DQS258 Chapter 1 Excavation

EXCAVATION
DQS 258 – PRICE ANALYSIS OF

CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Sr. AWANG IHSAN BIN AWANG YUNUS PQS,MRISM
Lecture Outcome
• At the end of this session, student should be
able to:
– Build-up unit rate for excavation works
$$$$$?
Excavation - Introduction
• Excavation works are required before the
construction of foundation, basement,
drainage system, sewerage system and other
subterranean structures
• There are two types of excavation work which
are excavation by hand or by machinery
Excavation - Introduction
• Excavation by hand is only suitable for a small
jobs or when machineries cannot be used due
to space constraint.
• Cost for excavation works are normally
estimated in cubic meter (m3) of the earth
excavated
Material Cost
• Normally no material required in excavation
works, thus no material cost
• In some cases, planking and strutting are
required to hold the excavation from
collapsing. The cost of timber used must be
included in the excavation cost
Labour Cost
• There is only one task involve in excavation
work.
• Excavation by hand will require general labour
and excavation by machinery will require an
operator and general labours (if required)
Machinery Cost
• Excavator can be obtained by renting or the
contractor can purchase it as an asset to the
company.
• Initially excavator cost is measured by hour.
Then it will be converted to cost per cubic
meter by dividing it to excavator output.
• There are many types of excavators and each
of them has different output.
Type of Excavator
Type / Capacity (m3) Output (m3/hour)
¼ 8
3/8 9
½ 12
¾ 18
1 25
Machinery Cost (cont’d)
• Machinery cost for rental excavator consist of
rental cost and operation cost
• Operation cost is summation of operator cost,
diesel/petrol cost and lubrication oil cost.
Type / Capacity Diesel Lubrication oil
(m3) (litre/hour) (litre/week)
¼ 4.00 9.00
3/8 5.00 12.00
½ 6.00 14.00
¾ 7.00 16.00
1 9.00 18.00
• Machinery cost for purchased excavator
consist of initial cost and operation cost
• Initial cost is summation of capital cost,
interest, maintenance, transportation and
insurance
Example 1 – Excavation by hand
• Build-up unit rate for pit excavation work to receive
column bases maximum depth not exceeding
2.00m (m3)
– Data provided:
Excavation type Unit General labour
(hour)
Removing top soils 150mm deep m2 0.35
Excavation to reduce level m3 1.75
Pit excavation not exceeding 1m m3 3.50
Pit excavation not exceeding 2m m3 4.50
Trench excavation not exceeding 1m m3 2.75
Trench excavation not exceeding 2m m3 4.00
– General labour = RM40.00/day

Labour cost RM RM
Pit excavation
General labour =
Profit and overhead = 15% x

Price for 1 m3
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of pit excavation is

Labour cost RM RM
Pit excavation
General labour = 4.5hr x RM40.00/8 22.50
Profit and overhead = 15% x RM22.50 3.38

Price for 1 m3 25.88
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of pit excavation is RM25.88

Example 2 – Excavation by machinery (owned by contractor)
Build-up unit rate for pit excavation work to receive column bases
maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m (m3)
Data provided:
• Excavator RM150,000.00
• Interest 10% of capital cost per year
• Transportation cost5% of capital cost
• Maintenance cost 10% of capital cost
• Scrap value RM8,000.00
• Operator RM50.00/day
• Diesel RM1.70/litre
• Lubrication oil RM20.00/litre
• Consumption of diesel 6 litre/hour
• Consumption of lubrication oil2 litre/day
• Excavator working duration 200 days per year
• Economic life cycle of the excavator 5 years
• Excavator output 12m3/hour
Initial cost RM RM
Excavator
Interest =
Maintenance =
Transportation =
Less scrap value

Cost for 5 years
Cost for 1 year = RM
Cost per hour = RM
Operation cost
Operator
Diesel =
Lubrication oil =
Operation cost per day
Operation cost per hour =
Total excavation cost/hour =
Excavation cost/m3 =
Price for 1 m3
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of excavation is
Initial cost RM RM
Excavator 150,000.00
Interest = 10% x RM150,000.00 x 5 years 75,000.00
Maintenance = 10% x RM150,000.00 15,000.00
Transportation = 5% x RM150,000.00 7,500.00
247,500.00
Less scrap value 8,000.00
Cost for 5 years 239,500.00
Cost for 1 year = RM239,500/5 47,900.00
Cost per hour = RM47,900/(200 x 8) 29.94
Operation cost
Operator 50.00
Diesel = 6 litre x 8hr x RM1.70 81.60
Lubrication oil = 2 litre x RM20.00 40.00
Operation cost per day 171.60
Operation cost per hour = RM171.60/8 21.45
Total excavation cost/hour = RM29.94 + RM21.45 51.39
Excavation cost/m3 = RM51.39/12m3/hr 4.28
Price for 1 m3 4.92
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of excavation is RM4.92
Example 3 – Excavation by machinery (rented excavator)
Build-up unit rate for pit excavation work to receive
column bases maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m
(m3)
Data provided:
• Excavator rental RM300.00/day
• Consumption of lubrication oil 12 litre/7 days
Rental cost RM RM
Excavator
Rental cost/hour =
Operation cost
Operator
Diesel =
Lubrication oil =
Operation cost per day
Operation cost per hour =

Excavation cost/m3 =
Price for 1 m3
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of excavation is
Rental cost RM RM
Excavator 300.00
Rental cost/hour = RM300.00/8hr 37.50
Operation cost
Operator 50.00
Diesel = 5 litre x 8hr x RM1.70 68.00
Lubrication oil = 12 litre/7 day x RM20.00 34.29
Operation cost per day 152.29
Operation cost per hour = RM152.29/8hr 19.04
Total excavation cost/hour = RM37.50 + RM 19.04 56.54

Total excavation cost/hour = 56.54
Excavation cost/m3 = RM56.54/9m3/hr 6.28
Planking and strutting,assume =RM3.00 3.00
9.28
Price for 1 m3 10.67
Therefore, the price for 1m3 of excavation is RM10.67
EXERCISE – Q1
Build-up unit rate for trench excavation to receive strip
foundation maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m (m3)
Data provided:
• Scrap value 5% of capital cost
• Excavator working duration 1500 hours per year
EXERCISE – Q2
Based on the data provided, build-up unit rate for excavation
work (m3)
Data provided:
• Scrap value 7% of capital cost
• Excavator operation 250 days per year
EXERCISE – Q3
Build-up unit rate for excavation work (m3)
Data provided:
• Excavator rental RM450.00/day
• Operator RM8/hour
• Consumption of diesel 40 litre/day
• Consumption of lubrication oil 2 litre/day
FILLING
• Filling cost is being influenced by three factors i.e
type of excavation, sources of material used to filling
and method of filling
• Filling quantity = excavation quantity, even though
the quantity of filling will decrease after compacting.
• the additional of amount wont be considered during
the measurement works so the actual quantity for
filling will be larger than the measurement work.
FILLING (CONT’D)
• With that, we need to assume the additional
quantity of filling to be 25% of the material
cost.
• The labour constant for filling work usually
around 0.75 hours/m3 and only need unskilled
worker for this type of job
Filling to excavation- material from
excavation
Filling to excavation – material obtained off
site
Filling to make up level
• For filling to make up level, material used for
filling can be either material arising from
excavation, selected material or material obtained
off site (broken bricks,clean hard stones etc)
• Hardcore to be included in the filling to make up
level work
• Add 25% of material cost of hardcore as the
hardcore will be compacted during the filling to
make up level.
Filling to make up level – labour output
HARDCORE THICKNESS LABOUR OUTPUT (HOUR/M3)
100MM 0.15
150MM 0.20
200MM 0.30
250MM 0.35
Filling - hardcore
Filling - hardcore

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EXCAVATION

DQS 258 – PRICE ANALYSIS OF

– General labour = RM40.00/day

Profit and overhead = 15% x

Therefore, the price for 1m3 of pit excavation is

Profit and overhead = 15% x RM22.50 3.38

Therefore, the price for 1m3 of pit excavation is RM25.88

Less scrap value

Total excavation cost/hour =

Total excavation cost/hour = RM37.50 + RM 19.04 56.54

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