Graphics Chapter Two
Graphics Chapter Two
Graphics Chapter Two
Graphics Hardware
Graphics Hardware . . .
Joystick
Input device . . .
Light pen
Input device . . .
Touch Screen
Output device . . .
Computer Graphics can use many different output
devices, such as monitors, printer, plotter, etc. but the
most common display device is the Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT) monitor.
What is CRT?: is vacuum tube containing
electron gun(a source of electron) and
florescent screen with internal or external
means to accelerate deflect the electron beam
used to create image in the form of light.
Output device . . .
How CRT works?
The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).
The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems that
direct it towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen.
When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot of
light at each position contacted by the electron beam.
It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back over the
same screen points quickly.
Output device . . .
Output device . . .
There are two ways (Random scan and Raster scan) by which we can display an
object on the screen.
In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one
row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each
row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated
spots.
Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh Buffer or
Frame Buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the
screen points. Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer
and “painted” on the screen one row (scan line) at a time as shown in the
following illustration.
Each screen point is referred to as a pixel (picture element). At the end of each
scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the screen to begin
displaying the next scan line.
Output device . . .
Output device . . .
Random Scan (Vector Scan)
In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part of the
screen where the picture is to be drawn rather than scanning from left to
right and top to bottom as in raster scan. It is also called vector display,
stroke-writing display, or calligraphic display.
Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area
of memory referred to as the refresh display file. To display a specified
picture, the system cycles through the set of commands in the display
file, drawing each component line in turn. After all the line-drawing
commands are processed, the system cycles back to the first line
command in the list.
Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of
a picture 30 to 60 times each second.
The difference between Raster Scan and
Random Scan Display
Raster Scan Display
It has poor or less Resolution because picture definition is stored as an
intensity value.
Electron Beam is directed from top to bottom and one row at a time on
screen, but electron beam is directed to whole screen.
It is less expensive than Random Scan System.
Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frames per second.
It Stores picture definition in Refresh Buffer also called Frame Buffer.
Zigzag line is produced because plotted value are discrete
It contains shadow, advance shading and hidden surface
It uses Pixels along scan lines for drawing an image.
Raster Scan Display
Random Scan display
Application stage
Entirely done in software by the CPU
Read Data
– the world geometry database,
– User’s input by mice, trackballs, trackers, or
sensing gloves
In response to the user’s input, the application
stage change the view or scene
Introduction to 3D graphics pipelines . . .
Geometric Stage:
Introduction to 3D graphics pipelines . . .
Rasterization
Converts the vertex information output by the geometry pipeline
into pixel information needed by the video display Aliasing:
distortion artefacts' produced when representing a high-resolution
signal at a lower resolution.
Hidden Surface Removal