This document discusses plain and reinforced concrete. It provides information on:
1) Specified compressive strength of concrete (fc'), which is based on cylinder tests according to ASTM standards.
2) Testing procedures and acceptance criteria for concrete quality according to ACI code specifications.
3) Concrete mix design procedures to determine the required average strength (fcr') to ensure the specified strength (fc') is achieved.
4) Stress-strain behavior of concrete and calculation of modulus of elasticity.
5) Properties and stress-strain curves of reinforcing steel bars used in concrete.
This document discusses plain and reinforced concrete. It provides information on:
1) Specified compressive strength of concrete (fc'), which is based on cylinder tests according to ASTM standards.
2) Testing procedures and acceptance criteria for concrete quality according to ACI code specifications.
3) Concrete mix design procedures to determine the required average strength (fcr') to ensure the specified strength (fc') is achieved.
4) Stress-strain behavior of concrete and calculation of modulus of elasticity.
5) Properties and stress-strain curves of reinforcing steel bars used in concrete.
This document discusses plain and reinforced concrete. It provides information on:
1) Specified compressive strength of concrete (fc'), which is based on cylinder tests according to ASTM standards.
2) Testing procedures and acceptance criteria for concrete quality according to ACI code specifications.
3) Concrete mix design procedures to determine the required average strength (fcr') to ensure the specified strength (fc') is achieved.
4) Stress-strain behavior of concrete and calculation of modulus of elasticity.
5) Properties and stress-strain curves of reinforcing steel bars used in concrete.
This document discusses plain and reinforced concrete. It provides information on:
1) Specified compressive strength of concrete (fc'), which is based on cylinder tests according to ASTM standards.
2) Testing procedures and acceptance criteria for concrete quality according to ACI code specifications.
3) Concrete mix design procedures to determine the required average strength (fcr') to ensure the specified strength (fc') is achieved.
4) Stress-strain behavior of concrete and calculation of modulus of elasticity.
5) Properties and stress-strain curves of reinforcing steel bars used in concrete.
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PLAIN & REINFORCED CONCRETE-1
CE-313
Lecture # 3 21st Feb 2013
Introduction
By Manoj Balakrishnan Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’ “28 days cylinder strength of concrete” The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.
According to ASTM standards at least two cylinder
should be tested and their average is to be taken.
ACI 5.1.5: for concrete designed and constructed in
accordance with ACI code, fc’ shall not be less than 17.5 Mpa (2500 psi) Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’ BSS specifies the compressive strength in terms of cube strength. Standard size of cube is 6”x6”x6”
BSS recommends testing three cubes and taking their
average as the compressive strength of concrete.
Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube
Strength Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Concrete Cylinder Concrete Cube
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Relevant ASTM Standards “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete” (ASTM C 172)
Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in Field” (ASTM C 31)
“Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen” (ASTM C 39) Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Testing of Samples for Compressive Strength Cylinders should be tested in moist condition because in dry state it gives more strength. ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed each day shall be taken : Not less than once a day
Not less than once for each 115m3 of concrete.
Not less than once for each 450m2 of concrete.
Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test sample if he regards it necessary. Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if both of the following requirements are met: Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds fc’. No individual strength test (average of two cylinders) falls below fc’ by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000 psi) or less; or by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality (contd…) Example For Required fc’ = 20 MPa, if following Are the test results of 7 sample 19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa 1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests equals or exceeds fc’. 2. Non of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa. Considering these two point the quality of concrete is acceptable Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Mix Design Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr’ .
If we use fc’ as target strength during mix design the
average strength achieved may fall below fc’.
To avoid under-strength concrete fcr’ is used as target
strength in-place of fc’.
fcr’ > fc’
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Mix Design (contd…) ACI-5.3.2 Required Average Strength Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data Are Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation
Specified Compressive Strength, Required Average Strength, fcr’
fc’ (MPa) (MPa) fc’ ≤ 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-2) fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1) fcr’ = fc’ + 2.33 Ss – 3.45 (5-2) fc’ > 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-3) fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1) fcr’ = 0.9fc’ + 2.33 Ss (5-3)
Ss = Standard deviation of compressive strength test
Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Mix Design (contd…)
Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation
Specified Compressive Required Average
Strength, fc’ (MPa) Strength, fcr’ (MPa) fc’ < 21 fcr’ = fc’ + 7 21≤ fc’ ≤ 35 fcr’ = fc’ + 8.5 fc’ > 35 fcr’ = 1.1fc’ + 5 Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Stress Strain Curve of Concrete • The first portion of curve, to about 40% of the ultimate Crushing strength fc’, can Stress be considered fc’ 0.85fc’ linear. • The lower the strength of 0.4 fc’ concrete the greater will be 0.0028 to 0.0045, the failure strain generally 0.003 Strain Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Modulus of Elasticity Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity Initial tangent Modulus Tangent Modulus
0.4fc’ Stress
Secant Modulus
Strain Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Modulus of Elasticity (contd…) Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
Ec = 0.043 wc1.5√fc’ wc = density of concrete in kg/m3 fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3
Ec = 4700√fc’ Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Reinforcing Steel Steel bars are: Plain Deformed (currently in use) Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in effective. The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:
Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)
Yield strength, fy Ultimate strength, fu Size and diameter of bar Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1
Strain Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Reinforcing Steel (contd..) For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
