RESEARCH WRITING

Start gathering literature

RELATED
LITERATURE
90 % JOURNALS

10 % BOOKS

DO NOT USED GREY LITERATURE

(UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS EX.THESES
DISSERTATION )
 Organize your literature
(Provide Tabular Reconnaisance ( includes the sources
of information)
EXAMPLE:
RESEARCHE OBJECTIVE FACTORS/ LOCATIO METHODOLOGY FINDINGS TITLE
S VARIABLE N
R S

NAME PURPOSE RESEARCH REPONDENT RESEARCH RESULTS TOPIC

PARADIGM S/ TARGET
DESIGN
TOPIC /RESEARCH PROBLEM
INTELLECTUALIZATION
• Question 1 • Question 2 • Question 3

• What do I know • What should I know • What do previous

about the chosen about the chosen studies say about the
topic topic? chosen topic?

TOPIC
 TRENDS / ISSUES PROBLEMS
Changes/
New /Current Areas affected Research
Fashion Questions /SOP
Interest /Focus of Questions to
Research address arising
from the
problem(s)

TOPIC PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

TRENDS ISSUES PROBLEMS

1.cultural diversity -Turn over

-Language barrier
1.What are the factors affecting
cultural diversity in JVR Co.?
-Organ.climate To what extent does cultural
-Work performance diversity affects work performance?
-Org.growth
-Cultural orientation

2.TURN OVER OR -STRESS 1.What are the causes of turnover in

-JOB CONTENT Julivee Company from 2015-2018?
ATTRITION -PRODUCTIVITY
-EXTERNAL FACTORS 2.What are the factors that affect
-LEADERSHIP turnover in the company?
-PEER RELATIONSHIP

3. Is there significant relationship

between turnover and the selected
variables?
3.SUCCESSION PLANNING TURNOVER 1.To what extent do the following
ORGANIZATIONAL factors affect succession in the
COMMITMENT organization?
INTERPERSONAL 1.1 qualifications
RELATIONSHIP 1.2 organizational commitment
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 1.3 interpersonal relationship
QUALIFICATIONS

EXAMPLES
 FORMULATE TITLE,
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM AND
FRAMEWORK/PARADIGM
 Introduction
 Background of the Study
 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework / Research Paradigm / Simulacrum
 Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis/s
 Scope and Limitation
 Significance of the Study
 Definition of Terms

COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION SERVES AS MENTAL ROADMAP OF
THE RESEARCH
 MAIN FOCUS IS THE TOPIC OF RESEARCH
 INCLUDES RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION
 Includes brief historical background of the subject of the
study ( an organ / institution /company )
 Where is the research taking place
 Who is to be affected
 Variables included in the study maybe discussed in the
background

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 It is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.

 Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand

phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing
knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions.

  It serves as the structure and support for the rationale for the study,
the problem statement, the purpose, the. significance, and
the research questions.

 Theories relevant to the study formulated by famous gurus

( marketing, management, finance , research etc )
 Frederick Taylor Theory – Theory of Scientific Management

 Michael Porters Five Force Theory

 Douglas McGregor X Y Theory

 Henry Fayol – Administrative Management Theory

 Max Weber – Bureaucratic Theory of Management

 Elton Mayo – Behavioral Theory ( Hawthorne Effect )

Peter Senge’s System Thinking

EXAMPLES
 is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts

 Presents the main focus of the study

 Includes variables / parameters of the study

 Simulacrum / research paradigm

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 H1a. PEEM
H1b. PEMO
H1c. PESES
H1d. PEPSS
H1e. PE SEI
H2. EMSEI
H3. MOSEI
H4. SESSEI
H5. PSSSEI
H6. PEEMSEI
H7. PEMOSEI
H8.
PESESSEI
Research Framework H9. PEPSSSEI
 School
Affiliation

H
Sex 1

H
2
H
Age Entrepreneurial
3 Inclination
H
4

Plan to Pursue H
College Degree 5

Research
Family
Business
Background
Framework
 H1. TL  IQ
H2. TL  EE
H2 H3 H3. EE  IQ
H4.
TLEEIQ
H1 .

Research Framework
 H1a. BEBS
H1b. BEBT
H1c. BEBL
H2a. BSBL
H2b. BSBT
H3. BTBL
Research Framework
H4.BEBSBL

H5.BEBTBL
 2 Parts
1.General Statement

The general statement of the problem is usually a reiteration of the title of the study.

2.Specific Statement

This pertains to the sub problems related to the general problem of the study

SOP pertains to the problem that research will address

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 The problem is always in an interrogatory form, hence, it must as a
question and sub-problems must follow the main problem which are the
key points for investigation in the research.

 Should be stated in the infinitive to (action words in research) such as

examine, analyze, determine, measure, asses, evaluate, recommend, find
out, among others;

 Specific questions should be stated using the following guide question

words: “How,” “Will,” “What,” “Is there”…

GUIDE
 is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is
a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.

 Formulating Hypothesis
 Determine variables. A generalizing hypothesis describes a pattern that may exist
between two variables: an independent variable and a dependent variable. ...

 Generate a simple hypothesis. ...

 Decide on direction. ...
 Get specific. ...
 Make sure it is testable. ...
 Test your hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS/S
(NULL HYPOTHES/ES)
 identifies the boundaries or coverage of the study in terms of subjects,
objectives, facilities, area, time frame, and the issue to which the research
is focused .

 Delimitation / Limitation defines the constraints or weaknesses, which are

not within the control of the researcher, therefore, they are not expected
to be covered on the study

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

 includes the meaning of the research work to and how
your research benefits or impacts others in part or whole.

 Enumerate the organ., institutions, individuals,  etc that will

benefit from the study

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 Enumerate alphabetically the lists of important terms / words
used in the study

 Define the words used in the study operationally

 Define those terms, which, though common may have a

special specific meaning or are differently used

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 SHOULD BE WRITTEN PRIOR TO CHAPTER 1

 STUDENTS WOULD HAVE GATHERED INFORMATION,

DATA OR VARIABLES WHICH CAN BE USED FOR THE
STUDY ,

 GAP IN THE REVIEWED LITERATURE CAN BE USED

TO REPLICATE SIMILAR STUDIES

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1.Conceptual Literature – refers to thoughts and ideas related
to the topic of the study coming from books, articles, 
and bulletins, to support the theoretical framework and to
give the readers rich information and insights into the topic.

2.Research Literature – include previous studies related to the

current study in terms of subject matter. The researcher
should use recent research literature to make the review
relevant to the times. ( LAST 5 YEARS )

TYPES OF RELATED LITERATURE

90 %
JOURNALS

( RESEARCH LITERATURE )

10 %
BOOKS

( CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE )

NEVER USE GRAY LITERATURE ( UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS )

 Organize your literature
Provide Tabular Reconnaisance ( includes the sources of
information)

EXAMPLE:

RESEARCHE OBJECTIVE FACTORS/ LOCATION METHODOLOG

Y
FINDINGS TITLE
R S VARIABLES

NAMAE PURPOSE RESEARCH REPONDENT RESEARCH RESULTS TOPIC

PARADIGM S/ TARGET DESIGN

TOPIC /RESEARCH PROBLEM

INTELLECTUALIZATION
 CLAIM AND EVIDENCE FORMULA (CEF)

Indicate the findings of each of the literature reviewed

How do the findings relate ?

How do the findings differ?

From these similarities and differences , what can we possibly

claim?

Cite specific studies from your literature review that will support
the claims made in other findings.
 DENDROGRAMMING
DENDROGRAM – Greek word
Tree diagram frequently used to CLAIM EVIDENCE FORMULA
dendron (tree ) illustrate the arrangement of ( CEF )
(CROSS REFERENCING)
gramma(drawing) clusters

ARTICLE NUMBER BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SALIENT FINDINGS

( AUTHORS,JOURNAL,VOLUME,I
SSUE ,PAGES
LITERATURE 1 Rosas, Ma.V , (2010) Relationship Finding 1
between Job Stress and Coping
Strategies used by Faculty Members
in Manila. Applied Management
Research,24,238-243. Finding 2

Finding 3
LITERATURE 2 Wang,W.Kong.(2011),Perceived Finding 1
Stress Status of Faculty and its effects
on their Behavior. Finding 2
Internaional Journal of
Management,29,165-178
Finding3
 SYTHESIS
OF REVIEWED
LITERATURE
 Research Design
 Sources of Data
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Respondents ( IF THERE’S ANY)
 Research Instrument
 Sampling Technique
 Sample Size
 Statistical tool

COMPONENTS OF CHAPTER 3
 Methods
Participants of Research
Data Analysis
the Study Instrument

• Who are the • What is your research • Research design

respondents? instrument? • Statistical treatment
• Sampling technique • Did you adapt a
• Calculation of the sample previous instrument?
size • How did you measure
• Sufficiency of the sample the construct/s?
size
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE MIXED METHOD

Expand or understand a Understand relationship

phenomenon bet. two+ quantifiable Clear introduction of key
variables areas.
Design study driven by
Description/justification
induction and exploration Design study driven by (design derives logically
rather than by theory theory rather than by from problem).
induction or exploration
Include research questions Elements drawn from
but no hypotheses Include a null and an quantitative and qualitative
alternative hypothesis for content .
Explain processes for each research question .
coding/categorizing data
• QUANTITATIVE • QUALITATIVE • MIXED METHODS
RESEARCH Designs RESEARCH
• Descriptive DESIGNS • 2 or more methods
• Correlational • Grounded Theory used
• Historical • Phenomenology
• Experimental • Ethnography
• Or combination • Narrative
• Case Analysis
RESEARCH DESIGNS FOCUS / COVERAGE
Descriptive Research Design Purpose is to describe the status of events ,
people or subjects as they exist.

It gives answers to questions who, what where when

and how much....

It makes some type of comparison, contrasts ,

correlation or cause and effect type of study

Correlational Research Design to estimate the extent to which different variables are
related to one another in the population of interest

Causal/Explanatory Research Design OCCURENCE OF CHANGE IN THE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES LEADS TO
CHANGES IN THE DEPENDENT VARIABLETO
BUILD, TEST OR REVISE THEORY
Comparative Research Design CONFIRM IF TWO OR MORE
VARIABLES REVEAL SIMILAR OR
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF
CHARACTERISTICS WHEN
COMPARED USING SET OF
VARIABLES AS STANDARD BASES

Historical research Design Investigates the causes and true state of

past events
Relies mainly on documentary evidence
and personal interviews
1.Primary Data
data gathered through survey / questionnaire
first hand information

2.Secondary Data
Data taken from other sources like Statistical data , financial reports,
yearend reports etc.

SOURCES OF DATA
2 TYPES
 Explain the processes / procedures used in the study in
gathering data
 Specify the data gathered particularly the main variables
included in the study

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

 Specify who will be the respondents / participants /
informants / subjects of the study
 ( Primary Data)

RESPONDENTS
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

 Questionnaire ( Primary Data )

 Interview Guide ( Primary Data /FGD)

Two Phases of Pretesting ( Self made/Unstructured Questionnaire )

1.reliability
 means obtaining the same results even the survey or test is repeated several times
 Should be pretested to at least 15 to 20 non respondents using Alpha Cronbach – coefficient should be above 70 % to be
reliable

2.Validity
process of determining whether the survey instrument is capable of answering the problems of the study – need to seek
assistance from the experts to analyze and evaluate the instrument

Interview Guide
Structured Interview – provides valuable information
Unstructured Interview –no specific format nor line of questioning

Note: For Readymade questionnaire – no more reliability test

Example: Pre Testing
Research Instrument

Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items

0.861 12
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

2 Types

NON PROBABILITY PROBABILITY

TECHNIQUES SAMPLING
Quota Sampling Simple Random
Judgement Sampling Systematic Random
Convenience Sampling Stratified Sampling
Snowball Sampling Clustered Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Sampling techniques PURPOSE/S OR USE
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING a sampling technique where the samples are
gathered in a process that does not give all the
individuals in the population equal chances of
being selected.

TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

TECHNIQUE
1.Quota Sampling gathering sample / representative data from the
group with specific characteristics / demographic
profile

Ex. Specified respondents / limits 100 females or

sample with age bracket between 20 to 30 years old
2.Judgement Sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where
the researcher selects units to be sampled based
 4.Snowball Sampling on their knowledge and professional judgment.
It is also known as Expert sample .
 is a non-probability sampling technique that is used by researchers to
identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard
Ex. selected basedtoonlocate.
experts
Ex HIV patients,
3.Convenience cheaters,
Sampling shoplifters is a non-probability
 5.Purposive Sampling sampling technique where subjects
 Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental,are
selective,
selectedor because of their
subjective sampling.
convenient accessibility and
 Use when there s limited number of participants
proximity to the researcher.
 Ex.TV Reporter stopping commuters for interview along the street
Ex.LRT Commuters ,Mall Shoppers
4.Snowball Sampling a non-probability sampling technique that
is used by researchers to identify potential
subjects in studies where subjects are hard to
locate.

It is used where potential participants are hard

to find.

Example. For Qualitative research ( shoplifters,

cheaters, HIV carrier
5.Purposive Sampling Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental,
selective, or subjective sampling.

Use when there s limited number of participants

Ex, TV reporter stopping people in the street for

interview
PROBABILITY SAMPLING SAMPLING DONE RANDOMLY

1.Simple Random is a subset of a statistical population in

which each member of the subset has an
equal probability of being chosen.

2.Systematic Random is a type of probability sampling method in

which sample members from a larger
population are selected according to
a random starting point and a fixed,
periodic interval.
3.Stratified Sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of
a population into smaller groups known as strata.
Random samples are then selected from each stratum
.

Ex. identify the char .of the group by age , by

position etc

4.Clustered Sampling
is the sampling method where different groups within
a population are used as a sample.

This is different from stratified sampling since you will

use the entire group, or cluster, as a sample
Cochran formula allows you to calculate an ideal sample size
given a desired level of precision, desired confidence level, and
the estimated proportion of the attribute present in the
population. 

Cochran's formula is considered especially appropriate in

situations with large populations.
 Presents the different statistical methods and formulae
needed in the analysis of data .

 Statistical Tests can be simple , parametric, non parametric ,

uni variate or multivariate

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
NON PARAMETRIC

I

is one where the researcher has no idea regarding the population parameter.

Examples of non-parametric tests:

The various forms of chi-square tests ,

the Fisher Exact Probability test ,

the Mann-Whitney Test ,

the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test ,

the Kruskal-Wallis Test ,

andthe Friedman Test

Kolmogorov Test
Parametric statistics assumes some information about the population is
already known, namely the probability distribution.
Examples:
T test
One Way /Two Way Anova
Regression Analysis ( Bivariate / Multivariate )
Least Squares
Factor Analysis
Structural Equation Modelling(SEM)
Conjoint Analysis and Markov Analysis

2.PARAMETRIC TESTS
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF
DATA
 Presents the data analysis and interpretation ( tables or
graphs )

 Analysis and interpretation of data should include

comparison and differences of the study with other related
studies presented in Chapter 2.
 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

 Presents the findings of the study enumeration format and

should be aligned with the statement of the problems.

 Conclusions must be brief and concise

 Recommendation must include future direction of he

research and possible solutions o the problem .
 REFERENCES

References cited in the text of a research must appear in a

REFERENCE LIST or BIBLIOGRAPHY( Appendix)

This list provides information necessary to identify and retrieve

each source.

1.Order = entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by

author’s last names.
Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title
within the same list
 For multiple authors , use ampersand (&) instead of the word “and
“........when listing multiple authors of a single work

2. Titles – capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle and any proper
names that are part of a title.

3.Indentation – first line of the entry is flush /indent with the left margin ,
and all subsequent lines
(Ex. Rosas,Victoria
 .The Dynamics of Teaching and Learning. Manila: CanlaonPublishing
Company, Inc. 2013. p. 102
  PLAGIARISM CHECKER THROUGH THE USE OF

TURNITIN

 ( matching texts / similarity index )

As a guide a returned percentage of below 15% would
probably indicate that plagiarism has not occurred.
However, if the 15% of matching text is one continuous block this could
still be considered plagiarism. A high percentage would probably be
anything over 25% (Yellow, orange or red).
 A Green colored square means that 0% - 24% of the
 paper or assignment matches something already in
 the Turnitin database. And a Blue colored
 square means that less than 20 words in the paper or
 assignment matches something already in
 theTurnitin database.

. 
1.Use 12 font size and times new roman

2.Use future tense for the Proposal and Past Tense for Final Paper except for Significance

3.Use third person

4. Use APA Format in the citation of the source

5.Margin size for left side 1.5 inches , top, bottom and right side 1 inch

6.Use 1.5 for spacing

GUIDELINES
 7.Use short bond paper

 8.Title page should be written in inverted pyramid,

 9. Include Resume or curriculum vitae in the appendix

 10.Copy of questionnaire should be in the appendix as well as

computation

 11.Endorsement letter from the adviser should be on the first page of the
paper ( for proposal and final defense. )
THANK YOU