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    BIO 111: Biomolecules and Cells: Welcome To

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    tony
    This document provides an overview of the BIO 111 course on biomolecules and cells at Mulungushi University. The course involves 3 hours of lectures, 1 hour of tutorials, and 3 hours of laboratory sessions per week. Students will be assessed through continuous assessment, tests, practicals, quizzes, and a final exam. Lecture 1 introduces compounds, molecules, and the different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces. It provides examples of each type of bond and discusses their properties and biological significance.

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    BIO 111: Biomolecules and Cells: Welcome To

    Uploaded by

    tony
    115 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview of the BIO 111 course on biomolecules and cells at Mulungushi University. The course involves 3 hours of lectures, 1 hour of tutorials, and 3 hours of laboratory sessions per week. Students will be assessed through continuous assessment, tests, practicals, quizzes, and a final exam. Lecture 1 introduces compounds, molecules, and the different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces. It provides examples of each type of bond and discusses their properties and biological significance.

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    Lecture 1

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    This document provides an overview of the BIO 111 course on biomolecules and cells at Mulungushi University. The course involves 3 hours of lectures, 1 hour of tutorials, and 3 hours of laboratory sessions per week. Students will be assessed through continuous assessment, tests, practicals, quizzes, and a final exam. Lecture 1 introduces compounds, molecules, and the different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces. It provides examples of each type of bond and discusses their properties and biological significance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    115 views21 pages

    BIO 111: Biomolecules and Cells: Welcome To

    Uploaded by

    tony
    This document provides an overview of the BIO 111 course on biomolecules and cells at Mulungushi University. The course involves 3 hours of lectures, 1 hour of tutorials, and 3 hours of laboratory sessions per week. Students will be assessed through continuous assessment, tests, practicals, quizzes, and a final exam. Lecture 1 introduces compounds, molecules, and the different types of bonds between atoms including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces. It provides examples of each type of bond and discusses their properties and biological significance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Welcome to

    BIO 111:
    BIOMOLECULES AND CELLS

    Lecturer: Mr. Nawa


    Mulungushi University.
    School of Science, Engineering and Technology (SSET)
    METHOD OF LEARNING

    Lectures Three hours per week


    Tutorials One hour per week
    Laboratory sessions Three hours per week
    ASSESSMENT
    Continous Assessment 40%
    2 Tests 20%
    Practicals 15%
    Theory Quiz 5%
    Final Examination 60%

    Prescribed reading
    Taylor, D. J., Stout, G.W., Green, N.P.O. (2000). Advanced
    Biology. Cambridge University Press, London.
    LECTURE 1

    COMPOUNDS AND
    MOLECULES
    Introduction
    Organisms depend on various chemical elements,
    compounds and molecules.
    Compound: Composition of two or more elements
    bonded together.
    Molecules: A small part of a compound.
    Chemical bonds energy: Maintenance of
    organisms’ organisation structure.
    Bonds
    IONIC BONDING:
    • Involves an atom giving or gaining an electron in
    order to assume a noble gas status.
    • Octet rule: Tendency of an atom to attain the
    maximum number of electrons in its outer most
    orbital.
    Example
    Sodium (Na) gives up an electron and Chlorine (Cl)
    gains an electron to satisfy the octet rule
    Na [2 , 8 , 1] Cl [2 , 8 , 7]

    Na+[2 , 8 ] Cl- [2 , 8 , 8]
    • Sodium ions (Cation) and Chlorine (Anion)
    attract one another (electrostatic force).
    • The force of attraction is called Ionic bond
    (electrostatic bonds).
    Properties of Ionic compounds
    • Soluble in polar environment e.g water.
    • Insoluble in non polar environment e.g oils.
    • Conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
    • Crystalline in nature at room temperature and
    pressure.
    • High melting point and boiling point.
    Biological significance of ionic bonds
    • Transmission of nerve impulses.
    • Maintenance of protein structure.
    • Production of energy in cells.

    COVALENT BONDING:
    • Involves two or more atoms sharing electrons
    in order to attain stability (octet rule).
    1. Single covalent bonds
    Example
    Hydrogen gas

    Structural formula Molecular formula


    H-H H2
    2. Double and Triple bonds
    Example
    Oxygen gas

    Structural formula Molecular formula


    O=O O2
    Structural formula Molecular formula
    O=C=O CO2

    Nitrogen
    gas
    Structural formula
    Molecular formula
    N2
    Non polar covalent bonds
    • Equal sharing of electron between atoms.
    Polar covalent bond
    • Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.
    • One atom attract more electron than the
    other (one is more electronegative).
    • Electronegativity depends on number of
    proton.
    • In water oxygen is more electronegative.
    • In symmetrical molecules covalent bond
    polarity cancels each other e.g CO2 and CH4
    • Non symmetrical nature of water causes bond
    polarity not to cancel.
    Properties of Covalent compounds
    • Covalent bonds are very strong.
    • May be on polar or non polar.
    • Non polar molecules are not soluble in water.
    • Polar molecules are soluble in water.
    Biological significance
    • Monosaccharide are linked by covalent bonds
    called glycosidic bonds.
    • Polar covalent bonds link amino acids using
    peptide bonds.
    HYDROGEN BONDS:
    • Attraction of slightly positive hydrogen atom
    to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity.
    • In water, the hydrogen atom of one molecule
    is attracted to the oxygen atom of another
    molecule.
    Properties of hydrogen bonds
    • Hydrogen bonds weaker in than ionic and
    convalent bonds.
    • Molecules formed can easily be taken apart
    and put together again.
    Biological significance
    • Basis for formation of liquid water.
    • Holds DNA double strands.
    • Also found in protein molecules.
    VAN DER WAAL FORCES
    • Electrons constantly in motion gather on one side.
    • One side develops a negative charge and the
    other side a positive charge.
    • The charges of the molecule change at different
    times.
    • A Negatively charge molecule induces a positive
    on the nearby molecule.
    • Electrostatic attraction between opposite charged
    molecules is called Van der waals.
    • Induced response keeps molecules bound
    together
    • Induced response extends to many molecules
    holding large molecules together. e.g water
    END OF LECTURE.

    THANK YOU!

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