The document discusses different types of waste and methods for waste management and disposal. It covers solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, biomedical, and municipal wastes. Key methods addressed include collection, transportation, dumping, landfilling, incineration, composting, and waste reduction strategies. Improper waste disposal can pose health and environmental risks if not handled properly.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for waste management and disposal. It covers solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, biomedical, and municipal wastes. Key methods addressed include collection, transportation, dumping, landfilling, incineration, composting, and waste reduction strategies. Improper waste disposal can pose health and environmental risks if not handled properly.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for waste management and disposal. It covers solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, biomedical, and municipal wastes. Key methods addressed include collection, transportation, dumping, landfilling, incineration, composting, and waste reduction strategies. Improper waste disposal can pose health and environmental risks if not handled properly.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for waste management and disposal. It covers solid, liquid, gaseous, hazardous, biomedical, and municipal wastes. Key methods addressed include collection, transportation, dumping, landfilling, incineration, composting, and waste reduction strategies. Improper waste disposal can pose health and environmental risks if not handled properly.
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It is defined as
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. OR Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted and “A useless or profile less activity using or expanding or consuming thoughtlessly or carefully.” Solid waste Chemical waste Liquid waste Commercial waste/ Gaseous waste Business waste Animal by Biomedical waste product(ABPs) Bulky waste Biodegradable waste Agriculture Fisheries Household Commerce and industry Broadly there are 3 types of waste which as follows
1. Household waste as municipal waste
2.Industrial waste as hazardous waste
3.Biomedical waste or hospital waste as
infectious waste Municipal solid waste consist of--- household waste construction and demolition debris sanitation residue waste from streets With rising urbanization and change in life style and food habits ,the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals and plants. They are - corrosive - highly inflammable or explosive In the industrial sector the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal’ chemical’ paper, pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological” -Bio-medical waste rules ,1998 It may includes wastes like sharp waste, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, and radioactive waste etc. A:Health hazard If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate , they may create unsanitary conditions.
This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea,
dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro- intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives. In addition improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste. B: Environmental impact If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and putrefaction( decay) may take place . The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnozious (intolerable odour) The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be followed for waste management. Disposable goods: paper plate, paper bowl, Styrofoam cup, plastic spoon, roll of paper towels, paper napkin; Durable goods: ceramic/plastic plate, metal spoon, glass/plastic drinking cup, dish towel, cloth napkin) Recovery of one tonne paper can save 17 trees. Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Don’t through away the soft drink can or bottle cover them with home made paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases. Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute which can be used over and over - Galvanized steel dust bin - Paper sack - Public bins Collection - House-to-house collection - Collection from the public bins Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment 1. Dumping 2. Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Landfill 3. Incineration 4. Composting 5. Manure pits 6. Burial Public hygiene and health. Reuse, recovery and recycle Energy generation Sustainable development Aesthetics • Refuse is dumped in low lying areas. • As a result of bacterial action, refuse decreases considerably in volume and is converted gradually into humus. The trench method:- Where level ground is available, the trench method is usually chosen. A long trench is dug out-2 to 3 m (6-10 ft.) deep and 4 to 12 m, (12-36 ft.) wide, depending upon local condition. The refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth. Refuse can be disposal of hygienically It is method of choice where suitable land is not available. Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is best disposed of by incineration. Incineration is practiced in several of the industrialized countries. • Composting is a method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge. Organic matter
Bacterial action
Relatively stable humus-like material
Manurial value for the soil.
• The heat produced during composting -60 deg C or higher, over a period of several days- destroys eggs and larvae of flies, weed seeds and pathogenic agents. • The end-product is a good soil builder containing small amounts of the major plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. • The problem of refuse disposal in rural areas can be solved by digging ‘manure pits’ by the individual householders. • The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits and covered with earth after each day’s dumping. • This method of refuse disposal is effective and relatively simple in rural communities. • For small camps. • A trench 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep is excavated • The contents are used after 4 to 6 months • Disposal of waste is an important procedure to be followed by an individual in a community. health professionals need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since improper disposal of wastes constitutes a health hazard. Health professional may be called upon to give advice in some special situations, such as coping with waste disposal problems when there is a disruption or breakdown of community health services in natural disasters.