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Linear Algebra Assignment Help

The Best Online Linear Algebra Assignment Help

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Linear Algebra Assignment Help


Problems
(1) (a) A direct complement to a subspace L1 in a finite
dimensional space L is a subspace L2 ⊂ L such that L = L1 ⊕
L2. Prove that for any subspace L1 a direct complement
exists, and the dimensions of any two direct complements of
L1 in L coincide.
(b) For a linear map F : L M → , let cokerF be a direct
complement of ImF in M. Define the index of the map F by
indF = dim(cokerF) − dim(kerF). Check using (a) that indF is
well­defined. Prove that if L and M are finite dimensional, indF
depends only on the dimensions of L and M: indF = dim(M) −
dim(L).
(c) Set dim(M) = dim(L) = n. What can you deduce from (b)
about systems of n linear equations in n variables?

(2) Two ordered n­tuples of subspaces �L1, L2, . . . , Ln� and


�L1 � , L2 � , . . . L� n� in a finite dimensional L are
identically arranged if there exists a linear automorphism
(bijecitve linear map from a space to itself) F : L L such that
F(Li) = for all L i = 1, . . . n. Show that � → i all triples of non­
coplanar, pairwise distinct lines through zero in R3 are
identically arranged. Classify the arrangements of quadruples
of such lines in R3 .
Solution
1)
(a) Given a finite dimensional linear space L and a subspace L1 ⊂ L we
want to prove that there exists a subspace L2 ⊂ L such that L1 ⊕ L2 = L.
Furthermore, we want to prove that the dimensions of all such direct
complements to L1 coincide. Let dim L = l. We pick a basis {ei}l1 for L1 and
note that i=1 dim L1 = l1. We then use the basis extension theorem and
extend the basis of L1 to the basis of L. Thus, {e1, . . . , el1 , el1+1 . . . , el}
spans l L. Let L2 = span {ei}i=l1+1. Since, L1∩L2 = 0 and L1+L2 = L we note
that L2 is a direct complement to L1. Furthermore, dim L2 = l − l1. 2 Let L2
� be a direct complement to L1 and {ei � }i l � =1 be a basis for L� 2.
We extend the basis of L� to L by using the basis vectors of L1. Thus, 2
1, . . . , e� , e1, . . . , el1 } spans L. Hence, it must be that dim L {e � l � �
2 = 2 l − l1. However, this is the same as dim L2. Thus, dimensions of all
direct complements of L1 coincide.

(b) Given F : L �→ M, we first show that ind F = dim(coker F) − dim(ker F) is


well defined. We note that since part (a) defined direct complement only
for finite dimensional spaces we restrict our attention to a finite
dimensional M. Using the result from part (a) we find that coker F, a direct
complement to Im F ⊂ M, always exists and has a finite dimension.
Furthermore, ker F also always exists and has a well defined dimension. We
can then take dim coker F = c and dim ker F = k. Hence, ind F = c − k. We
note that c is always a non­negative integer and k can be either a non­
negative integer or infinity depending on the dimension of L. Thus, ind F is
well defined. For finite dimensional M and L. Let dim M = m and dim Im F =
i. Then dim coker F = m − i. Further, let dim L = l. Then dim ker F = dim L−dim
Im F = l−i. Thus, ind F = (m−i)−(l−i) = m − l = dim M − dim L
(c) If dim M = dim L = n. Then ind F = 0 and also dim coker F = dim ker F. If
ker F = 0 then also coker F = 0 and the system of linear equations always has
a solution, while the system with a zero r.h.s has no nontrivial solution.

Problem 2.
Solution
We want to show that all triples of non­coplanar, pairwise distinct lines
through zero in R3 are identically arranged. Let {e1, e2, e3} be a basis for
R3 and let vi = a1ie1 + a2ie2 + a3ie3 for i = 1, 2, 3 be direction vectors for
three non­coplanar pairwise distinct lines in R3. Further, let v � = a1 � ie1
+ a� i 2ie2 + a3 � ie3 for i = 1, 2, 3 be the direction vectors for a second
set of non­coplanar pairwise distinct lines in R3. For vi and vi � to be
identically arranged we must find a linear map f such that f(vi) = v � for i =
1, 2, 3.

This is equivalent to i finding a matrix T such that T(aij ) = (aij � ). Since the
three lines are linearly independent we can invert the matrix of
coefficients. Thus, T = (a� ij )(aij )−1 and three such lines are identically
arranged. To consider the arrangements of four such lines we note that
direction vectors for three such lines span R3 and thus we express the
direction vector for the fourth line as a linear combination of the first
three. Namely, v4 = 1v� + b� 3v3 b1v1 + b2v2 + b3v3 and v4 � = b� 1
2v2 � + b� � . Further, T(v4) = b1T(v1) + b2T(v2)+b3T(v3). Hence, if we
add a scaling factor to the first three direction vectors T(vi) = b b i � i vi �
for i = 1, 2, 3 it follows that T(v4) = v� and thus all 4 quadruples of such
lines are identically arranged.

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