CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE

Introduces two passive, energy storing devices: Capacitors and Inductors

LEARNING GOALS

CAPACITORS
Store energy in their electric field (electrostatic energy)
Model as circuit element

INDUCTORS
Store energy in their magnetic field
Model as circuit element

CAPACITOR AND INDUCTOR COMBINATIONS

Series/parallel combinations of elements

RC OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Integration and differentiation circuits
 First of the energy storage devices to be discussed
CAPACITORS
Typical Capacitors

Basic parallel-plates capacitor

CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION
NOTICE USE OF PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
 A
C
d

 Dielectric constant of material in gap

PLATE SIZE FOR EQUIVALENT AIR-GAP CAPACITOR WITH THICKNESS

OF SHEET OF OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER

8.85 10 12 A

100 F  4
 A  1.148  109 m 2
1.016  10

Normal values of capacitance are small.

Microfarads is common.
For integrated circuits, nano or pico farads
are not unusual.
Basic capacitance law

Q  f (VC )
Linear capacitors obey Coulomb’s law

Q  CVC
C is called the CAPACITANCE of the device and
has units of
charge
voltage Linear capacitor circuit representation

One Farad(F)is the capacitance of a device that can

store one Coulomb of charge at one Volt.
Coulomb
Farad 
Volt
EXAMPLE Determine the voltage across a 2uF capacitor
holding 10mC of charge.

1 1 3
VC  Q 6
10 * 10  5000 V
C 2 *10
Capacitance in Farads, charge in Coulombs,
result in voltage in Volts. Capacitors can be dangerous!!!
Capacitors only store and release
ELECTROSTATIC energy. They do not “create.” LEARNING BY DOING

The capacitor is a passive element

and follows the passive sign convention.

Linear capacitor circuit representation

dv
i (t )  C (t )
dt
 Capacitance Law
QC  CVC
If the voltage varies, the charge varies and there
is a displacement current.

One can also express the voltage across

in terms of the current … Or one can express the current
t through in terms of the voltage across
1 1
VC (t )  Q   iC ( x)dx
C C  dQ dV
iC  C C
dt dt
Integral form of Capacitance law
Differential form of Capacitance law
The mathematical
implication of the integral Implications of differential form??
form is ...
VC  Const  iC  0
VC (t )  VC (t  ); t
DC or steady state behavior

Voltage across a capacitor A capacitor in steady state acts as an

MUST be continuous. OPEN CIRCUIT.
CAPACITOR AS CIRCUIT ELEMENT LEARNING EXAMPLE

iC

C  5 F
vC DETERMINE THE CURRENT

 i (t )  C
dv
(t )
dvc 1 dt
iC (t )  C (t ) iR  v R
dt R  60mA
t
1
vC (t )   iC ( x)dx vR  RiR
C  24 V 
t t0 t
Ohm’s Law i  5  106 [ F ]  3  
 20mA
6  10  s 
    i (t )  0 elsewhere
  t0 vc ( tO )
t
1 0 1 t
vC (t )   iC ( x )dx   iC ( x )dx
C  C t0
t
1
vC (t )  vC (t0 )   iC ( x)dx
C t0
The fact that the voltage is defined through
an integral has important implications...
 CAPACITOR AS ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE
Instantaneous power

pC (t )  vC (t )iC (t ) W
iC 
vC dvc 1
t
qC (t )
iC (t )  C
dt
(t ) vC (t ) 
C  iC ( x)dx  C
 

dvc 1 dqC
pC (t )  CvC (t ) pC (t )  qC (t ) (t )
dt C dt
d 1  1 d 1 2 
pC (t )  C  vC2 (t )  pC (t )   qc (t ) 
dt  2  C dt  2 
Energy is the integral of power t2
wC (t 2 , t1 )   pC ( x )dx
t1

If t1 is minus infinity, we talk about If both limits are infinity, then we talk
“energy stored at time t2.” about the “total energy stored.”
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
wC (t 2 , t1 )  CvC (t 2 )  CvC (t1 ) wC (t 2 , t1 )  qC (t 2 )  qC (t1 )
2 2 C C
 Energy stored in 0 - 6 msec

C  5F 1 2 1 2
wC (0,6)  CvC (6)  CvC (0)
2 2
1
wC (0,6)  5 *106 [ F ] * (24) 2 [V 2 ]
2
Charge stored at 3msec

qC (3)  CvC (3)

qC (3)  5 *106 [ F ] *12[V ]  60C
LEARNING EXAMPLE

“total energy stored?” ....

“total charge stored?” ...

If charge is in Coulombs
and capacitance in Farads,
then the energy is in ….
C  4  F . FIND THE VOLTAGE

v ( 0)  0

1t
v (t )  v (0)   i ( x )dx; t  0
C0

0t 2
1t
v (t )  v (2)   i ( x )dx; t  2
C2

2  t  4ms
3
v (t )  2t  8  10 [V ]
 C  4  F . FIND THE POWER

i (t )  8  103 t p(t )  8t 3 , 0  t  2ms

v ( 0)  0

2  t  4ms
p(t )  0, elsewhere
FIND THE ENERGY

p(t )  8t 3 , 0  t  2ms

2  t  4ms

p(t )  0, elsewhere
LEARNING EXTENSION
C  2 F dv
i (t )  C (t )
DETERMINE THE CURRENT dt

 12 V 
i  2  106 F 
4  10 3  s 

12 V 
i  2 10 6 F   s 
2 10 3
SAMPLE PROBLEM

v (t ) C  2 F

WHAT VARIABLES CAN BE
v ( t )  130 sin (120 t ) COMPUTED?

1 2 1  
Energy stored at a given time t E (t )  CvC (t ) E (1 / 240)  2 *10 6 [ F ] *130 2 sin 2   J
2 2 2

Charge stored at a given time qC (t )  CvC (t ) qC (1 / 120)  2 *106 [C ] * sin( )[V ]  0 C

dvC
(t ) iC (1 / 120)  2 *10 *130 *120 cos( )
6
Current through the capacitor iC  C A
dt

Electric power supplied to capacitor at a given time pC (t )  vC (t )iC (t ) W

1 1
Energy stored over a given time interval w (t 2 , t1 )  CvC2 (t 2 )  CvC2 (t1 ) J
2 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

iC If the current is known ...


Current through capacitor
C vC
e 0.5t ; t  0
 iC (t )   [mA]
 0; t  0
C  2 F
t
1
Voltage at a given time t vC (t )   iC ( x)dx vC (0)  0[V ]
C  1
t

Voltage at a given time t when voltage at time to<t is also known vC (t )  vC (t0 )   iC ( x)dx
C t0
2 2
1 1  1 0.5 x  1 1
vC (2)  vC (0)   e 0.5 x dx  
 0.5 e 
 2 *10 0.5
 6

1  e 1
  0. 6321 * 10 6
V
C0 2 *10 6  0
Charge at a given time qC (t )  CvC (t ) qC (2)  2 * 0.6321 C
t
1
t
1 0.5 x
Voltage as a function of time vC (t ) 
C  C
i ( x ) dx vC (t )  0; t  0 vC (t )  vC ( 0 )  
C0
e dx

Electric power supplied to capacitor pC (t )  vC (t )iC (t ) W 106 (1  e 0.5t ); t  0

vC (t )   V
1  0; t  0
Energy stored in capacitor at a given time w ( t )  CvC2 ( t ) J
2
1 1
“Total” energy stored in the capacitor wT  CvC2 ()
2 wT  2 *106 * (106 ) 2  106 J
2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM Given current and capacitance
Compute voltage as a function of time

At minus infinity everything is zero. Since

current is zero for t<0 we have
VC (t )  0; t  0
15 A 10 6 A
0  t  5m sec  iC (t )  t  3 3 t  3 *10 3 [ A / s] t
5 ms 10 s
t
5 10 3 *103 3 *103 2
6 
t (m sec) VC (0)  0  VC (t )  xdx [V ]  t [V ]; 0  t  5 *10 3 [ s ]
4 *10 0 8
3 3 2
In particular V (5ms)  3 *10 * (5 *10 ) [V ]  75 [ mV ]
C
8 8
Charge stored at 5ms
5  t  10 ms  iC (t )  10 [ A]
qC (t )  CVC (t ) 75
3 VC (5ms )  [mV ]
75 *10 8
q(5ms )  4 *10 6 [ F ] * [V ]
8 75 *103 1
t

 (10 *10
6
 VC (t )   )[ A / s ]dx
q(5ms )  (75 / 2) [nC ] 8 4 *106 5*10 3

75 *103 10
Total energy stored
VC ( t ) 
8

4
 
t  5 *103 [V ]; 5 *103  t  10 *103 [ s ]
1
E CVC2
2 Before looking into a formal way to describe the current,
we will look at additional questions that can be answered.
Total means at infinity. Hence
2
Now, for a formal way to represent piecewise functions....
 6  25 *10 
3
ET  0.5 * 4 *10   [ J ]
 8 
 Formal description of a piecewise analytical signal
 0; t0
 3 2
 t ; 0  t  5ms
 8
Vc (t )   75 10 [mV ]
 
 8  4 t 5 ; 5  t  10 [ms ]
 25
  ; t  10[ms ]
 8
 INDUCTORS NOTICE USE OF
PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

A TIME VARYING FLUX

CREATES A COUNTER EMF
Flux lines may extend AND CAUSES A VOLTAGE TO
beyond inductor creating APPEAR AT THE TERMINALS Circuit representation
stray inductance effects. OF THE DEVICE. for an inductor.
 A TIME VARYING MAGNETIC FLUX LEARNING by Doing
INDUCES A VOLTAGE

d
vL  Induction law
dt
FOR A LINEAR INDUCTOR THE FLUX IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT

  LiL  di DIFFERENTIAL FORM

vL  L L OF INDUCTION LAW
dt
THE PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT, L, IS
CALLED THE INDUCTANCE OF THE COMPONENT

INDUCTANCE IS MEASURED IN UNITS OF

henry (H). DIMENSIONALLY
Volt
HENRY 
Amp
sec
INDUCTORS STORE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY.
THEY MAY SUPPLY STORED ENERGY BACK TO
THE CIRCUIT BUT THEY CANNOT CREATE ENERGY.
THEY MUST ABIDE BY THE PASSIVE SIGN
CONVENTION.

Follow passive sign convention

 di Differential form of induction law
vL  L L
dt
t Integral form of induction law
1
iL (t )   vL ( x)dx
L 
t
1
iL (t )  iL (t0 )   vL ( x)dx; t  t0
L t0
A direct consequence of integral form iL (t )  iL (t  ); t Current MUST be continuous

A direct consequence of differential form iL  Const.  vL  0 DC (steady state) behavior

Power and Energy stored

diL d 1 
p L (t )  vL (t )iL (t ) W p L (t )  L (t )iL (t )   LiL2 (t ) 
dt dt  2 
t2
d 1 2  Current in Amps, Inductance in Henrys
w L (t 2 , t1 )    Li L ( x ) dx J yield energy in Joules
t1 dt  2 
1 1 Energy stored on the interval
w (t 2 , t1 )  Li L2 (t 2 )  Li L2 (t1 ) Can be positive or negative
2 2
1 “Energy stored at time t” must be non-negative. Passive
w L ( t )  Li L2 (t ) element!!!
2
 LEARNING EXAMPLE FIND THE TOTLA ENERGY STORED IN THE CIRCUIT

In steady state inductors act as short

circuits and capacitors act as open
circuits

1 1 2
WC  CVC WL  LI L
2

2 2
V A VA  9
@ A : 3 A   0
9 6
81
 VA  [V ]
5

6
I L1  3 A  I L 2  I L1  1.2 A V  V  10.8V
C2
6 3 A
VA
VC 1  9  6 I L1  VC 1  16.2V I L 2   1.8 A
9
LEARNING EXAMPLE L=10mH. FIND THE VOLTAGE

di
v (t )  L (t )
dt

20  103 A  A  A
m  10 m  10  
2  103 s  s  s di 
(t )  10( A / s ) 3
THE DERIVATIVE OF A STRAIGHT LINE IS ITS dt   v (t )  100  10 V  100mV
SLOPE. L  10  103 H 
 10( A / s ) 0  t  2ms
di 
  10( A / s ) 2  t  4ms
dt 
 0 elsewhere

ENERGY STORED BETWEEN 2 AND 4 ms

1 2 1 2
w (4,2)  Li L (4)  Li L (2)
2 2
w (4,2)  0  0.5 *10 *103 (20 *103 ) 2 J
THE VALUE IS NEGATIVE BECAUSE
THE INDUCTOR IS SUPPLYING
ENERGY PREVIOUSLY STORED.
SAMPLE PROBLEM L=0.1H, i(0)=2A. Find i(t), t>0
ENERGY COMPUTATIONS
v (V ) 1 1
w (t 2 , t1 )  Li L2 (t 2 )  Li L2 (t1 )
2 2
2
Energy stored on the interval
1t Can be positive or negative
i (t )  i (0)   v ( x )dx
L0
Initial energy stored in inductor
2 t (s) w (0)  0.5 * 0.1[ H ](2 A) 2  0.2[ J ]
t
v ( x )  2   v ( x )dx  2t ; 0  t  2 “Total energy stored in the inductor”
0
L  0.1H  i (t )  2  20t ; 0  t  2 s w ()  0.5 * 0.1[ H ] * (42 A) 2  88.2 J
v ( x )  0; t  2  i (t )  i (2); t  2 s
Energy stored between 0 and 2 sec

i (A) 1 2 1 2
w ( 2,0)  Li L ( 2)  Li L (0)
42 2 2
w ( 2,0)  0.5 * 0.1* (42) 2  0.5 * 0.1* (2) 2

2 w( 2,0)  88[ J ]
2 t (s)
LEARNING EXAMPLE

FIND THE VOLTAGE ACROSS AND THE ENERGY

STORED (AS FUNCTION OF TIME).

v (t )

FOR ENERGY STORED IN THE INDUCTOR

w L (t )

NOTICE THAT ENERGY STORED AT

ANY GIVEN TIME IS NON NEGATIVE.
-THIS IS A PASSIVE ELEMENT-
 LEARNING EXAMPLE FIND THE CURRENT

i (t )

i (t )
L=200mH

1t
i (t )  i (0)   v ( x )dx; t  0
L0
v (t )  0; t  0  i (0)  0
 L=200mH FIND THE POWER
NOTICE HOW POWER CHANGES
SIGN.

i (t )

POWER

FIND THE ENERGY

p(t ) ENERGY IS NEVER NEGATIVE.
THE DEVICE IS PASSIVE.

ENERGY

w (t )
LEARNING EXTENSION L=5mH
FIND THE VOLTAGE

di
v (t )  L (t )
20mA 10  20 dt
m m ( A / s)
1ms 2 1
v  50mV
0  10
m ( A / s)
m0 43
v  0V v  50mV

v  5  103 ( H )  20( A / s ); 0  t  1ms  100mV

CAPACITOR SPECIFICATIONS

CAPACITANCE RANGE p F  C  50mF Nominal current

IN STANDARD VALUES 300nA (3)  3 V 
100  109 F  600nA
STANDARD CAPACITOR RATINGS 3  2  s 
6.3V  500V
STANDARD TOLERANCE 300nA
 5%,  10%,  20%

LEARNING EXAMPLE

dv
i (t )  C (t )
dt

C  100nF  20%

GIVEN THE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS IN
CURRENT
INDUCTOR SPECIFICATIONS
CURRENT WAVEFORM
INDUCTANCE RANGES  1nH  L  100mH
IN STANDARD VALUES
STANDARD INDUCTOR RATINGS
 mA   1A
STANDARD TOLERANCE
 5%,  10%

LEARNING EXAMPLE
6 200  103  A 
v  100  10 H 
20  106  S 
di
v (t )  L (t )
dt

L  100 H  10%

GIVEN THE CURRENT WAVEFORM

DETERMINE THE VARIATIONS IN
VOLTAGE
CL
vi
i v
IDEAL AND PRACTICAL ELEMENTS

 i (t )
i (t )
i (t ) i (t )


 
v (t ) v (t ) v (t ) v (t )
 

IDEAL ELEMENTS
CAPACITOR/INDUCTOR MODELS
INCLUDING LEAKAGE RESISTANCE

dv di v (t ) dv di
i (t )  C (t ) v (t )  L (t ) i (t )   C (t ) v (t )  Rleak i ( t )  L (t )
dt dt Rleak dt dt
MODEL FOR “LEAKY” MODEL FOR “LEAKY”
CAPACITOR INDUCTORS
SERIES CAPACITORS

C1C2
Cs 
C1  C2
Series Combination of two
capacitors

6F 3F CS 
2 F

NOTICE SIMILARITY
WITH RESITORS IN
PARALLEL
LEARNING EXAMPLE

DETERMINE EQUIVALENT 1 F
CAPACITANCE AND THE
INITIAL VOLTAGE

2 F

3  2 1

6
OR WE CAN REDUCE TWO AT A TIME

 2V  4V  1V

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF INITIAL VOLTAGES

POLARITY IS DICTATED BY THE REFERENCE

DIRECTION FOR THE VOLTAGE
LEARNING EXAMPLE Two uncharged capacitors are connected as shown.
Find the unknown capacitance

FIND C1
 
8V 30  F 18V
+ 
-

12V 
4V C


SAME CURRENT. CONNECTED FOR THE SAME TIME PERIOD

SAME CHARGE ON BOTH CAPACITORS

Q  (30  F )(8V )  240C Q  CV  Q  (12F )(6V )  72C

72C
C1   4 F
18V
PARALLEL CAPACITORS

dv
ik ( t )  C k (t )
dt

i (t )
LEARNING EXAMPLE

CP  4  6  2  3  15 F
LEARNING EXTENSION
6 F

2 F 4 F

3 F

C eq  4 F
3
C eq   F 3 F
2
12  F
SAMPLE PROBLEM FIND EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE

ALL CAPACITORS ARE 4 F

8 F

8 F

4 F
32
F 8 F
C eq 12
8
8
32 8 F
3 3
SAMPLE PROBLEM

IF ALL CAPACITORS HAVE THE SAME CAPACITANCE VALUE C,

DETERMINE THE VARIOUS EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCES
Examples of interconnections

All capacitors are equal

with C=8 microFarads

C EQ

C AB  ______
SERIES INDUCTORS

di
v (t )  LS (t )
dt
di
vk (t )  Lk (t ) LEARNING EXAMPLE
dt

Leq  7H
PARALLEL INDUCTORS

i (t )

LEARNING EXAMPLE

N 4mH 2mH
i (t0 )   i j (t0 ) i (t 0 )  3 A  6 A  2 A  1A
j 1
INDUCTORS COMBINE LIKE RESISTORS
CAPACITORS COMBINE LIKE CONDUCTANCES
LEARNING EXTENSION

a ALL INDUCTORS ARE 4mH

CONNECT COMPONENTS BETWEEN NODES

d 6mH
a 4mH
2mH
WHEN IN
c 4mH
DOUBT…
REDRAW!
Leq d c
2mH
2mH 2mH
b
IDENTIFY ALL NODES
PLACE NODES IN CHOSEN LOCATIONS b
a Leq  (6mH || 4mH )  2mH  4.4mH

c
d

b
LEARNING EXTENSION

ALL INDUCTORS ARE 6mH

a a

6 || 6 || 6 2mH
Leq b
6mH
b
6mH

6mH c
c
48 24
NODES CAN HAVE COMPLICATED SHAPES. Leq  6  (6  2) || 6  6   6 mH
KEEP IN MIND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 14 7
PHYSICAL LAYOUT AND ELECTRICAL
CONNECTIONS. 66
Leq  mH
a 7

b SELECTED LAYOUT

c
L-C
 RC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

INTRODUCES TWO VERY IMPORTANT PRACTICAL CIRCUITS

BASED ON OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

THE IDEAL OP-AMP

IDEAL  RO  0, Ri  , A  
RO  0  vO  A(v  v )
Ri   

A
 RC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS -THE INTEGRATOR

v  0

IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTIONS

v _  v ( A  )
i _  0 ( Ri  )
 RC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS - THE DIFFERENTIATOR

i2

R1
i1

KVL

v  0
KCL@ v : i1  i2  i vo
replace i1 in terms of v o ( i1   )
IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTIONS R2
v _  v  ( A  ) v dvo dv
i1  O  0 R1C1  vo   R2C1 1 (t )
R2 dt dt
i _  0 ( Ri  ) IF R1 COULD BE SET TO ZERO WE WOULD HAVE
t
1 AN IDEAL DIFFERENTIATOR.

C1 
v1 (t )  R1i1  i1 ( x )dx DIFFERENTIATE IN PRACTICE AN IDEAL DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIES
ELECTRIC NOISE AND DOES NOT OPERATE.
di dv THE RESISTOR INTRODUCES A FILTERING
R1C1 1  i1  C1 1 (t ) ACTION. ITS VALUE IS KEPT AS SMALL AS
dt dt POSSIBLE TO APPROXIMATE A DIFFERENTIATOR.
 ABOUT ELECTRIC NOISE

ALL ELECTRICAL SIGNALS ARE CORRUPTED

BY
EXTERNAL, UNCONTROLLABLE AND OFTEN
UNMEASURABLE, SIGNALS. THESE UNDESIRED
SIGNALS ARE REFERRED TO AS NOISE.

SIMPLE MODEL FOR A NOISY 60Hz SINUSOID

CORRUPTED WITH ONE MICROVOLT OF 1GHz
INTERFERENCE.
noise amplitude
6 9
y (t )  sin(120 t )  10 sin(2  10  t )  106
signal amplitude
signal noise

THE DERIVATIVE

dy noise amplitude 2000

9
(t )  120 cos(120 )  2000 cos(2  10  t )   16.67
dt signal amplitude 120
signal noise
 LEARNING EXTENSION

INPUT TO IDEAL DIFFERENTIATOR WITH R2  1k, C1  2  F

IDEAL DIFFERENTI ATOR

dv
vo   R2C1 1 (t )
10 V dt
m
5  103 s DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
V V V s
  
A Q Q
s
Q
F    F  s
V
R2C1  1 103   2  106 F  2  103 s
LEARNING EXTENSION INPUT TO AN INTEGRATOR WITH R1  5k, C 2  0.2  F
CAPACITOR IS INITIALLY DISCHARGED
INTEGRATOR
R1C 2  103 s 1 t
vo ( t )  vo (0)  
R1C 2 0
vi ( x )dx

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
V V V s
  
A Q Q
s
Q
F    F  s
t
V
0  t  0.1s : v1 (t )  20  103  yo (t )   v1 ( x )dx  20  10 t V  s   y (0.1)  2  10 V  s 
3 3

0
t
0.1  t  0.2 s : v1 (t )  20  103  y (t )  y (0.1)  v ( x )dx  2  103  20  103 (t  0.1)V  s 
o o 1
0.1

1
vo (t )  yo ( t )
R1C 2
APPLICATION EXAMPLE CROSS-TALK IN INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Simplified Model
REDUCE CROSSTALK BY
• Reducing C12
• Increasing C2

COST?
EXTRA SPACE BY
GROUND WIRE

USING GROUND WIRE

TO REDUCE SMALLER
CROSSTALK
LEARNING EXAMPLE SIMPLE CIRCUIT MODEL FOR DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY CELL (DRAM)

REPRESENTS CHARGE LEAKAGE

FROM CELL CAPACITOR
NOTICE THE VALUES OF THE
CAPACITANCES
Vcell  1.5V FOR CORRECT STORAGE
OF A LOGIC ONE
1t
vC  vC (0)   iC ( x )dx
C0
I leak I
Vcell  3  t  1.5  leak t  1.5V
C cell C cell
1.5(V )  50  1015 ( F ) 3
tH  12
 1. 5  10 s
50  10 A
THE CELL MUST BE “REFRESHED ” AT
A FREQUENCY HIGHER THAN 1 / t H

THE ANALYSIS OF THE READ OPERATION

GIVES FURTHER INSIGHT ON THE
CELL AT THE BEGINNING OF A MEMORY
REQUIREMENTS.
READ OPERATION
SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUIT
CELL READ OPERATION IF SWITCH IS CLOSED BOTH CAPACITORS
MUST HAVE THE SAME VOLTAGE.

ASSUMING NO LOSS OF CHARGE, THEN

THE CHARGE BEFORE CLOSING MUST BE
EQUAL TO CHARGE AFTER CLOSING.

Qbefore  1.5V  450  1015 F  3V  50  1015 F

Qafter  Vafter  (500  1015 F )
Vafter  1.65V

Even at full charge the voltage variation is small.

SENSOR amplifiers are required.

After a READ operation the cell must be refreshed.

LEARNING EXAMPLE
FLIP CHIP MOUNTING

IC WITH WIREBONDS TO THE OUTSIDE

GOAL: REDUCE INDUCTANCE IN

THE WIRING AND REDUCE THE
“GROUND BOUNCE” EFFECT. A SIMPLE MODEL CAN BE USED TO
DESCRIBE GROUND BOUNCE.
MODELING THE GROUND BOUNCE EFFECT

diG
VGB (t )  Lball (t )
dt

40  103 A
m
Lball  0.1nH 40  109 s

IF ALL GATES IN A CHIP ARE CONNECTED TO A SINGLE GROUND, THE CURRENT

CAN BE QUITE HIGH AND THE BOUNCE MAY BECOME UNACCEPTABLE.

USE SEVERAL GROUND CONNECTIONS (BALLS) AND ALLOCATE A FRACTION OF

THE GATES TO EACH BALL.
LEARNING BY DESIGN POWER OUTAGE “RIDE THROUGH” CIRCUIT
CAPACITOR MUST MAINTAIN AT LEAST 2.4V FOR
AT LEAST 1SEC.


v

DESIGN EQUATION

http://www.wiley.com/college/irwin/0470128690/animations/swf/6-21.swf
DESIGN EXAMPLE DESIGN AN OP-AMP CIRCUIT TO REALIZE THE EQUATION
t
vO  5 0 v1 ( )d  2v2
Proposed solution
Needs integrator And adder
adder

integrator

Design equations Two equations in five unknowns!!

Not too large. Not too small

Seems a reasonable value  R3  10k 
 R2  20k 
ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUTION
If supply voltages are 10V (or less) all currents will be less than 1mA, which seems
reasonable.