Information Processing Theory

 Information Processing
- is a cognitive theoretical framework that

focuses on how knowledge enters and is stored
and retrieved from our memory.
 Cognitive Psychologists believed that cognitive

processes influenced the nature of what is
learned.
- Learning is an internal process, not an external
behaviour.
- They believed that how a person thinks about
and interprets what he/she receives shapes what
he/she will learn.
 General vs. Specific
- This involves whether the knowledge useful in
many tasks, or only in one.
 Declarative
- This refers to factual knowledge.
 Procedural
- This includes knowledge on how to do things.
 Episodic
- this includes memories of life events.
 Conditional
- This is about “knowing when and why” to apply
declarative or procedural strategies.
 This stages involves the functioning of the senses,
sensory register, short term memory and the long
term memory.
 Primary stages in the memory process:
1. Encoding
- Information is sensed, perceived, and attended.
2. Storage
- The information is stored for either a brief or extended
period of time, depending upon the processes following
encoding.
3. Retrieval
- The information is brought back at the appropriate
time, and reactivated for use on a current task, the true
measure of effective memory.
 Sensory Register
- Capacity: our mind receives a great amount
of information but it is more than what our
minds can hold or perceives.
- Duration: The sensory register only holds the
information for an extremely brief – in the order
of 1 – 3 seconds.
- There is a difference in duration based on

modality: auditory memory is more persistent
than visual.
 The Role of attention
- To bring information into consciousness, it is

necessary that we give attention to it.
- Getting through this attentional filter when the

learner is interested in the material.
- Before information is perceived, it is known as

“precategorical” information.
 Short Term Memory (STM or Working Memory)
- Capacity: can hold 5 to 9 chunks of information
- It is called working memory because it is where
new information is temporarily placed while it is
mentally processed.
- Maintain information for a limited time, until
learner has adequate resources to process the
information or until the information is forgotten.
- Duration: around 18 second or less.

- To reduce the loss of information, you need to do
maintenance rehearsal.
 Long Term Memory (LTM)
The LTM is the final or permanent storing house

for memory information. It holds the stored
information until needed again.
- Capacity: has unlimited capacity.
- Duration: is indefinite
 Executive Control Processes
- involves the metacognitve skills.

- guides the flow of the information through the
system and it helps the learner.
Example:
1. Paying Attention
2. Rehearsals
3. Organization
 Forgetting
- the inability to retrieve or access information

when needed.
Two main ways in which it occurs:
a. Decay – information is not attended.
b. Interference – new or old information

blocks access to the information.
 Methods for Increasing Retrieval of
Information
1. Rehearsal
- repeating information verbatim, either mentally
or aloud.
2. Meaningful Learning
- making connections between new information and
prior knowledge.
3. Organization
- making connections among various pieces of
information.
4. Elaboration
- adding additional ideas to new information
based on what one already knows.
5. Visual Imagery
- forming a “picture” of the information.
6. Generation
- things we produce are easier to remember
than things we hear.
7. Context
- remembering the situation helps recover
information.
8. Personalization
- information relevant to individual.
 Other Memory Methods
1. Serial Position Effects
- you will remember the beginning and end.
2. Part Learning
- break up the list or chunk information to
increase memorization.
3. Distributed Practice
- break up learning sessions, rather than
cramming all the information into once.
4. Mnemonic Aids
- a memory technique that learners may
employ to help them retain and retrieve information.
Executive Control Process (including Metacognition)
Short Long
Sensory Term Term
Senses Memory
Perception
Memory Memory
Decay Forgetting Retrieval
 The Information Processing Model

Information Processing Theory

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 Information Processing

- is a cognitive theoretical framework that

 Cognitive Psychologists believed that cognitive

- There is a difference in duration based on

- To bring information into consciousness, it is

- Getting through this attentional filter when the

- Before information is perceived, it is known as

- Duration: around 18 second or less.

The LTM is the final or permanent storing house

- Capacity: has unlimited capacity.

- involves the metacognitve skills.

- the inability to retrieve or access information

Two main ways in which it occurs:

a. Decay – information is not attended.

b. Interference – new or old information

Decay Forgetting Retrieval

 The Information Processing Model

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