Chapter 1
Introduction to
Microwave Circuits & Systems
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1.1 Introduction to Microwave
Microwave Engineering : includes the solutions of
electromagnetic wave theory(such as the wave solutions) in the
field of :
Transmission lines and wave guide ckt analysis
Microwave resonators
Microwave amplifiers , filters , Oscillators & Mixers.
Antennas & Microwave Propagations &
Other system considerations
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Microwaves : are the ultrahigh, super high, and extremely
high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges
where most radio communication now takes place and
below the optical frequencies that cover infrared, visible,
and ultraviolet light.
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1.2 Microwaves : Frequency range and Bands
The practical microwave region is generally considered to
extend from 1 to 30 GHz, although frequencies could
include up to 300 GHz.
Microwave signals in the 1 to 30-GHz have wavelengths of
30 cm to 1 cm.
The microwave frequency spectrum is divided up into
groups of frequencies, or bands.
Frequencies above 40 GHz are referred to as millimeter
(mm) waves and those above 300 GHz are in the
submillimeter ban
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The frequency classification of radio signals are as
follows
Frequency Band Description
300Hz-3KHz Voice frequency
3KHz-30KHz VLF(Very Low frequency), Navigation(SONAR)
30KHz -300KHz LF(Low Frequency), Radio beacons, Navigation aids
300KHz-3MHz MF( AM for radio txn)
3MHz-30 MHZ HF(For short wave radio
communication)
30MHz-300MHz VHF (For mobile radio , FM broadcast, TV channel)
300MHz-3GHz UHF(Lower Microwave frequency for TV, Mobile ,
Radar etc)
3GHZ-30GHz SHF (Microwave frequency for satellite and radar
communications )
>100GHz Millimeter Wave Frequency
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Microwave frequency bands.
Origin of Names:
L – Long Wave
S – Short Wave
C – Compromise
X - Cross
Ku – Kurz-under
K – Kurz
Ka – Kurz-above
V - Very
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Advantages of Microwaves
Wide bandwidth due to higher frequency, this makes possible for
various multiplexing techniques to transmit more information.
Smaller component size
More available and less crowded frequency spectrum
Better resolution for “RADARS” due to smaller wavelengths.
Lower interference.
Higher speed of operation
Higher antenna gain possible in smaller space
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Dis advantages of Microwaves
More expensive components
Availability of lower power components
Existence of higher signal losses
Use of high speed semi-conductors. e.g. GaAs
The higher the frequency, the more difficult it becomes to
analyze electronic circuits.
At microwave frequencies, conventional components
become difficult to implement (very small in dimension)
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Cont…
Microwave signals, like light waves, travel in
perfectly straight lines. Therefore, communication
distance is limited to line-of-sight range.
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1.3 Microwave applications
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5. for direct television broadcasting the mostly used band is C-band,
the uplink used is 5.9 to 6.4GHz and this relative downlink frequency
band is between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz.
6. For home reception 8-ft dimension parabolic reflector antenna is
used.
7. The domestic microwave oven operates at 2.450MHz and uses a
magnetization to be with out put off 500 to 1000w
8. For industrial application such as draying grain, manufacturing,
wood and paper products material curing at frequencies of 915 to
24,50MHz.
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1.4. Microwave Communication Systems
• Like any other communication system, a microwave
communication system uses transmitters, receivers,
and antennas.
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Microwave systems
Transmitter subsystem
Microwave oscillator
Waveguide
Transmitting antenna
Receiver subsystem
Receiving antenna
Transmission line(waveguide)
Microwave amplifier
Receiver 13
Microwave Transmitters
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Microwave Receiver
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