Addis Ababa University

College of Natural and Computational Science

Freshman Course

Course Title:
Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn

by:

Belete Ejigu (PhD)

Assistant Professor of Urban Planning and Development

January 2021
1
 Chapter Five:

The Climate of Ethiopia and the Horn

 Objectives

 Upon the completion of this chapter, the students will be

able to: 
• Distinguish between weather and climate,
• Explain the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of
temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia,
• Analyze climate and its implications on biophysical and
socio economic aspects,
• Comprehend the causes, consequences and response
mechanisms of climate change.
 Introduction
• Ethiopia, as a large country in the Horn of Africa, is
characterized by:
- a wide variety of altitudinal ranges and
- a diverse climatic conditions
• Ethiopia is subjected to large temporal and spatial
variations in elements of weather and climate because of
its closeness to the equator and the Indian Ocean.
• The climate of Ethiopia is mainly controlled by:
- the seasonal migration of the Inter Tropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and associated atmospheric
circulations as well as
- the complex topography of the country.
 Definition
• Weather: is the average condition of the atmosphere which
stay for a short period of time
• Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere which
stays for a long period of time such as decades and more.
• Climate is the composite of daily weather conditions
recorded for long periods of time.
 Elements and Controls of Weather and Climate
• Most changes in weather is the result of wind.
• Wind is large scale horizontal motion of air.
• The climate of a region is determined by:
- the radiation,
- distribution of radiation and
- temporal fluctuations of radiation.
Elements Controls

1. Temperature 1. Latitude/angle of the Sun

2. Precipitation and humidity 2. Land and water distribution

3. Winds and air pressure 3. Winds and air pressure

4. Altitude and mountain barriers

5. Ocean currents
 Cont’d…
• The climate of any particular location on earth is
determined by a combination of many interacting
factors. These include latitude, elevation, nearby water,
ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing
winds.
• What determines the variations in weather and climate
between places and seasons? Hence, these determining
factors are called controls of weather and climate or
climatic controls.
Controls of Weather and Climate or Climatic Controls:

A. Latitude:
• Latitude is the distance of a location from the equator.
• As you move further away from the equator towards the
poles, less solar in-solation is received during the year and
the temperature become colder.
• Ethiopia’s latitudinal location has bearings on its temperature.
• Latitudinal location of Ethiopia and the Horn resulted in:  
- high average temperatures,
- high daily temperature
- small annual ranges of temperature,
- no significant variation in length of day and night
between summer and winter.
 Cont’d…
B. Inclination of the Earth's Axis: 
• The earth’s rotation axis makes an angle of about 66 ½ °
with the plane of its orbit around the sun, or about 23 ½
° from the perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. This
inclination determines the location of the Tropics of
Cancer, Capricorn and the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.
• As the earth revolves around the sun, this inclination
produces a change in the directness of the sun's rays;
which in turn causes the directness of the sun and
differences in length of day and seasons.
 Cont’d…
 Equinoxes and Solstices:
 Equinoxes:
• An equinox is the instant of time when the sun strikes the
plane of the Earth's equator.
• During this passage the length of day and night are equal.
• Seasonal changes in the daylight and darkness periods is
caused by:
- revolution of the earth along its orbit,
- the inclination of its axis from the plane of that orbit, and
- the constant position (parallelism) of the axis
• Equinox appears twice a year.
 Cont’d…
i. The Vernal (Spring) Equinox:
• It is the day when the point of verticality of sun’s rays crosses the
equator northwards.
• This equinox experiences in Northern Hemisphere when the
sun is exactly above the equator.
• During this period, the length of day and night are equal.
• Vernal equinox marks the beginning of Spring season.
• March 21 marks offset (the make up for) of the vernal equinox.
ii. The Autumn equinox:
• appears to happen when the sun crosses equator giving
approximately equal length between day and night.
• It appears to happen when the visible sun moves south across
the celestial equator on 23rd of September.
• It marks the beginning of Autumn season.
 Cont’d…
 Solstice:
• It is an event when the overhead sun appears to cross
northern or southern points relative to the celestial equator
resulting in unequal length of days and nights in the
hemispheres.
• Both hemispheres during this event has either the most or leas
sunlight of the year.
i. The Summer Solstice:
- On June 21st, the northern hemisphere has maximum tilt
towards the sun experiencing longest daylight of the year.
- It is the astronomical first day of summer in the Northern
Hemisphere.
- The sun is at its highest position in the noonday sky, directly
above 23 ½ ° in the Tropic of Cancer.
 Cont’d…
ii. The Winter Solstice:
• On 22nd of December is the day when the maximum
southward inclination is attained in the Southern
Hemisphere.
• In this event the sun travels shortest length causing
longest night and shortest daylight.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs when the sun is
directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, which is located at
23 ½ ° south of the equator.
The apparent path of the sun at different latitudes:
 Cont’d…
C. Altitude:
• Altitude is the height of location above the sea level.
• Under normal conditions there is a general decrease in
temperature with increasing elevation.
• The average rate at which temperature changes per unit
of altitudinal change is known as lapse rate.
• The lapse rate is limited to the lower layer of the
atmosphere named as troposphere.
• The normal lapse rate is 6.5°C per kilometer rise in
altitude. 
 Types of Lapse Rate:
- There are three types of lapse rates:
i. Dry Adiabatic Laps Rate:
• The temperature changes occurring in the rising or
subsiding air mass are not the result of additions of heat
to, or withdrawals of heat from outside sources, but
rather are the consequence of internal processes of
expansion and contraction. This is known as adiabatic
temperature change.
• An adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which the
temperature of an air parcel changes in response to the
expansion or compression process associated with a
change in altitude.
 Cont’d…
• Vertical displacements of air are the major cause of
adiabatic temperature changes.
• When air rises, it expands because there is less weight of
air upon it.
• Thus, if a mass of dry air at sea level rises to an altitude
of about 18,000ft (5486.22 meters), the pressure upon it
is reduced by nearly half and consequently its volume is
doubled.
• As long as the air in the parcel is unsaturated (the
relative humidity is less than 100 percent), the rate of
adiabatic cooling or warming remains constant.
 Cont’d…
• If the upward movement of air does not produce
condensation, then the energy expended/spent by
expansion will cause the temperature of the mass to fall
at the constant dry adiabatic lapse rate.
• The rate of heating or cooling is about 10°C for every
1000 m of change in elevation. This rate applies only to
unsaturated air, and thus it is called the dry adiabatic
laps rate.
 Cont’d…
ii. Wet Adiabatic Laps Rate:
• The heat added during condensation starts cooling
following the expansion, the air will no longer cool at the
dry adiabatic rate. This is due to the latent heat in the
water vapor carried by the air.
• The heat is released in the process of ascent, therefore
affecting or lowering the rate of temperature change of
the rising air.
• If a saturated air containing water droplets were to sink,
it would compress and warm at the moist adiabatic rate
because evaporation of the liquid droplets would start the
rate of compression warming.
 Cont’d…
• The rate at which rising or sinking saturated air changes
its temperature is less than the dry adiabatic rate.
• Prolonged cooling of air regularly produces condensation,
thereby liberating latent heat.
• Therefore, rising and saturated or precipitating air cools
at a slower rate than air that is unsaturated. This process
is called wet adiabatic temperature change.
• The rate of cooling of wet air is approximately 50c per
1000 meters ascend.
 Cont’d…
iii. Environmental Lapse Rate or Atmospheric Lapse Rate:
• This refers to the actual, observed change of temperature
with altitude.
• Air Temperature is normally highest at low elevations and
decreases with altitude; this clearly indicates that most of
the atmospheric heat is received directly from the earth's
surface and indirectly from the sun.
• The lower layer of the atmosphere is warmer because:
- it is closest to the direct source of heat
- the presence of high density of air gases
- It contains more water vapor and dust, which causes it to
be a more efficient absorber of earth radiation than is the
thinner, drier, cleaner air in the higher altitude or aloft.
 Cont’d…
• The decrease in temperature upward from the earth's
surface normally prevails throughout the lower atmosphere
called troposphere. The principal exception to the rule is the
cause of temperature inversions.
• The rate of change is 6.50C/1000 meters.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Distribution of Temperature and Rainfall in Ethiopia

I. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Temperature:

- Altitude is an important element in determining temperature of
Ethiopia and the Horn.
- Latitude, humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also
significant impacts on temperature conditions in Ethiopia.
• The spatial distribution of temperature in Ethiopia is primarily
determined by altitude and latitude.
• The location of Ethiopia, close proximity to equator, a zone of
maximum insolation, resulted for every part of the country to
experience overhead sun twice a year.
• However, in Ethiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical
temperature conditions have no full spatial coverage.
• Tropical temperature conditions are limited to the lowlands in the
peripheries.
 Cont’d…
• As one away from the peripheries, the land begins to rise
gradually and considerably ending in peaks in various
parts of the country. Thus temperature, as it is affected by
altitude, decreases towards the interior highlands. Mean
annual temperature varies from over 300 C in the tropical
lowlands to less than 100 C at very high altitudes.
• The Bale Mountains are among highlands where lowest
mean annual temperatures are recorded.
• The highest mean maximum temperature in the country
is recorded in the Afar Depression.
• Lowlands of north-western, western and south-eastern
Ethiopian experiences mean maximum temperatures of
more than 300C.
 Cont’d…
Table: Temperature versus Altitude:
 Cont’d…
• The temporal distribution of Ethiopian temperature is
characterized by extremes.
• The major controls determining its distributions are
latitude and cloud cover. However, some parts of the
country enjoy a temperate climate.
• In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher
and the annual range is small, whereas the reverse is true
in the temperate latitudes.
• In Ethiopia, as in all places in the tropics, the air is frost
or ice free and changes in solar angles are small making
intense solar radiation.
• Ethiopia’s daily temperatures are more extreme than its
annual averages.
• The variation in the amount of solar radiation received
daily is small throughout the year.
• There is maximum difference in the daily range of
Temperature.
• Monthly averages temperature variation is minimal and
the annual range of temperature is small.
• For example, months from March to June in Ethiopia
have records of highest temperatures. Conversely, low
temperatures are recorded from November to February.
 Cont’d…
• It is not easy to observe distinct variation in temperature
between seasons as the sun is always high in the tropics.
• However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer.
• Southern part of Ethiopia receives highest records of
temperature in Autumn and Spring following the relative shift
of the sun; whereas in the northern part of the country,
summer season is characterized by higher temperature.
• Exceptionally, the southern and southwestern highlands of
Ethiopia experience reduced temperature. This is because the
temperature and the amount of energy reaching the surface
is directly related with the directness of the sun.
• The direction of rain bearing winds (leeward or windward side)
also determines the temperature variations in mountainous
regions.
 Cont’d…
II. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Rainfall:
• Rainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities.
• To include the system, it needs an understanding of the position of Inter
Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), pressure cells, and Trade Winds.
• Thus, the rainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by spatial and
temporal variability.
• Rainfall in Ethiopia is influenced by the position of Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The convergence of Northeast Trade winds
and the Equatorial Westerlies forms the ITCZ, which is a low-pressure
zone.
• The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of the ITCZ causes a
variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn.
• Following the position of the overhead sun, the ITCZ shifts north and
south of the equator. As the shift takes place, equatorial westerlies
from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringing
moist winds.
 Cont’d…
• However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and
magnitudes on the line of the shift. The shift takes place when
the trade winds from the north retreat giving the space for
equatorial westerlies. This development mainly happens in July
in Ethiopia and the Horn causing variability and seasonality. 
• The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of
Capricorn) in January. During this period, the Northeast
Trade Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the
region. Afar and parts of Eritrean coastal areas experience
rainfall in this period. Following the directness of the Sun in
March and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts
towards equator. During this time, the central highlands,
southeastern highlands and lowlands receives rainfall as the
south easterlies bring moist winds.
 Cont’d…
• Seasonal or Temporal Variability:
- The rainfall is highly variable both in amount and distribution
across regions and seasons.
- The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the
macro-scale pressure systems and monsoon flows (wind flows)
- The temporal variability of rainfall are characterized by:

i. Summer (June, July, August):

• From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian
regions, except lowlands in Afar and Southeast, receive
rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north
of the equator.
• High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans around the tropic of Capricorn although the Atlantic
contributes a lot, the Indian Ocean is also source of
rainfall.
• During this season, Ethiopia and the Horn come under the
influence of the Equatorial Westerlies (Guinea monsoon)
and Easterlies.
• Hence, the Guinea monsoon and the South easterly winds
are responsible for the rain in this season.
 Cont’d…
ii. Autumn (September, October and November):
• Autumn is the season of the year between summer
and winter.
• In autumn the ITCZ shifts towards the equator weakening
the equatorial westerlies.
• During this season, the south easterlies from Indian
Ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of
Ethiopia.
 Cont’d…
iii. Winter (December, January and February)
• In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator.
• During this season, northeasterly winds originating from
the landmass of Asia dominantly prevail Ethiopian
landmass. However, it has no significant coverage
compared to other seasons.
• The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Sea carry very
little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar
lowlands and the Red Sea coastal areas.
 Cont’d…
iv. Spring (March, April and May):
• In this season, the noonday sun is shining directly on the
equator while shifting north from south.
• The shift of the ITCZ, results in longer days and more direct
solar radiation providing warmer weather for the northern
world.
• In this season, the effect of the northeast trade wind is
very much reduced.
• Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean
provide rain to:
- the highlands of Somalia,
- the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of
Ethiopia.
 Rainfall Regions of Ethiopia

• Based on rainfall distribution, both in space and time,

four rainfall regions can be identified in Ethiopia and
the Horn. These are:
i. Summer rainfall region
ii. All year-round rainfall region
iii. Autumn and Spring rainfall regions
iv. Winter rainfall region
 i. Summer rainfall region

- This region comprises almost all parts of the country,

except the southeastern and northeastern lowlands.
- The region experiences most of its rain during summer
(kiremt), while some places also receive spring (Belg)
rain.
- The region is divided in to dry and wet summer rainfall
regions.
- Hence, the wet corresponds to the area having rainfall of
1,000 mm or more.
- The High altitudes and the windward side experience such
rainfall amount.
 ii. All year-round rainfall region
 

- It has many rainy days than any part of the country.

- It is a rainfall region in the southwestern part of the
country.
- The wetness of this region is particularly due to the
prepotency of moist air currents of equatorial Westerlies
called the Guinea Monsoons.
- Both duration and amount of rainfall decreases as we
move from southwest to north and eastwards.
- Months in summer gain highest rainfall whereas the winter
months receive the reduced amount.
- The average rainfall in the region varies from 1,400 to over
2,200 mm/year.
 iii. Autumn and Spring rainfall regions

- The region comprises areas receiving rain following the

influence of southeasterly winds.
- South eastern lowlands of Ethiopia receive rain during
autumn and spring seasons when both the north easterlies
and equatorial westerlies are weak.
- The south-easterlies bring rainfall from the Indian
Ocean. About 60 percent of the rain is in autumn and 40
percent in spring. The average rainfall varies from less than
500 to 1,000 mm.
 iv. Winter rainfall region

- This rainfall region receives rain from the northeasterly winds.

- During the winter season, the Red sea escarpments and
some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain.
Summary:
Table: Rain Fall Regions of Ethiopia
Rain Fall Region Season Wind Source
Almost all parts of the Summer Equatorial Easterlies Though Atlantic
country, except the Southeasterly Ocean contribute
southeastern and alot, the main source
northeastern lowlands
is Indian Ocean
Southwestern part All year round Equatorial Westerlies Atlantic Ocean
/Guinea Monsoons/
South eastern Autumn and Southeasterly winds Indian Ocean
lowlands Spring
Red sea escarpments Winter Northeasterly winds Red Sea
and some parts of the
Afar region
 Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia
• As a result of the diversified altitude and climatic conditions,
Ethiopia possesses diverse agro-climatic zones.
• The Agro-ecological zones have traditionally been defined
in terms of temperature.
• This system divides the nation into five major climatic zones
namely:
i. Bereha,
ii. Kolla,
iii. Woina Dega,
iv. Dega and
v. Wurch.
 Agro Ecological Zones of Ethiopia

Source: MoA,1998
 The Wurch Zone

• The Wurch-zone is an area having altitude higher than 3,200

meters above sea level and mean annual temperature of less
than 10oC.
• Mountains having typically fitting characteristics of this
zone include mountain systems of
- Ras Dashen,
- Guna,
- Megezez in North Shoa,
- Batu,
- Choke,
- Abune Yoseph etc.
 Dega Zone

• This is a zone of highlands having relatively higher

temperature and lower altitude compared to the wurch
Zones.
• In Ethiopia, the Dega-zone is long inhabited and has dense
human settlement due to
- reliable rainfall for agriculture and
- absence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.
 Weyna Dega Zone

• This zone has warmer temperature and moderate

rainfall.
• It lies between 1500-2,300 meters above sea level.
• It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of
the landmass of Ethiopia.
• The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly
suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia.
• Hence, the zone includes most of the agricultural land.
• The Weyna Dega zone has also two growing seasons.
 Kolla Zone

• In Ethiopia, the geographic peripheries in south, southeast,

west and northeastern part are mainly in this category.
• Kolla is the climate of the hot lowlands with an altitudinal
range of 500 to 1500 meters above sea level.
• Average annual temperature ranges between 20oC and 30oC.
• Although mean annual rainfall is erratic, it can be as high
as 1500 mm in the wet western lowlands of Gambella.
• Rainfall is highly variable/erratic/ from year to year.
• The region is boundary between the hot arid (Bereha) and
the humid climates (Woina Dega).
 Bereha Zone

• Bereha is the hot arid climate of the desert lowlands.

• The Bereha agro-climatic zone is largely confined to lowland
areas with altitude of lower than 500 meters.
• Around Danakil depression, the elevation goes below the sea level.
• Its average annual rainfall is less than 200 mm and average annual
temperature is over 27.5oC.
• It is usually characterized by the presence of:
- strong wind,
- high temperature,
- low relative humidity, and
- little cloud cover
- evapo-transpiration is always in excess of rainfall.
• Djibouti, majority of Somalia, and coastal areas of Eritrea are
categorized under Kolla and Bereha zones. 
Traditional Agro Ecological Zones of Ethiopia.
Climate Change/Global Warming: Causes, Consequences and Response
Mechanisms

• Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that

can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the
mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for
an extended period, typically decades or longer.
• It refers to any change in climate over time, due to either
natural variability or human activities.
 Causes of Climate Change
• The causes of climate change are generally categorized as:
1. Natural Causes and
2. Manmade /Anthropogenic/ Causes

1. Natural Causes:-
• Climate change has many natural causes, such as:
- variations in the energy budget,
- the position of Earth relative to Sun,
- the position of continents relative to the equator, and
- even whether the continents are together or apart.
 Cont’d…
• The major natural causes are:-
A.Earth Orbital Changes:
- The earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the perpendicular
plane of its orbital path.
- Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but
climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons.
- More tilt means warmer summers and colder winters.
B. Energy Budget:
- Although the Sun’s energy output appears constant, small
changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate
changes.
- Since the Sun was born 4.5 billion years ago, the star has
been very gradually increasing its amount of radiation so
that it is now 20% to 30% more intense than it was once.
 Cont’d…
C. Volcanic Eruptions:
- Volcanic eruption releases large volumes of Sulphur
Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Dust, and Ash
into the atmosphere.
- The release of large volume of gases and ash can increase
planetary reflectivity causing atmospheric cooling.
 Cont’d…
2. Man-made Causes:
- The warming of earth planet in the past 50 years is majorly driven by human
activities.
• Human induced greenhouse gases such as”
- carbon dioxide,
- methane and
- nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earth's
temperatures.
• Human activities that have increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are:
- the decomposition of wastes in landfills,
- use of Chemicals for agriculture,
- ruminant digestion and
- manure/dung management,
- synthetic compounds manufacturing,
- clearing of land for agriculture,
- industrial activities and others.
 Cont’d…
• The major gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect
include:
- Water vapor,
- Carbon dioxide (CO2),
- Methane,
- Nitrous oxide,
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• Although methane is less abundant in atmosphere, it is by
far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
 Consequences of Climate Change
• Climate change has already caused loss of life, damaging
property and affecting livelihoods in many parts of the
world.
• Some of the consequences of the changing climate
include:
i. Impacts on Human Health
ii. Impact on Water Resources
iii. Impact on Agriculture
iv. Impact on Ecosystem
 Impacts on Human Health
• The Climate change can cause:
- increased heat related mortality and morbidity,
- greater frequency of infectious disease epidemics
following floods and storms, and substantial health
effects following population displacement to escape
extreme weather events.
- it also raises the incidence malaria.
 Impact on Water Resources:
• Climate change is leading to:
- melting of snow and glaciers that increases rise in sea level,
- increase drought and floods,
- distorts wind flow pattern,
- decreases water table.
• More frequent and longer droughts reduce the amount of
run-off into rivers, streams and lakes.
 Impact on Agriculture
• Climate change:
- significantly affect agricultural production due to changes in
temperature and rainfall patterns.
- increases physiological stress and
- fodder/food quality and availability.
 Impact on Ecosystem
• Climate change affects the success of species, population,
and community adaptation.
• The rate of climatic warming may exceed the rate of shifts
in certain range species, these species could be seriously
affected or even disappear because they are unable to
resist.
 Climate Response Mechanisms
• There are three major response mechanisms to climate
change namely:
- Mitigation,
- Adaptation and
- Resilience.
 1. Mitigation and its Strategies:

• Mitigation measures are those actions that are taken to reduce

and control greenhouse gas emissions changing the climate.
• Moreover, it implies reducing the flow of heat trapping
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere either by:
- reducing sources of these gases or enhancing the “sinks” that
accumulate and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and
soil).
• The goal of mitigations is to avoid significant human interference
with the climate system.
• There are some mitigation measures that can be taken to avoid the
increase of pollutant emissions. These are:
- Practice Energy Efficiency
- Increase the Use of Renewable Energy such as Solar
- Efficient means of transport implementation: electric public
transport, bicycle, shared cars etc.
 2. Adaptation and its Strategies
• People and Societies have adjusted to and coped with changes
in climate and extremes with varying degrees of success
throughout history.
• Adaptation is simply defined as adapting to life in a changing
climate.
• Adaptation involves adjusting to actual or expected future
climate.
• The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects
of climate change such as extreme weather events or food
insecurity.
• It also encompasses making the most of any potential
beneficial opportunities associated with climate change (for
example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some
regions).
 Cont’d…
 Some of the major adaptation strategies include:
• building flood defenses,
• plan for heat waves and higher temperatures,
• installing water-permeable pavements to better deal with
floods and storm water
• improve water storage and use (are some of measures taken
by cities and towns).
• landscape restoration and reforestation,
• flexible and diverse cultivation to be prepared for natural
catastrophes
• preventive and precautionary measures (evacuation plans or
migration plan, health issues, etc.)
 3.Resilence and its strategy
• It is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; to cope up
from crisis
• The ability to withstand adversity.
• The ability to adapt to difficult situation
• Eg. Safety net program
Thank You!
 Discussion Question
I. Write Short Answers:
1. What is differentiate between weather and climate.
2. Which control of weather and climate
predominantly affect Ethiopian climate? How?
3. Discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature
and rainfall in Ethiopia.
4. Do we have dynamics in temperature and rainfall in
Ethiopia? Is it warming or cooling?
5. What causes climate change?
6. How can we respond to the changing climate?