V/Hz transformer’s
Hertz
= 1.27[V/Hz]
rated V/Hz ”. i.e;
1.27 V/Hz.
5
Over Excitation Relay:
Over Excitation relay follows the same transformer curve.
Over Excitation relay tripping should be well coordinated with transformer’s
over excitation curve.
Over Excitation Curve
70
tim e ( S e c )
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Percentage Over Excitation
Relay Over Excitation curve
6
Over Excitation
Vp(t)= 132kV Vp(t)= 11kV
Solution: f= 50
35 Hz f= 35
50 Hz
Breaker Breaker
Due to some external fault,
132kV/√3
transformer’s operating
63.5V/√3 frequency falls down to
35Hz. Because of which Flux
Timer inside the core has been
24 OverFluxing Protection
1Sec exceeded.
Overfluxing relay connected
If Fault pursuitsatafter
the primary
the timerside of transformer
through VT having ratio 132kV/√3 will read the information as
expiration.
follows. 63.5V/√3 Based on the %age excitation Relay
Under “ Relay sends tripping signals to the a timer.
initiates
Normalfault condition
Operating condition
associated
Volts breakers causingTimer’s
63.5V transformer
value is selected from relay’s
transformer’s Volts = from
transformer’s isolation 63.5Vthe 1.81 V/Hz
=
= 35Hz = 1.27 V/Hz.over excitation curve.
system”
Hertz
Hertz 50Hz
In case of 1.428 %age excitation, relay
Percentage Excitation= 1.428
initiates a timer for 1.0 seconds.
7
Over Fluxing in Transformers
Theory
2m
V=kf
m
Causes
• Low frequency
• High voltage Im
• Geomagnetic disturbances
Effects
Tripping of differential element (Transient over fluxing)
Damage to transformers (Prolonged over fluxing)
17th March 2007
5th Harmonic Restraint
• Blocks differential element for transient over fluxing
25% Overvoltage condition
43% 5th Harmonic content
17th March 2007
Over Flux Protection
• Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
• Measured from voltage input
• Two stage protection
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R. or alarm
Stage 2 - Trip field or transformer
• Definite time of Inverse time
17th March 2007
Over Flux Protection
V/f = k
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged over fluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear over-fluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e. 110V x 1.05 = 2.31
50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
17th March 2007
Over Excitation Solution: (Cont)
An Over flux relay tripping should be well coordinated with transformer’s
over excitation characteristics.
Over Excitation
70
60
50
Time from transformer curve
Time(Sec)
40
30 Relay Time to initiate Trip
20
10
0
1 1.1
Danger
1.2 1.3
zone
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Percentage Excitation
12
