Automatic Road Reflector Light

The Automatic Road Reflector is a simple but effective system will help us
automate the traditional road reflectors.
A raised pavement marker is a safety device used on road to guide the
vehicles along the path at the time of night. The Automatic Road Reflector
system is designed to replace this currently being used safety device. The
proposed system is designed to sense the intensity of ambient light and work
accordingly. At the time of low light, the system senses the ambient light has
been decreased and it lights up the reflector. On the other hand, the system
will turn itself into power saving mode at the time of bright light and will
save energy.
To sense the intensity of light, the system consists of a photoresistor or light-
dependent resistor. The Light Dependent Resistor works on the basic
principle of photoconductivity, making them useful in light sensing. The
term photoconductivity stands for a phenomenon in which the conductivity
of a substance increases while in contact with light
In general terms, the LDR is made up of substance who has a low
conductivity in darkness, and whenever it comes in the contact with
light the conductive property of the sensor increases. A typical light
dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm and in
the brightness a resistance of a couple of KOhm.
The Automatic Road Reflector can be very essential in leading the
vehicles on their path at the time of night. The color of the LED can
be rearranged in order to fulfill various requirements. They can be
used to divide the road, show a curvature or an exit on the road. They
can be very useful at the places like the airport and airport hangers
where various colors of road reflectors are used to fulfill various
purposes.
Block Diagram
 Project Development Stages

 Circuit Design
 PCB Printing
 Components Procurement
 Soldering
 Testing for Connectivity & Issues
 Circuit Design

A circuit is actually any loop through

which matter is carried. For an
electronic circuit, the matter carried
is the charge by electronics and the
source of these electrons is the
positive terminal of the voltage
source .When this charge flows from
the positive terminal, through out
the loop and reaches the negative
terminal, the circuit is said to be
completed. However this circuit
consists of a number of components
which affects the flow of charge in
many ways. Some may provide
hindrance to the flow of charge,
some simple store or dissipate
charge. Some require external
source of energy, some supply
energy.
Circuit Design Tools:

•Eagle, Kicad, Proteus

•Circuit Digest Capacitor Calculator
•NevonExpress Resistor Color Code Calculator
 Components Procurement
Component Procurement is a time consuming and difficult task.
Components required for project research and development are not
easily available in market and local shops.
There are some recent options to procure all required components
using easy online using PC or mobile using nevonexpress.com.
 Soldering

With silver soldering, small pieces

of solder wire are placed onto the
metal prior to heating. A flux,
often made of boric acid and
denatured alcohol, is used to keep
the metal and solder clean and to
prevent the solder from moving
before it melts.

Where to Find ?
Soldering Irons & Accessories can be easily bought at lowest price on nevonexpress
 Testing for Connectivity & Issues

Testing Tools:

•Multimeter
•Power Supply
•Oscilloscope

Where To Find ?
A Huge Variety of Multimeter, power Supply & Oscilloscope can be availed at
nevonexpress
 PCB Printing
A printed circuit board
mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic
components or electrical
components using conductive
tracks, pads and other features
etched from one or more sheet
layers of copper laminated onto
and/or between sheet layers of a
non-conductive substrate.
Where To Find PCB ?
 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Buzzer
 LDR
 Relay
 555 Timer IC
 Resistors
 Bc547 Transistor
 Capacitors
 Push Button
 Crystal Oscillator
 Cables & Connectors
 Diodes
 PCB
 LED’s
 Transformer/Adapter
 Light Dependent Resistor

 A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or

photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor.

 The protection of a photoresistor diminishes with

expanding occurrence light force; as such, it displays
photoconductivity.

 A photoresistor can be connected in light-delicate

identifier circuits, and light-and dull initiated
exchanging circuits.
Working Principle
The Light Dependent Resistor works on the basic principle of photo
conductivity, making them useful in light sensing.

The term photoconductivity stands for phenomenon in which the

conductivity of a substance increases while in contact with light. In
general terms, the LDR is made up of substance who has low
conductivity in darkness, and whenever it comes in the contact with
light the conductive property of the sensor increases.

A typical light dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of

1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance of a couple of KOhm.
 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include
alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
This one is petite but loudly! Drive it with 3-30V peak-to-peak square wave. To
use, join one pin to ground (either one) and another pin into a square wave from
a timer or microcontroller. For the tones, remain around 4 KHz, however, works
well from 2KHz to 10KHz. For additional loudness, you can connect both pins
into a microcontroller and swap that pin is high or low ('differential drive') for
double the volume.
Relay
 SPDT- (Single Pole Double Throw) sealed relays. This relay is used for switching devices. The
relay has a coil voltage rated at 12VDC, supports load current up to 10A.
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays
control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. 

 It Is A Electro Magnetic Switch

 Used To Control The Electrical Devices
 High Current Contacts
 Compact Size
 RoHS Compliant
 Economically Priced
 555 Timer IC
• IC 555 timer is one of the most frequently used IC in electronic
equipment and can be utilized in various digital circuits because of its
robust and secure attributes. The 555 timer obtained its name in the 3
5k ohm resistor connected in a voltage-divider design.

• The 555 timer IC is also an essential portion of electronic equipment

jobs. Can it be a very simple endeavor involving just one 8 bit micro-
controller plus a few peripherals or a complicated one involving
program on chips (SoCs), 555 timer functioning is included. Time
delays are provided by these, as an oscillator and as a element among
programs.
 Features

• Timing from Microseconds through Hours

• Operates in Both Astable and Monostable Modes
• Adjustable Duty Cycle
• Output Can Source or Sink 200 mA
• Output and Supply TTL Compatible
• Temperature Stability Better than 0.005% per ºC
• Short-circuit protected output
• Available in 8-pin VSSOP Package
 BC547 Transistor
BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter is going to be left available (Reverse
suggestive) whenever the foundation pin is held at ground and will be shut (Forward biased) when a
sign is provided to base pin. BC547 has a profit value of 110 to 800, this value determines the
capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that may flow through the Collector
snare is 100mA, therefore we cannot connect. To bias a transistor we must provide current to base
pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.

Features
Bi-Polar NPN Transistor
DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
Available in To-92 Package
 Resistors

The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow

of electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they
can be found. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance
that occurs when a current of one ampere passes through a resistor with a
one volt drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage
across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm’s law:

formula with ohm's law: R=V/I

Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include delimit
electric current, voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading
circuits, control gain, and fix time constants. They are commercially available
with resistance values over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude.
They can be used to as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic energy from trains,
or be smaller than a square millimeter for electronics.
Resistors Code Calculation

Resistor Calculations requires

color code charts for resistor
value calculations.

For fast and efficient calculations

of resistors color codes from
values or vice versa we can use
free online tool available at
nevonexpress.com > resistor
color code calculator
 Capacitors

The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical
charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable
battery.

There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used in resonance
circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same thing, they store charge.
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are not
connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.

Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks it allowing instead a
voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an electrical charge.
The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be either square, circular or rectangular, or they can be of a
cylindrical or spherical shape with the general shape, size and construction of a parallel plate capacitor
depending on its application and voltage rating.
 Diodes

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one

direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction,
and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic
diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which
electrons can flow in only one direction, from cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode,
the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n
junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5] Semiconductor diodes were the first
semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction
across the contact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German
physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other
materials such as gallium arsenide and germanium are used.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). As such, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a
check valve.
 Buttons & Switches

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal.[1] The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the
human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased
switches, although many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) still require a spring to
return to their un-pushed state. Terms for the "pushing" of a button include pressing, depressing,
mashing, slapping, hitting, and punching.
 PCB – Printed Circuit Board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features
etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB
to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also
used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.

Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once
popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit,
but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized CAD software is
available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is
cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and
wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and
the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made manually in small
quantities, with reduced benefits.
 Transformer & Adapters

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a
varying electromotive force or "voltage" across a second coil wound
around the same core.

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external

power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other
common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block,
domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick, and
power adapter.
 Tools Needed

Multimeter is needed for testing of electronics pcb based projects for

voltage, connectivity and other issues.

Soldering iron is used along with soldering accessories to ensure proper

connectivity between components and the pcb surface and ensure proper
working of the system.
 Bibliograpgy / Reference Links
Transistor- https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Transistors-Online.php

Relay-http://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Relays-Online.php

Buzzer-https://nevonexpress.com/Mini-Piezo-Buzzer.php

LDR-https://nevonexpress.com/Light-Dependent-Resistor-LDR-Sensor-12MM-Photoresistor.php

555 timerIC-https://nevonexpress.com/search.php?stext=555%20Timer%20ICResistors - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-

Resistors-Online.php

Capacitors - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Capacitors-Online.php

Diodes - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Diodes-Online.php

Push Button - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Electronics-Buttons-Switches-Online.php

Crystal Oscillator - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-Crystal-Oscillator-Online.php

Cables & Connectors - https://nevonexpress.com/Cables-&-Connectors.php

PCB - https://nevonexpress.com/Buy-PCB-Breadboards-Online.php

Transformer/Adapter - https://nevonexpress.com/Transformers.php
THAN K YO U