PRESENTATION ON LATHE

AND SHAPER MACHINE

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute Of Technology
Jalandhar
Industrial and Production Engineering Department
 LATHE MACHINE
• PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
1. Head stock
The head stock of your lathe is located on the left-hand side of the bed and houses the machine
spindle, drive, selection of speeds, feeds, and gear ratio using simple change levers. You can mount
your work-piece holding devices like chuck or live center on the spindle.

2. Tail Stock
The tailstock of your lathe is located on the right-hand side of the bed and can be moved/locked
manually on the guideways and support long work-pieces. You can hold drill, reamer, tap, boring
tools on the tailstock, and do machining.

3. Lathe Bed
The lathe made has guideways that are machined very precisely. The tail stock and the carriage
along with the compound slide moves on these guideways.
4. Lathe carriage
The carriage of a lathe machine is assembled on the bed and you can move it parallel to the spindle
axis manually or with power and lock at any position. Compound rest, cross slide, and tool post
with tools are mounted on the top of your lathe carriage and facilitate transverse and angular
movement to the tool.
Continued……
4. Lathe carriage
The carriage of a lathe machine is assembled on the bed and you can move it parallel to the spindle
axis manually or with power and lock at any position. Compound rest, cross slide, and tool post with
tools are mounted on the top of your lathe carriage and facilitate transverse and angular movement to
the tool.

5. Tool Post
As the name suggests the tool post holds the cutting tool. The tool holder is mounted on the cross
slide. Depending on the design it may have a quick clamping mechanism to enable you to change the
tool fast.

6. Feed Rod
The feed rod of your lathe is a long shaft with a keyway and transmits the power from the headstock
drive to the apron gears and powers the movement of the carriage.

7. Lead Screw
The lead screw in your lathe allows you to cut various types/sizes of thread by selecting the correct
gear ratio, speeds, and feeds and can be disengaged when not in use.
Continued….
8. Chuck
The working holding device, usually a chuck or collet is mounted on the spindle. The main motor of
the machine drives the spindle that is attached to the head stock of the machine revolves.
A three-jaw self-centering chuck is the most commonly used work-holding device on a lathe machine.

9. Cooling Unit
The cooling system of your Lathe has a coolant tank filled with coolant, coolant pump, and piping to
direct the flow of coolant on the cutting area. Coolant helps you to reduce the heat build-up, provide
lubrication between the tool and workpiece, and avoid work-piece rusting and flush away the chips and
particles.
 Operations performed on lathe
1. Turning-: It is the removal of material from the outside diameter of a
cylindrical job to obtain one or more finished diameter. Usually, there
are three types of  turning which are given below :
• Plain Turning-:In plain turning, the workpiece is turned straight
throughout the entire length when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis,
and the cutting tool is fed along the lathe axis. The plain or straight
turning produces a cylindrical surface after machining.
• Stepped Turning-:In stepped
turning, the workpiece is
turned in such a way that
throughout the turning length
it forms the steps of different
diameters.

• Taper Turning-: Taper
turning is the operation in
which the material is removed
from the job to produce a
conical shape.
• Facing-:It is the machining of
the ends of a workpiece to
make the ends smooth. For  this
operation, the cutting tool is fed
perpendicular to the lathe or
workpiece axis by means of
cross slide.

• Knurling-:It is the process of

producing rough surface of
embossing diamond shaped
pattern on a smooth surface of a
cylindrical job. Knurling
provides an effective gripping
surface on a job to prevent it
from slipping when operated by
hand.
• Drilling-:For making a standard
size of hole in a workpiece by
means of drill is known as drilling
operation. For this operation, drill
is held in tail stock spindle.

Drilling operation on lathe machine

• Boring-:Boring is the operation of
enlarging a drilled hole by means
of a boring tool. The boring tool is
fitted on a boring bar which is
held in tail stock  spindle.
TERMS USED IN LATHE MACHINE-:

1. Cutting speed-:The cutting speed (v) of a tool is the speed at which the metal is removed by the
tool from the workpiece. In a lathe, it is the peripherical speed of the work past the cutting tool
expressed in meters per minute.
Where,
d – is the diameter of the work in mm.
n – is the r.p.m of the work.
2. Feed-:The feeds of the cutting tool in lathe work are the distance the tool advances for each
revolution of the work. A feed is expressed in millimetres per revolution.

3. Depth of cut-: The depth of cut (t) is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined
surface to the uncut surface of the workpiece.

where
d1 – diameter of the workpiece surface before machining.
d2 – diameter of the machined surface.
 SHAPER MACHINE
• PARTS OF SHAPER MACHINE
1. Base:
It is the main body of the machine. It consist all element of machine. It works as pillar for other parts.
Base is made by cast iron which can take all compressive loads.

2. Ram:
It is the main part of the shaper machine. It holds the tool and provides the reciprocating motion to it.
It is made by cast iron and move over ways on column. 

3. Tool post:
It is situated at the front of the ram. Its main function is to hold the cutting tool. The tool can be
adjusted on it by some of clamps.

4. Cross ways:
It consist vertical and horizontal table sideways which allow the motion of table. It is attach with some
cross movement mechanism.

5. Table:
It is the metal body attached over the frame. Its main function is to hold the work piece and vice over
it. It has two T slots which used to clamp vice and work piece over it.
Working of Shaper Machine:
• In the Shaper machine a single point cutting tool is rigidly mounted on the tool holder, which is
mounted on the ram. The work piece is held rigidly in a vice (or clamped directly on the table).

• The ram reciprocates and thus cutting tool held in tool holder moves backward and forward on the
work piece.

• In a standard shaper, cutting takes place during the forward stroke of the ram and the backward
stroke remains idle.

• The forward and backward motion is obtained by “Quick Return Mechanism”.

• The depth of the cut is adjusted by moving the tool downwards towards the work piece.