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Chapter 2-A

The document discusses force vectors and how to calculate the resultant force when multiple forces act concurrently on an object. It defines scalars and vectors, and explains that vectors can be added using the parallelogram law or resolved into x and y components and added algebraically. An example problem is worked out in detail to demonstrate resolving three concurrent forces into x and y components, summing the components, and calculating the magnitude and angle of the resultant force vector.

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M Jamshaid Tahiri
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35 views

Chapter 2-A

The document discusses force vectors and how to calculate the resultant force when multiple forces act concurrently on an object. It defines scalars and vectors, and explains that vectors can be added using the parallelogram law or resolved into x and y components and added algebraically. An example problem is worked out in detail to demonstrate resolving three concurrent forces into x and y components, summing the components, and calculating the magnitude and angle of the resultant force vector.

Uploaded by

M Jamshaid Tahiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Force Vectors

APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION

There are four


concurrent cable forces
acting on the bracket.
How do you determine
the resultant force
acting on the bracket ?
SCALARS AND VECTORS
(Section 2.1)
Scalars Vectors
Examples: mass, volume force, velocity
Characteristics: It has a magnitude It has a magnitude
(positive or negative) and direction

Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law


Special Notation: None Bold font, a line, an
arrow or a “carrot”
In the PowerPoint presentation vector quantity is represented
Like this (in bold, italics).
Vectors
• Vector: parameter possessing magnitude and direction
which add according to the parallelogram law.
Examples: displacements, velocities, accelerations.
• Scalar: parameter possessing magnitude but not
direction. Examples: mass, volume, temperature
• Vector classifications:
- Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points of
application that cannot be changed without affecting
an analysis.
- Free vectors may be freely moved in space without
changing their effect on an analysis.
- Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along their
line of action without affecting an analysis.
• Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction.
• Negative vector of a given vector has the same magnitude
and the opposite direction.
VECTOR
OPERATIONS

Scalar Multiplication
and Division
VECTOR ADDITION
--PARALLELOGRAM LAW

Parallelogram Law:

Triangle method
(always ‘tip to tail’):

How do you subtract a vector?


How can you add more than two concurrent vectors graphically ?
Resultant of Two Forces
• force: action of one body on another;
characterized by its point of application,
magnitude, line of action, and
sense(direction).

• Experimental evidence shows that the


combined effect of two forces may be
represented by a single resultant force.

• The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of


a parallelogram which contains the two
forces in adjacent legs.

• Force is a vector quantity.


Addition of Vectors
• Trapezoid rule for vector addition

• Triangle rule for vector addition

• Law of cosines,
C
B R 2  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos B
  
C R  PQ

• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
 
B Q R A

• Vector addition is commutative,


   
PQ  Q P

• Vector subtraction
2D - VECTOR ADDITION

a) Resolve a 2-D vector into


components
b) Add 2-D vectors using
Cartesian vector
Problem:
The screw eye is subjected to
two forces. Determine the
magnitude and direction of
the resultant force.
RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
“Resolution” of a vector is breaking up a
vector into components. It is kind of like
using the parallelogram law in reverse.
CARTESIAN VECTOR
NOTATION (Section 2.4)
• We ‘resolve’ vectors into
components using the x and y
axes system.

• Each component of the vector is


shown as a magnitude and a
direction.

• The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the


“unit vectors” i and j to designate the x and y axes.
For example,
F = Fx i + F y j or F = F'x i + F'y j

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each


other. Together,they can be directed at any inclination.
ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

• Step 1 is to resolve each force


into its components
• Step 2 is to add all the x
components together and add all
the y components together. These
two totals become the resultant
vector.
• Step 3 is to find the magnitude
and angle of the resultant vector.
Example of this
process,
You can also represent a 2-D vector with a
magnitude and angle.
EXAMPLE
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the resultant
force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
EXAMPLE (continued)

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN


= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN
F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN
F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN
= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN
EXAMPLE (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,


FR = { (9.642 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN

y
FR
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
 = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7° 
x
Example

Given: Three concurrent


forces acting on a
bracket
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the
resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

F1 = { (4/5) 850 i - (3/5) 850 j } N


= { 680 i - 510 j } N
F2 = { -625 sin(30°) i - 625 cos(30°) j } N
= { -312.5 i - 541.3 j } N
F3 = { -750 sin(45°) i + 750 cos(45°) j } N
{ -530.3 i + 530.3 j } N
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,


FR = { (680 – 312.5 – 530.3) i + (-510 – 541.3 + 530.3) j }N
= { - 162.8 i - 521 j } N
y
FR = ((162.8)2 + (521)2) ½ = 546 N

x
= tan–1(521/162.8) = 72.64° or
From Positive x axis  = 180 + 72.64 = 253 ° FR
End of Lecture

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