Chapter One
Chapter One
Chapter One
engineering
Presentation Overview
Introduction
Major disciplines of transportation
mode of transport
Types of transportation systems
Factors affecting transportation
A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to
move people and goods efficiently. The transportation
system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a control
component.
• Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical,
environmentally compatible.
• The transportation system in a developed nation is an
aggregation of vehicles, guide ways, terminal facilities and
control systems that move freight and passenger
• Transportation system in a nation consists of an
aggregation of vehicles,
guide ways,
terminals, and
control systems that move freight and
passengers from one place to the other.
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Consider the businessman’s trip depicted
IMPORTANCE of TRANSPORTATION
• Tapping natural resources and markets
• Economic vitality of an area
• Maximum use of natural resource
• Permits the specialization of industry or commerce
• Reduces costs for raw materials or manufactured goods
• Increases competition between regions, resulting
low costs and greater choice for the consumer
• Control of territory
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componentsTransportation System
1. physical
2. human resource and
Physical Components 3. operating rule
Physical components of transportation system includes
• infrastructure;
• vehicles;
• equipment; and
• control, communications, and location systems.
Human resource,
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Assignment 1 (5%)
1. how would your typical day be changed without availability of your principal mode of
transportation? consider both personal transportation as well as goods and services that you rely on.
2. a large manufacturer uses two factors to decide whether to use truck or rail for movement of its
products to market: cost and total travel time. the manufacturer uses a utility formula that rates each
mode. the formula is U=5C + 10T, where C is cost (birr/ton) and T is time (hours). for a given
shipment of goods, a trucking firm can deliver in 16 hours and charges 25 birr /ton, whereas a
railroad charges 17 birr /ton and can deliver in 25 hours.
a) which mode should the shipper select?
b) what other factors should the shipper take into account in making a decision? (discuss at least three)
3. an individual is planning to take an 800-km trips between two large cities. three possibilities are
exist: air, rail or auto. the person is willing to pay 25 birr for every hour saved in making the trip. the
trip by air costs 600 birr and travel time is 8 hours, by rail the cost is 400 birr and travel time is 16
hours, and by auto the cost is 200 birr and travel time is 20 hours.
a) which mode is the best choice?
b) what factors other than cost might influence the decision regarding which mode to use?
Chapter-2. Transport planning
• Transport planning is a science that seeks to study the
problem that arise in providing transportation facilities and to
prepare systematic basis for planning such facilities.
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• Transport facilities consume significant amount of land in urban
areas: pavement (streets and parking) consumes more than 20%
of total land area – good transport planning reduces land wastage
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Function Of Transportation Planning
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Important Of Transportation Planning
2. Problem definition
4. Analysis of performance
5. Evaluation of alternatives
6. Choice of project
7. Specification and construction
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Each elements transport planning are :
Interrelated
Not necessarily carried out sequentially or they are
interdependent.
The information acquired in one phase of the process may
be helpful in some earlier or later phase, so there is a
continuity of effort that should eventually result in a
decision
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1 . Situation Definition
6. Choice of Project:
It is made after considering all the factors involved.
■Whether the factors were a single criterion such as cost (select the
lower cost)
■In more complex projects other factors might be considered, selection
is based on how the results are perceived by those involved in decision
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making
7. Specifications and construction
Detailed design phase in which each of the components of the facility
is specified.
■This involves its physical location, geometric dimensions, and
structural configuration.
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Project work --------- max mark 5%
• Evaluation process summit the term paper and presentation by preparing the ppt
Individual work
select a current transportation problem in your community or region with which you are familiar or interested. briefly describe the situation and
the problem involved . indicate the options available and the major impacts of each option on the community
Group work
Make group of four student per group & Follow all the basic elements of transport planning and write the term paper on the following title
• Examples of such policies may include road expansion plans, transit system
priorities, fuel tax, emission limits etc.
• It is the task of politicians, and of the skilled professionals who advise them, to
identify the most appropriate solutions to today's and tomorrow's transport problems.
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Objectives in transport policy can be categorized into four classes:
1.Statements of Vision: Broad indications of the type of area which politicians or the
public wish to see.
• These serve to identify long-term goals to which more detailed transport policy
objectives can contribute.
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3. Quantified objective
4. Solution-specific ‘objectives’
•Search for solutions, and may lead to an overall strategy which is less
appropriate to the area’s needs
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Transport planning policy
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Problem oriented approach
• is to start by defining types of problem and to use data on current (or
predicted future) conditions to identify when and where these
problems occur.
Current Development
Current Situation
Trend Development
Which Scenario do we want to follow?.
-What Is The ”Right” Policy Formulation
For Our Region Or City?
Question
•Describe briefly one of the studies that undertaken in the planning process
Some Terminologies
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Purpose of Travel Demand Model
• This process is important to be in transportation planning for:
provide new transportation system
improve the existing system
build highways, transit systems and other
• to determine the number of trips that will use the existing
transportation system. trips taken in the form of vehicle /
non-transport and private vehicles and public transport
Origin and Destination study (O-D)
• To show the pattern and nature of daily trips made by the
residents
• The main purpose of O-D study is to plan the transportation in
urban city especially the type of land use, road/traffic
network and public transportation system.
• Determine the traffic flow – if traffic congestion occurs, a short cut
must be plan to give a comfortable travel to road user.
• Determine whether the existing road system is adequate or not
• Built a transportation models to make sure the transportation
planning will be more easier and also make a prediction about the
traffic pattern in the future.
A modeling
• purpose of a model
Oh = a + bEh + cCh
Where:
Oh = number of trips made by household h
E h = number of workers in household h
Ch = number of cars owned by household h
Oh is the dependent variable
Eh and Ch are independent or explanatory variables
a, b and c are parameters, shows the strength of the relation
between dep & ind
Model error
• Specification, Data
• Calibration, Aggregation
• Transfer, Trade off between model complexity and data error
• Important to note:“ All models are wrong, but some are more wrong
than others”
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Basic principle of demand
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Trip generation
Objectives:
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Trip Generation cont………..
•Define the magnitude of total daily travel in the model system, at the
household and zonal level, for various trip purposes (activities).
•Purpose of the trip generation studies is to predict the number of the trips
to be made and the exact time of when a trip will be made.
trip production -- generally the trips made from households,
trip attraction -- the trips made to a particular urban location or
activity.
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• OD matrix, productions & attractions
• Example
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• Factor influencing trip generation
Land use
Intensity with which different activity are per used
Socio economic activity
The nature, extent and capability of transport
system in the study area
Location
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Factors affecting trip generation and rate of Trip Generation
•The main factors affecting personal trip production include
income,
vehicle ownership,
house hold structure and family size.
value of land,
residential density and accessibility
•The personal trip attraction, on the other hand, is influenced by factors such
as
roofed space available for industrial,
commercial and other services.
• Model estimation –collect data estimate the relation this has been
done by SSPS, excel
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Single - Simple Linear Regression
consider two variables, X and Y, and we have n paired observations
on them (data): (x1,y1), (x2,y2), …(xn, yn),
• What is the relationship between Y and X?
Method: Assumed Y and x are linearly related, that is
Y = a+ b x
where: X - independent variable Y - dependent variable a, b -
regression coefficients so that Our Goal is :
• Find the best value for a and b
• Find out whether or not the identified relationship is validate,
• We shall find a and b so as to minimize the total estimation error
(E):This is called the method of least squares).
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For linear equation having the form y = a+bx
a = y – bx
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B. Trip Distribution
• Trip distribution determine where the trips produced in each zone will
go- how they will be divided among all other zones in the study area.
• It Produce O-D matrix that shows the number of trips originated in the
study zone and where these trips are destined to.
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The Growth Factor Methods
Advantages:
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Growth factor method cont………….
• The goal is then to estimate the matrix at some point in the future
• For example, what would the trip matrix look like in 2 years time?
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Uniform Growth Factor
• If the only information available is about a general growth rate for the
whole of the study area, then we can only assume that it will apply to
each cell in the matrix, which is a uniform growth rate.
Uniform Growth Factor cont…………..
Advantages are that they are simple to understand, and they are
useful for short-term planning. Example
• Example
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Doubly Constrained Growth Factor
Example (assignment)
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The advantages of this method are:
1. Simple to understand.
2. Preserve observed trip pattern.
3. useful in short term-planning
The limitations are:
1.Depends heavily on the observed trip pattern.
2. It cannot explain unobserved trips.
3. Do not consider changes in travel cost.
4. Not suitable for policy studies like introduction of a mode.
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The Gravity model
This model originally generated from an analogy with Newton's
gravitational law.
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• Introducing some balancing factor
where Ai and Bj are the
balancing factors, f(cij) is the
generalized function of the
travel cost.
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Bj depends on Ai which can be found out by the following equation:
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Summery of trip distribution
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Mode choice
• Is the aspect of demand analysis process that determine the number
or percentage of the trip between zone that are made by different
mode
• The selection of one mode over the other mode is complex process
that depends on factor such as
social benefits like if more people begin to use public transport , there will be
less congestion on the roads and the accidents will be less.
Main characteristics of public transport is that they will have some particular
schedule, frequency
Traveler income
Travel time
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4. Route Assignment
The process of allocating given set of trip interchanges to the
specified transportation system
To identify congested links and to collect traffic data useful for the
design of future junctions.
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Data required for route assignment
• How many trip will be made from point of origin to destination
• Have to know the available highway or transit rout between the origin
to destination
• Decision rule that state the criteria by which the motorist or transit user
will select a route
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Example - 1 ( All - or - nothing assignment )
• Consider a simple transportation network that has one origin and one
destination and two links/paths that provide access from the origin to
the destination.
• Link – 1 7.5 miles long and has a capacity of 4000 vehicles per hour
and a speed limit of 55 miles per hour. Link – 2 is 5 miles long and
has a capacity of 2000 vehicles per hour and a speed limit of 35
miles per hour. Assuming that 5000 drivers wish to make the trip
from the origin to the destination, find the loaded network?
• Link 1
• Link 2
Where
B, if it is planned to move 1000 people from the jobsite to the town calculate the number of
population using mode mini buss