Basic Knowledge of Wireless

Networks

Department: Wireless Network Planning Dept

Date: 2020-05-30

Security Level:
目录

 Wireless Development History

 Basics of Mobile Communication
 Key Technologies of Each RAT
 Wireless Development History
——Ten Years of Generations, 5G Will Start a New Era of Mobile Communications

1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Voice SMS Intern Video Intelligent Era of

et Internet of
access Everything

3
 1G: Analog Era

The first-generation mobile communication system adopts the

analog modulation technology and FDMA access mode. The

transmission rate is about 2.4 kbit/s. The system has many

disadvantages, such as large device size, high cost, low spectrum

utilization, poor confidentiality, and low-speed voice service.

Typical communication systems include: Power

e
• America: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) enc
Tim
r equ
e f
• United Kingdom: Total Access Communication System
FDMA
• Nordic: Nordic Mobile Telephone Standards
4
 2G: Digital Era
The 2G network uses the digital voice transmission technology as the core. There are two
types of 2G technologies. One is GSM developed based on TDMA, and the other is CDMA.
In this case, the narrowband CDMA is used, and the protocol is IS95.

Voice
Power Time
consu
mption

Power SMS

Time nce
frequence freque webpages

GSM CDMA
Key technologies: frequency hopping Key technologies: interference
and frequency division multiplexing control and power control
5
 3G: Multimedia Era
 The third-generation mobile communication system is a broadband digital communication system. Its design
goal is to achieve 144 Kbps vehicle-mounted communication rate, 384 Kbps walking communication rate, and 2
Mbps indoor communication rate. In terms of service, the mobile multimedia service is attached more importance
to, and can provide various types of high-quality multimedia services. The voice service accounts for a smaller and
smaller proportion.
 At present, the third-generation mobile communication system standards that have the widest influence in the
world are WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA.
 Key 3G technologies: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), frequency hopping (FH), spread spectrum, soft
handover, smart antenna, and joint detection

Heidi Rama.
Mother of CDMA

SD video Richer Internet access functions

6
 4G: High-Speed era
The 4G network can be called broadband access and distributed network. It has asymmetric data
transmission capability of more than 2 Mbit/s. The 4th generation mobile communication can
provide wireless services in different fixed, wireless platforms and networks spanning different
frequency bands, and can access the Internet (including satellite communication and stratospheric
communication) with broadband anywhere at a speed of 100 Mbps.

Two mainstream 4G standards: FDD-LTE and TDD-LTE

4G key technologies: OFDM, smart antenna, MIMO, and high-performance receiver

HD video Mobile Video Phone

7
 5G Service Application Scenarios

5G: Internet of Everything

Comprehensive network capability
Diversified application experience
improvement

Peak Rate UE-perceived rate

DL: 20 Gbit/s DL: 100Mbps eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
UL: 10 Gbit/s UL: 50Mbps
20 Gbit/s
Gbps
Spectral
Capacity density efficiency 5G NR 3D video, UHD screen
10Mbps/m2 3x 4G
Cloud-based office
Smart
home/building AR,VR
Energy Smart manufacturing
efficiency Mobility
(500km/h) Industry 4.0
100X(ITU)
Smart City IMT-2020
5G Service Model Autonomous
driving
Number of Latency
Connections Control plane: 10 ms
mMTC massive IoT uRLLC: Highly Reliable and
1 million terminals/km2 eMBB user plane: 4 ms
URLLC user plane: 0.5 ms 1 million connections per square Low-Latency Connection
kilometer 1 ms latency
8 Source: 3GPP TR 38.913
 Development History of Mobile Communication Technologies
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
1980s 1992-2000 2000-2009 2009-- Come on

100
Billion
GSM connection
WCDMA
AMPS
FDD-
CDMA IS95
LTE
10G
R15
TACS CDMA2000 Frozen
analogue
technology
needs begging drive kinked Mainly
TDMAIS-136 bps
NMT TDD- for
TD- LTE eMBB
SCDMA
Others PDC

1 ms
Latency

Voice Voice Data Broadband High-speed

service service service service broadband
service
9
目录

 Wireless Development History

 Basics of Mobile Communication
 Key Technologies of Each RAT
 Origin and Definition of Communication Development
 Communication as telecommunications began in the 1830s
with the physical discovery of the development. Wireless communication: A communication mode

Development of Physical that uses the propagation characteristics of

Discovery Communication
Technology electromagnetic wave signals in free space to
Faraday exchange information. The wireless communication
Morse invented the
electromagnetic
induction in 1831 telegraph in 1837. realized in mobile is called mobile communication,
and people call them wireless mobile
In 1873, Maxwell's In 1876, Bell invented the
electromagnetic field communication. Differentiate users
telephone
Provide more access services,
Coverage interference ,
In 1888, Hertz in 1895, Marconi User experience
discovered invented radio
electromagnetic waves

 The invention of radio ushered in a new era of

telecommunications.

11
 Radio Propagation
Which of the following are the major problems encountered during radio propagation?

Interference
0 dB
Fading -25dB

Transmit signal Co-channel interference RX signal Path Loss RX signal

Transmit signal
Adjacent-channel interference Slow fading loss
Spurious interference Fast fading loss

Latency Jitter

0 +
The arrival time of 023
+
Transmit signal signals from different RX signal The time difference between
Transmit signal RX signal
paths to the receiving signals changes.
point is different.

Doppler effect

The wavelength varies because of the relative motion of the wave source and the observer.
12
 RSRP and SINR
RSRP is a key parameter that can represent radio signal strength on a network and is one of measurement requirements at
the physical layer. The RSRP is an average value of signal power received on all REs that carry reference signals in a
symbol.

SINR refers to the ratio of the strength of the received useful signals to the strength of the received interference signals
(noise and interference). The SNR reflects the impact of terrain and landform on cell coverage and the interference of other
cells on the serving cell. The SNR varies greatly with the traffic channel load of surrounding cells.

According to the test requirements of China Mobile, the value ranges of the LTE KPIs RSRP and SINR are as follows:
•Excellent: RSRP > –85 dBm; SINR>25

•Advantages: RSRP ranges from –85 dBm to –95 dBm. SINR:16-25

•Medium distance from the cell center: RSRP = –95 dBm to –105 dBm; SINR:11-15

•Poor: RSRP = –105 dBm to –115 dBm; SINR:3-10

•Very poor: RSRP < –115 dB; SINR<3

13
 Cell, sector, and carrier
Carrier
Cell and related resource diagrams Sector equipment combination
A carrier is a radio signal that is transmitted by the
main equipment of a base station and has a specific Sector 1 Antenna

Sector 2
frequency, bandwidth, and standard. The carrier is Sector 0
Sector Cell
used to carry the main body of information.
Carrier 4T4R
frequency 1 Antenna

Sector Carrier
frequency 2

A sector is a radio coverage area that covers a certain Cell Sector Cell

geographical area. 2T2R Antenna

Sector
Equipment
Sector 1 Cell 1

Cell
2T2R Antenna
A cell is an area that provides wireless communication
Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2
services for users. Sector 2 Cell 2

Antenna 1
RF RF RF
module module Cell 1
module

Relationship between sectors and carriers:

Sector 1

Each sector uses one or more carriers to implement

Antenna 2
wireless coverage, and each carrier uses a carrier
Baseband equipment Cell 2
frequency. Sectors and carriers constitute the minimum Sector 2

service unit (cell) for UE access.

14
 Frequency and Frequency Band
 A carrier is a frequency.
 N frequencies form a frequency band.

• 2G: Each 0.2 MHz bandwidth corresponds to a frequency and a carrier.

• 3G: Each 5 MHz is a frequency and corresponds to a carrier.

• 4G: Each 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, or 20 MHz frequency corresponds to a carrier.

• 5G: sub-6 GHz bandwidth: 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 25 MHz, 30 MHz, 40 MHz, 50

MHz, 60 MHz, 80 MHz, 100 MHz;

• mmWave: 50 MHz, 100 MHz, 200 MHz, and 400 MHz.

15
 SXXX base station
S stands for sector. Generally, a base station has three sectors,
 S111: The base station has three sectors, and each sector has one carrier.
 S222: The BTS has three sectors, and each sector has two carriers.
 S3: The BTS has one sector, which has three carriers.
GSM: SX\X\X indicates three cells, each of which has X carriers and generally three RRUs.
Non-GSM mode: SX\X\X indicates three sectors. Each sector has X carriers, and each carrier corresponds to a cell.
Generally, three RRUs are required.

Generally, the total bandwidth of

carriers in each sector and the total
output power of each sector under a
site are limited.

16
 Mapping Between mTnR RRUs and Antennas

Antenna

4-port antenna 4-port antenna 2-port antenna 2-port antenna

4T4R 2T4R 2T2R 1T2R

TX/RX TX/RX RX RX
TX/RX TX/RX TX/RX RX
TX/RX TX/RX TX/RX TX/RX

RRU (PA)
Power Amplifier

PA (Power Amplifier, power amplifier) is an amplification circuit capable of outputting a high-power signal.

17
 360-degree panoramic site experience
Base Station Composition
Antenna
Converts high-frequency electromagnetic energy in a transmission line into a free-space
electromagnetic wave, or vice versa.

RF module RRU
• The RRU converts digital baseband signals into high-frequency (RF) signals and sends the
signals to the antenna for radiation.
• Traditional macro base stations use radio frequency units (RFUs) and are deployed
together with baseband processing units in the basic cabinet.
• Distributed base stations use remote radio units (RRUs) and are deployed near antennas.

Baseband processing unit BBU Auxiliary Equipment

The BBU processes and stores data. Its • Power module
Baseband and main components include the digital • Transmission equipment
power cabinet
signal processor (DSP), microcontroller, • Power backup module

and memory.
18
 Base Station Scenario

Antenna Antenna Antenna

TMA
TMA
Macro Site

BBU BBU

Macro+Antenna Macro+Antenna
(Built-in RFU +BBU) (Built-in RFU +BBU)

Centralized large-capacity Centralized large-capacity

Area Coverage Area Coverage

Large capacity Large capacity

Good scalability Good scalability

Large footprint and high rent; Large footprint and high rent;
Long distance between the Long distance between the
RFU and antenna; RFU and antenna;
Large feeder loss Large feeder loss
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目录

 Wireless Development
History
 Basics of Mobile
Communication
 Key Technologies of Each
RAT
 Overview of Multiple
Access Technology
 Multiple access technology enables many users to share a
common communication line without interfering with each
other.
FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms
Frequency

Power consumption Power consumption

Power consumption
e User 1
enc
Tim qu
User 2

e fre Tim e nc
e Time
freque
n ce Time
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
User 3
e qu
fre

Implements communication at different timeslots are used for Communication

Differentfrequencies. communication. with Different Code Sequences
Frequency band resources are shared th

Which of the following multiple access technologies

are used by GSM, WCDMA, LTE, and NR?
21
 GSM Cell and Frequency Reuse
4(Site)X 3(Cell) Frequency
Reuse
Omnidirectional cell 120-degree cell 5
1

1 3
7 9
2
6

120
Omni
degree 2 5 11 8 10

1 3
1
9 6
4
12 7
2 3
10 5 11
1
Example: 9
S444 has three sectors, and each sector has four carriers.

22
 OFDM Principles
LTE OFDM
CDMA multi-carrier
 Definition: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing spectrums do not
overlap, and a guard
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 Freq
(OFDM) divides a bandwidth into multiple orthogonal band must be reserved.

The spectrum of OFDM

subcarriers for parallel data transmission. The subcarriers overlaps,

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Freqand the spectrum
subcarrier bandwidth is small (15 kHz). utilization is high.

System Bandwidth
 Advantage: The spectrum allocation mode is flexible Sub-carriers

and can adapt to the bandwidth range of 1.4 MHz to 20

TTI: 1ms
MHz. OFDM subcarriers are orthogonally multiplexed, Frequency

and therefore no guard band is required, improving

User 1

spectral efficiency. OFDM can be easily combined with User 2

Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers

MIMO.
Multi-user distribution in the time-frequency domain (downlink)

23
 Disadvantage: High synchronization requirements in
 Differences Between FDD and TDD
1.TDD has higher requirements on time synchronization

FDD: Receives and transmits signals on than FDD.

TDD: Different timeslots of the same
two symmetric frequency channels, 2.TDD has a larger capacity, and FDD has a larger
frequency carrier are used to carry
and separates the receive and transmit coverage.
received and transmitted signals.
channels by using the guard band. 3.TDD use the same frequency band in the uplink and
downlink, reducing signaling overheads for channel
estimation. Therefore, 8T8R and beamforming technologies
can narrow the coverage gap between TDD and FDD.
4.Due to different uplink and downlink bandwidths, TDD is
more suitable for asymmetric services and FDD is more
suitable for symmetric services. There are seven subframe
configurations for TDD, but only one for FDD. Therefore,
TDD can maximize spectrum resource utilization. However,
TDD is prone to uplink limitation. Therefore, user
experience of TDD is inferior to that of FDD when the
bandwidth is the same.

24
 LTE CA

25
 LTE MIMO FDD Smart Massive MIMO Solution

26
 CloudAIR

27
 5G Spectrum Progress and Opportunities

5G Networking and Spectrum

28
 5G New Radio Protocol
The control plane protocol stack of 5G is the same as that of 4G. It implements functions such as air
interface signaling connection management, air interface security, bearer management, and mobility
management. The user plane protocol stack of 5G adds a new protocol SDAP to that of 4G, which
implements QoS mapping for differentiated service guarantee

29
 5G New Radio Key Technology: F-OFDM
Definition
Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (f-OFDM) is a In addition to the single 15 kHz SCS supported by LTE OFDM,
technology adopted in 5G to improve spectrum utilization. This NR f-OFDM supports scalable SCS. Greater SCS shortens
technology reduces guard bands within the channel bandwidth system delay and improves system robustness against
through an optimized filter design and can thus deliver better frequency offsets.
system performance than OFDM used in LTE.

30
 5G New Radio Key Technology: Slot Assignment
Uplink-downlink slot configuration Self-contained slot
Currently, Huawei supports slot configurations of 4:1 (DDDSU) and
The traditional TDD supports uplink transmission only in uplink slots
8:2 (DDDDDDDSUU). Each slot configuration defines a specific
and downlink transmission only in downlink slots. In comparison, the
assignment of uplink and downlink slots and can meet certain
self-contained slot is a new timeslot format that supports both uplink
service requirements.
and downlink transmission in one slot. Self-contained slot has two
structures: DL-dominant slot and UL-dominant slot. The former is
currently supported in Huawei solutions.

Each self-contained slot corresponds to 14 symbols

D: DL-only slot
U: UL-only slot
Example of slot configuration 8:2 (DDDDDDDSUU)
S: self-contained slot
x: configuration period
x1: number of DL-only slots
y1: number of UL-only slots
x2: number of DL symbols following DL-only slots
y2: number of UL symbols before UL-only slots
GP: number of GP symbols between UL and DL data transmission

31
 5G New Radio Key Technologies: Channel Coding and Modulation
Control channel coding - polar code Modulation
Polar code is used for NR in eMBB scenarios. Polar code 5G introduces higher-order modulation technologies based on 4G.
requires less SNR than its LTE counterpart convolutional code Higher-order modulation methods can map more bits to modulation
under the same conditions, while delivering 10%-30% higher symbols, improving the spectral efficiency of 5G networks.
transmission efficiency.

Mr. Ren gave an award to Professor

Arikan, who discovered the polar
code. Comparison Between 5G and 4G Modulation Modes
Data channel coding - LDPC code
LDPC code is used for NR in eMBB scenarios. LDPC code features
faster decoding speed than the Turbo code used in LTE in high-rate
UL
scenarios.

LDPC code DL
turbo code

Professor Robert Gallager

32
 UL and DL Decoupling: Enhances Uplink Coverage and Reduces UL and DL Decoupling
Network Construction Costs

C-Band: 3.3 GHz ~ 4.2 GHz

33
 Beam Management

34
 Wave Superposition and Cancellation, Basic Theory of
Multiple Antennas, Two Transmitters

35
 5G Massive MIMO Solution
Background and Definition of Massive MIMO Huawei Highlight Solution Collection
Gain
MIMO uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to obtain gains in four directions: array,
diversity, beamforming, and spatial multiplexing. This improves system performance and spectral
efficiency.
1.Large-scale antenna array for coherent merge

Signal from Signal from Multi-antenna signal:

antenna 1 antenna 64 higher SINR

white noise white noise white noise

Coverage
2.Uplink receive diversity, combining and
receiving the data that is repeatedly transmitted

Frequency Efficiency
3.Downlink beamforming, generating directional

Capacity
gains

Throughput
4.Spatial multiplexing: Multiple data streams are
multiplexed onto the same time-frequency resource

Data B Data B
Data A Data A

36
 Network Architecture Evolution

GSM UMTS LTE NR

MSC GGSN/SGSN MSC GGSN/SGSN EPC-GW/MME

Iu-CS Iu-PS
A Gb
S1-MME
S1-MME
BSC RNC RNC
BS Iur
Abis Iub
Iub
BTS BTS Node NodeB eNodeB eNode
B B
X2

Um
Uu
LTE-Uu

37
 Spectral Efficiency Improves with Technology Evolution.
4 3.7
3.5
3
2.5 2.4

bps/Hz 2 1.7
1.5 1.2
1
1
0.5 0.2
0
GSM UMTS HSPA+ LTE LTE-A LTE-B

2/3/4G Spectrum Efficiency Comparison

Spectrum efficiency gains of NR compared with LTE

　 FDD TDD

LTE protocol version R8 R10 R14 R9 R15

Number of TRXs 2TRX 4TRX 8TRX 32TRX 8TRX 32TRX 8TRX 64TRX 8TRX 64TRX

LTE MIMO
TM4 TM4 TM9 TM9 TM9 TM9 TM3/7/8 TM3/7/8 TM9 TM9
transmission mode
NR Gains Compared
10% 30% 53% 68% 48% 49% 35% 60% 25% 35%
with LTE

38
 Comparison of KPIs in different RATs
Type GSM UMTS LTE NR

Service Voice Low speed data High speed data eMBB/mMTC/uRLLC

Band 850/900/1800/1900 850/900/1900/2100/AWS 850/1800/2100/2600 Sub6G/mmWave

Channel Spacing 200KHz 5 MHz 1.4...20MHz 5...400MHz

Radio Transmission TDMA CDMA OFDMA OFDMA

Tx/Rx Mode 1T1R 1T2R 2T2R/4T4R 8T8R/32T32R/64T64R

Coverage Criteria Rx level RSCP/EcIo RSRP/SINR RSRP/SINR

Capacity Resource # of TRX # of Carriers # of RBs # of RBs

UE max Power 33dBm 24dBm 23dBm 23/26dBm

39
Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

Copyright©2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved.

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statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
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portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
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may change the information at any time without notice.