15CSE202 Object oriented Programming

15CSE202 Object Oriented Programming

Lecture 2

Object Oriented Concepts

Nalinadevi Kadiresan
CSE Dept.
Amrita School of Engg.
 15CSE202 Object oriented Programming 2

Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Abstraction - Modelling

Abstraction focuses upon the essential

characteristics of some object; relative
to the perspective of the viewer.

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Abstraction focuses upon the essential characteristics of some object;

relative
June to the perspective of the viewer.
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Problems with Procedural Languages

struct stack struct queue
{ int top; { int front;
char* store;} ; int rear;
char* store;} ;
push(); insert();

pop(); delete();

All functions are global!!

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Problems with Procedural Languages

struct horse struct eagle

{weight, color, { age, weight
Age;}; wingspan;} ;

gallop(); fly();

canter(); hunt();

All functions are global!!

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Better Abstraction using OO Language

class stack class queue
{ int front;
{ int top; int rear;
char* store; char* store;}
push(); insert();
pop(); }; delete(); };

Class = State+ Behaviour

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Better Abstraction using OO Languages

class Horse class Eagle

{int weight; { int age;
String color; int weight
int age; int wingspan;

gallop(); fly();
canter(); }; hunt(); };

Class = State+ Behaviour

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Class = State+ Behaviour

 State
data members
fields
properties

 Behaviour
member functions
methods
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Objects

An object has state, exhibits some well

defined behaviour, and has a unique
identity.

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An object has state, exhibits some well defined behaviour, and has a unique identity.

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Class

A class represents a set of objects

that share a common structure and
a common behaviour.

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A class represents a set of objects that share a common

structure and a common behaviour.
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Objects in Real World

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Objects in Real World

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Roadmap
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Problems with my Public Garden

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Solution 1: Build a high fence

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Write functions to Safeguard Data

0 ≤ x ≤ 100
Data Request to
Write
int x; change X
Function
Private!
Hidden !

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Write function Code

void modify_x(int newval)
{
If(newval>100 || newval <0)
{PRINT ERROR AND EXIT}
else
x = newval;
}
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Read Function Code

int read_x()
{
return x;
}

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Encapsulation
 FIRST LAW OF OOP: Data must be hidden,
i.e.,PRIVATE
 Read access through read functions
 Write access through write functions
 For every piece of data, 4 possibilities
>>read and write allowed
>>read only
>>write only
>>no access
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Encapsulation
Encapsulation hides the details
of the implementation of an
object.

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Encapsulation hides the details of the implementation of an

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object.
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Problem: Garden has only weeds

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Initialization of Objects

 Special Functions – CONSTRUCTORS

ensure correct initialization of all data,
automatically called at the time of object
creation.

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Resource Deallocation
 Special Functions – DESTRUCTORS
ensure correct initialization of all
resources before an object “dies”
(goes out of scope).

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Lifecycle of an Object
Born healthy
using constructors
 Lives Safely
using read/write functions
 Dies cleanly
using destructors

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Lifecycle of an Object
 Born healthy
using constructors BRAHMA
 Lives Safely
using read/write functions VISHNU

 Dies cleanly
using destructors MAHESHWARA

HOLY TRINITY of Object Oriented Programming

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Anatomy of a Class
PRIVATE PUBLIC

data Read/write Public

Functions interface of
the class

Constructors
Destructors

Private ADT Functions

Functions run, fly, pop

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Objects – public interface

Other objects can change the state of an object
by using only those methods that are exposed to
the outer world through a public interface. This
help in data security.

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Objects – Public Interface

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Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Code Reuse - Inheritance

 class Stack has functions pop and push
Can we add peek function without having the
source code with us?
 Extending the functionality of a class
OR
Specializing the functionality of a class
Stack

Stack 1
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Subclasses - Inheritance

A subclass may inherit the structure and

behaviour of its superclass.

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A subclass may inherit the structure and behavior of

its superclass.
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Inheritance

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Inheritance Trees
Animal

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Mammal Fish Reptile Birds

Apes Monkeys Ungulates

is-a
relationship
Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans

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Inheritance Trees

Employee

is-a
relationship
Manager

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Nomenclature
BEST
Not recommended

Superclass Parent class Base class

Subclass Child class Derived class

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Multiple Inheritance
Horse Eagle

Flying
Horse

One class having more than one base class

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Graph Structure of Multiple Inheritance

A
Graphs have more
B C complicated structure than
trees.

F E D More difficult to maintain

and fix bugs etc.

G Ambiguity in function calls.

H
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Inheritance Trees
Animal

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Mammal Fish Reptile Birds

Easier to maintain
and fix bugs
Apes Monkeys Ungulates
is-a
relationship
Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans
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Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance

Horse
Eagle
eat()
eat()

Flying Horse
eat()?

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Overridding

• Redefining a
inherited method

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Polymorphism

• Depends on the type of

object
• Eg. x.foo()

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Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Modularity
Modularity packages abstractions into discrete
units.

Classes
 Packages
 Domains

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Modularity packages abstractions into discrete

units.
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Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Strong Typing
Strong typing prevents mixing abstractions.

X=Y

is allowed only if X and Y are objects of the same

class.
Weak typing: Allow some violations (e.g., in C)
Untyped: Dynamic Typing (LISP, javascript, etc.)

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Strong typing prevents mixing abstractions.

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Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

June 2019 Nalinadevi Kadiresan

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Concurrency
Concurrency allows different objects to act at the
same time.

Java’s support of multithreading is a form of

concurrency.

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Concurrency allows different objects to act at the

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same time.
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Roadmap

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

June 2019 Nalinadevi Kadiresan

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Persistence
Persistence saves the state and class of an object
across time and space, i.e., storage on permanent
storage media.

Object Serialization is supported in Java.

Can also use mapping to RDBMS using some

Object/Relational Mapping Scheme.

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Persistence saves the state and class of an object across time

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Recap
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Modularity
 Strong Typing
 Concurrency
 Persistence

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Classification of programming languages according

to its support of Object-Orientation

object-oriented programming Dynamic

+ Typed +
procedural employ some no other Multiparadigm
and data- of the basic structure or •Javascript
oriented imperative paradigm •Python
• C++ structures •Smalltak •Ruby
•Ada 95 •Java
•C#
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Picture courtesy

CONCEPTS OF OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING
By Grady Booch
By Ravi P Reddy

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Next Session will be

Overview of Java

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