CED 426

Structural Theory II
Lecture 6
Force Method of Analysis: Beam

Mary Joanne C. Aniñon

Instructor
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STUCTURES
• When all the on the stable structure can be determined strictly from
the equilibrium equations, the structure is referred to as statically
determinate.
• Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium
equations are called statically indeterminate.
• A structure is classified as statically indeterminate when the number
of unknowns exceed the number of equilibrium equations needed to
determine these unknowns.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STUCTURES 𝑴 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑷𝑳
𝟖
ADVANTAGES
• For a given loading, the maximum stress and
deflection of an indeterminate structure are
generally smaller that those of its statically
determinate counterpart. 𝑴 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑷𝑳
𝟒
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STUCTURES
DISADVANTAGES
• Although a statically indeterminate structure can support a loading
with thinner members and with increased stability compared to a
statically determinate one, there are cases when these advantages may
instead become disadvantages.
• The cost savings in material must be compared with the added cost necessary to
fabricate the structure and construct its supports and joints.
• Also, because statically indeterminate structures have redundant support reactions,
one has to be very careful to prevent relative displacement of the supports, or
changes in length caused by fabrication errors or temperature, since these effects
will introduce internal stress in the structure.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• When analyzing any statically indeterminate structure, it is necessary
to satisfy the equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement
requirements for the structure.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure at
rest.
• Compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the structure
fit together without intentional breaks or overlaps.
• The force-displacement requirements depend upon the wat the
structure’s material responds to load. In this book (lecture), we have
assumed this to be a linear elastic response.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• In general, there are 2 different ways to satisfy these three
requirements.
• Force or Flexibility Method
• Displacement or Stiffness Method
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• FORCE METHOD
• Originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later refined by Otto Mohr
and Heinrich Muller-Breslau
• Since this method was based on compatibility forms, it has sometimes been
referred to as the compatibility method or the method of consistent displacement.
• It consists of first writing equations that satisfy the compatibility and force-
displacement requirements for the structure in order to determine the redundant
forces.
• Then once these forces have been determined, the remaining reactive
forces on the structure are determined by satisfying the equilibrium
requirements.
FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS:
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• The best way to illustrate the
principles involved in the force
method of analysis is to consider
the beam shown.
• Unknown support reactions = 4
• Equilibrium Equations = 3
• Therefore, the beam is
indeterminate to the first degree.
• Consequently, 1 additional
equation is necessary for solution.
FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS:
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• To obtain this equation, we will
use the principle of superposition
and consider the compatibility of
displacement at one of the
supports.
• Here, we choose support at B as
“redundant” and temporarily
removing its effect on the beam
so that the beam then becomes
statically determinate and stable.
This beam is referred to as
primary structure.
FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS:
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• Since the support (rocker) at B
was removed, as a result, the
load P will cause B to be
displaced downward by an
amount .
• By superposition, however, the
reaction By when applied to the
beam, causes it to be displaced
upward.
FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS:
GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• Assuming the positive
displacements act upward, then
from the figures on the right, we
can write the necessary
compatibility equation at the
rocker as:
FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS:
GENERAL
PROCEDURE

The 4th equation:

FORCE METHOD OF
ANALYSIS: • - flexibility coefficient, which by notation refers to the
deflection at B, caused by a unit load at B. Since the
GENERAL materials behave in a linear elastic manner, the force
PROCEDURE By, instead of the unit load, will cause a proportionate
increase in .

• - is a measure of the deflection per unit force and so its

unit is m/N.
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• When choosing this method, the
choice of the redundant is
arbitrary.
• For example, the moment at A
can be determined directly by
removing the capacity of the
beam to support a moment at A,
that is, by replacing the fixed
support by a pin.
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• The rotation at A caused by the
load P is
• If we denote an angular flexibility
coefficient as the angular
displacement at A caused by a
unit couple moment applied to A,
then
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: GENERAL
PROCEDURE
• Here measures the angular
displacement per unit couple
moment, and therefore it has a
unit of rad/N.m. The
compatibility equation for
rotation at A is therefore:
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
GENERAL PROCEDURE
Another example:
• Unknown Reactions: 5
• Equilibrium Equations: 3
• Therefore the beam is indeterminate to the 2nd degree.
• Therefore 2 compatibility equations will be necessary for the solution.
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
GENERAL PROCEDURE
We will choose the vertical forces at the roller supports, B and
C, as redundants.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
• The following procedure provides a general method for determining the reactions of statically indeterminate
structures using the force or flexibility method of analysis.

1.a. Determine the unknown redundant forces.

1.b. Determine the equilibrium equations
1.c. Determine the number of degrees to which the
structure is indeterminate.
1.d. Specify the redundant forces/moments that
must be removed from the structure in order to
make it statically determinate and stable.
1.e. Draw the statically indeterminate structure and
show it equal to a series of corresponding statically
determinate structures.
1.f. Sketch the elastic curve on each structure and
indicate symbolically the displacement or rotation
at the point of each redundant force or moment.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
• The following procedure provides a general method for determining the reactions of statically indeterminate
structures using the force or flexibility method of analysis.

2.a. Write the compatibility equation for the

displacement or rotation.
2.b. Determine all the deflections and flexibility
coefficients.
2.c. Substitute these results into the compatibility
equations.
2.d. Solve for the unknown redundant.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
• The following procedure provides a general method for determining the reactions of statically indeterminate
structures using the force or flexibility method of analysis.
MAXWELL’S THEOREM OF
RECIPROCAL DISPLACEMENTS
• When Maxwell developed the force method of analysis, he also published a theorem that relates the
flexibility coefficients of any two points on an elastic structure—be it a truss, a beam, or a frame.
• This theorem is referred to as the theorem of reciprocal displacements and
may be stated as follows:
• The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit load acting at point A is equal to the displacement
of point A when the unit load is acting at point B, that is, fBA = fAB.
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAM
EXAMPLE 1
Problem
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAM
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:

Step 1: PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

• Unknown: 4 (MA , Ay, Ax, By)
• Equilibrium Equations: 3 (3n=3x1=3)
• Therefore, the beam is indeterminate to the
first degree. (4-3=1)
• The redundant will be taken as By in order
to determine this force directly.
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAM
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:

Step 2: COMPATIBILITY EQUATION

• Taking the positive displacement as
upward, we have
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAM
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:

Determine the deflections and flexibility coefficient

∆ 𝐶𝐵= 𝜃 𝐿

A C 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
∆𝑐
Li 𝜃 L

∆𝑐
C 𝜃 ∆ 𝐶𝐵= 𝜃 𝐿
Substitute these results and solve the unknown redundant: B ∆ 𝐵=∆ 𝐶+∆ 𝐶𝐵
Not linear
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS: BEAM
EXAMPLE 1
Solution:

Step 3: EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0
𝑅 𝐴𝑌 −50 𝑘𝑁 + 𝑩 𝑦 =0
∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0
𝑅 𝐴𝑌 ( 12 )+ 𝑀 −50 (6)=0
𝑅 𝐴𝑌 =50 𝑘𝑁 − 15.6 𝑘𝑁

𝑅 𝐴𝑌 =34.4 𝑘𝑁
(34.4)
𝑀=−112.8 𝑘𝑁 . 𝑚