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org
Seminar
On
Parasitic Computing
Submitted To: Submitted By:
www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org
Content
• INTRODUCTION
• HOW TO TRICK OTHER PEOPLE’S COMPUTERS TO
SOLVE A MATH PROBLEM?
• IMPLEMENTATION USING TCP
• TCP CHECKSUM
• COMPUTING WITH TCP
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
• The net is a fertile place where new ideas/products surface
quite often.
• We have already come across many innovative ideas such as
Peer-to-Peer file sharing, distributed computing etc.
• Parasitic computing is a new in this category.
HOW TO TRICK OTHER PEOPLE’S COMPUTERS TO
SOLVE A MATH PROBLEM?
IMPLEMENTATION USING TCP
• Sending a message over an internet is a very sophisticated
process as the message is processed across many layers from
HTTP then to TCP then to IP layer, going through data link
layer finally to the physical layer and in the same manner the
message is constructed back at the destination.
• To implement this concept of parasitic computing we can
choose to exploit processing theoretically any of these layers
but below TCP layer it is not very beneficial.
IMPLEMENTATION USING TCP…
• till now there has been only one implementation, which has exploited this concept of parasitic
computing. Idea is to use some feature of the protocol in such a manner that remote machines
respond to the request unknowingly that they are involved in solving a complex problem and
they believe that they are responding to a simple application request over TCP connection.
• The main target problems for such distributed environments are NP-complete problems i.e.
non-deterministic polynomial problems. These problems are such that their steps cannot be
expressed in terms of polynomial time and therefore to know the right solutions one has to
evaluate many possible alternatives. The property, which can be exploited here, is that all the
alternative solutions can be evaluated in parallel and therefore different machines across the
Internet can be used simultaneously for evaluation thousands of possible candidate solutions
for any such problem. Like in this case the protocol, which is being used for this purpose, is
TCP. To understand the
• implementation one first needs to have a brief idea of TCP checksum.
TCP CHECKSUM
• The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's
complement sum of all 16-bit words in the header and text.
• If a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets
to be check summed, the last octet is padded on the right with
zeros to form a 16-bit word for checksum purposes.
• The pad is not transmitted as part of the segment. While
computing the checksum, the checksum field itself is replaced
with zeros.
• information is carried in the Internet Protocol and is
transferred across the TCP/Network interface in the arguments
or results of calls by the TCP on the IP.
TCP CHECKSUM…
Result of Parasitic computing :
• 1. False positive {error-message}
• 2. False negative {drops message}
ADVANTAGES
• Server side parasitic computation determines the fake clients.
(i.e. – clients with similar IP address requesting the server)
• At schools ,colleges and workplaces admin monitoring is
achieved.
• Computational capacity of Remote computer is analysed.
DISADVANTAGES
• Trust Relationship is breaked.
• Denial of service attack without breaking security law.
• Remote target computer’s ability to communicate with rest of
the internet is eliminated.
CONCLUSION
• TCP layer can be exploited and also cannot guarantee
correctness of result due to False-positive and False-negative.
• At present , parasitic computing may be slow technique to
solve, but it could be used to load heavy request on server and
get the solution for its problem.
REFERENCES
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.studymafia.org
Thanks
