ELECTRICAL

LIGHTING
MATERIALS
SAMUEL D. FRIGILLANA
PAULO B. VALERIO
JAZREAL L. GOMEZ
INCANDESCENT LAMP

HISTORY
Long before thomas edison patented -- first in 1879 and then a year later in 1880 -- and began
commercializing his incandescent light bulb, british inventors were demonstrating that electric
light was possible with the arc lamp. In 1835, the first constant electric light was demonstrated,
and for the next 40 years, scientists around the world worked on the incandescent lamp,
tinkering with the filament (the part of the bulb that produces light when heated by an electrical
current) and the bulb’s atmosphere (whether air is vacuumed out of the bulb or it is filled with
an inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidizing and burning out). These early bulbs had
extremely short lifespans, were too expensive to produce or used too much energy.\
INCANDESCENT LAMP
CLASSIFICATION

An incandescent bulb typically consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament.

An electric current passes through the filament, heating it to a temperature that produces light.
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount attached to the bulb's base
which allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without gas/air leaks. Small
wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.
The enclosing glass enclosure contains either a vacuum or an inert gas to preserve and protect
the filament from evaporating.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
CLASSIFICATION 1. Glass bulb
2. Inert gas
3. Tungsten filament
4. Contact wire (goes to foot)
5. Contact wire (goes to base)
6. Support wires
7. Glass mount/support
8. Base contact wire
9. Screw threads
10. Insulation
11. Electrical foot contact
INCANDESCENT LAMP
PROS

An incandescent bulb typically consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament.

An electric current passes through the filament, heating it to a temperature that produces light.
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount attached to the bulb's base
which allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without gas/air leaks. Small
wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.
The enclosing glass enclosure contains either a vacuum or an inert gas to preserve and protect
the filament from evaporating.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
PROS
Introduction:
Incandescent bulb or lamp is a light with wire filament which is heated to such high
temperature so that it glows by producing visible light i.e. incandescence. When electric
current is passed through the filament, it gets heated. The glass bulb is filled with inert gas in
order to protect filament from oxidation. The figure-1 below depicts AC volt incandescent bulb.

➨It is less expensive due to lower initial cost. ➨It can be dimmed or controlled.
➨It is easier to dim with rheostats. ➨It is easy to install.
➨It produces warmer color compare to➨It is available in various shapes, sizes and
fluorescent and thungsten-halogen lamps. applications.
➨It generates relatively high light output. ➨It can be switched ON immediately.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
CONS

Following are the disadvantages of Incandescent Bulb:

➨It is energy inefficient.
➨It has very short lamp life time i.e. about 1000 hours typically.
➨It is warm source of light and hence requires air conditioning to cool the room.
➨It has higher operating cost.
➨It is very fragile and hence needs to be handled very carefully.
➨It generates low lumen per watt. Ordinary incandescent bulbs produces about 5 to 20 lumens
per watt. This means it has lower efficacy
FLOURSCENT LAMP

HISTORY

In 1926, Jacques Risler, a French engineer, developed a coating for the inside of a fluorescent
light that absorbed the light produced by the mercury and produced a visible light with a
soothing hue.
In 1934, a group of scientists at GE developed what we know of today as the fluorescent lamp.
Those men -- led by George Inman and included Richard Thayer, Willard A. Roberts, and Eugene
Lemmers -- had taken decades of knowledge and research from some of the most prominent
scientific minds in history to ultimately produce a way for businesses and homes to have a new
source of light that was longer lasting, better quality and
FLUORESCENT LAMP
CLASSIFICATION
The base of a fluorescent lamp is a glass tube. Normally these
tubes are straight and are available in a variety of different
sizes. At either end of the glass tube are electrodes. These
electrodes are wired to an electrical supply, and it is through
those two electrodes that the electrical current -- or arc -- will
flow when the lamp is turned on.
The glass tube is sealed and is filled mainly with an inert gas.
Commonly the inert gas choice is argon, but other options
include krypton, xenon or even neon. Also in the tube is a
small amount of mercury vapor, about 4-5 milligrams worth,
however manufacturers are constantly looking for ways to
reduce the amount of mercury used in a fluorescent lamp.
 FLUORESCENT LAMP
CLASSIFICATION The Importance of the Phosphor Coating
On the inside of the glass tube is a coating of phosphors that
have fluorescence capabilities, which is what gives a fluorescent
lamp its glow. The phosphors are usually about 10 micrometers
in size, which is the size for the best results.
How a Fluorescent Lamp Creates Light
The first step to making light with a fluorescent lamp is
electricity. This electricity first passes through the ballast, which
acts as a management tool for the power that goes into the
fluorescent lamp. This keeps it from burning itself out. The
amount of electricity to power the lamp will vary by the size of
the lamp. It
 FLUORESCENT LAMP
CLASSIFICATION

Once the lamp is on, electricity flows in and

will pass through the electrodes on either end
of the lamp. This creates an electric current
arc between the two, and flows through the
inert gas inside the lamp. This is what starts
the electrons stirring up and flowing through
the inert gas.
 FLUORESCENT LAMP
PROS
-- Energy Efficiency
One of the best benefits of fluorescent lighting comes from its energy efficiency. Overall, a
fluorescent lamp normally offers about a 25-35% savings in the amount of energy they use
Fluorescent lamps also do not produce as much heat as traditional lighting options. They make
about 75% less heat compared to an incandescent bulb because they are not using resistance to
emit light.
– Cost Savings
Over time, that amount of savings can make quite an impact on your overall electric bill. In fact,
according to Energy Star
-- Long Light Life
Another major selling point of fluorescent lamps are the long light life they provide. On average a
traditional incandescent bulb will last between 800 to 1,500 hours
FLUORESCENT LAMP
CONS
-- Contains Mercury
The con that fluorescent lighting naysayers will usually mention first is the fact that a fluorescent
lamp includes a small amount of mercury liquid inside of it.
Con -- Limitations
And the last con to fluorescent lighting are the few limitations it has when compared to
incandescent light bulbs.
Con -- Higher Initial Cost
Another negative usually associated with fluorescent lamps is their initial cost, which is higher than
those of conventional lighting options
MERCURY LAMP
 MERCURY LAMP
 CLASSIFICATION
 A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge that uses an electric arc through
vaporized mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to
a small arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The outer
bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb
provides thermal insulation, protection from the ultraviolet radiation the light
produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.
 Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient than incandescent and
most fluorescent lights, with luminous efficacies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt. Clear
mercury lamps produce white light with a bluish-green tint due to mercury's
combination of spectral lines.
MERCURY LAMP

 History
 The first mercury vapor lamp to achieve widespread success was invented in
1901 by American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt ,Hewitt was issued on
September 17, 1901, Hewitt created an improved version that possessed higher
color qualities which eventually found widespread industrial use. The
ultraviolet light from mercury vapor lamps was applied to water treatment by
1910. The Hewitt lamps used a large amount of mercury. In the 1930s, improved
lamps of the modern form, developed by the Osram- General Electric company
and others led to widespread use of mercury vapor lamps for general lighting.
MERCURY LAMP

 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The mercury vapor lamp works by creating an electric current to
mercury vapor within a sealed glass jacket. The bulb is comprised of an
inner tube, called the arc tube, and an outer jacket (or bulb). Using too
small of a ballast will result in lower light output and can shorten the
life of the bulb.
MERCURY LAMP

 Pros
 Historically, the advantages of Mercury vapor lamps is that they are more
energy efficient than incandescent and most fluorescent lights, especially
for outdoor applications, with luminous efficacies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt.
 Their other advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000
hours and a high intensity, clear white light output . For these reasons,
they are used for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories,
warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for streetlights.
MERCURY LAMP

CONS
 The main drawbacks of high-pressure mercury vapour lamps are
their slow 4-7 minute warm-up time, middling energy efficiency (about
50 lumens per watt), and inferior colour rendering compared to metal
halide lamps.
METAL HALIDE LAMP

 CLASSIFICATION
A metal-halide lamp is an electrical lamp that
produces light by an electric arc through a
gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and
metal halides. It is a type of high-intensity
discharge gas discharge lamp.
METAL HALIDE LAMP

 History
 Metal halide (MH) light sources were developed in the 1960s for general
purpose lighting. These light sources are categorized as high intensity
discharge lamps, and utilize a ceramic or quartz arc tube to vaporize
mercury and metal halides (bromine, iodine, etc.)
METAL HALIDE LAMP
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 To put it simply, metal halide technology works by passing an electrical arc through a mix
of gasses, creating light. The bulb contains two primary parts: the inner arc tube and the
outer bulb. When the lamp is inactive, the mercury and metal halide salts are condensed
inside the inner arc tube. Metal halide lighting features two electrodes one on each end of
the inner arc tube.
 When electrical current is supplied to the lamp, electricity passes from one electrode to
the next, heating the mercury and metal halide salts contained within the inner arc tube.
This causes those elements to turn into gas, and as the metal halide atoms move away
from the electrical arc, they create white light. This process is why it takes metal halide
lamps anywhere from one to 15 minutes to warm up.
METAL HALIDE LAMP

 PROS
 Advantages. In comparison to incandescent bulbs, Metal Halide lights
are 3-5 times more efficient and produce a much higher quality light.
Metal Halide lights have a very high colour temperature (up to 5500 K) in
many cases depending on the particular mix of metal halides.
METAL HALIDE LAMP

CONS
 The main disadvantages of metal halide lamps include light pollution,
UV emission if their outer glass breaks, and use of mercury and other
heavy metals.
 Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) lamps are also called ceramic discharge
metal-halide lamps (CDM).
HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP
HISTORY
Sodium Lamps were first produced commercially by Philips in Holland in 1932. There are two kinds of sodium
lights: Low Pressure (LPS) and High Pressure (HPS). These lamps are mostly used for street lighting as well as
industrial uses.
Low pressure sodium lamps were invented first in 1920 by Arthur H. Compton
at Westinghouse. The first lamp was a round bulb with two electrodes on each side.

In 1964, William Louden, Kurt Schmidt, and Elmer Homonnay worked to create
a HPS lamp at Nela Park.
HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

CLASSIFICATION
High-pressure sodium lamps emit a broader spectrum of light than the low-
pressure lamps, but they still have poorer color rendering than other types of
lamps.
Low-pressure sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit
color vision at night.
HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In low-pressure sodium lamps, the discharge takes place in vaporized sodium. The low-
pressure sodium discharge emits monochromatic radiation in the visible range.
Therefore, unlike low-pressure mercury lamps, they do not need fluorescent powders to
convert the wavelength of the radiation.
In a high pressure sodium lamp, a compact arc tube contains a mixture of xenon, sodium
and mercury. ... The mercury vapor raises the gas pressure and operating voltage, and
the sodium vapor produces light when the pressure within the arc tube is sufficient.
HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

PROS
LPS- Very efficient lamp
- Powerful lamp for use of large areas
- Despite a warm up time of 5-10 minutes it restarts immediately if there is a brownout
- Lumen output does not drop with age (such as in LEDs or incandescents)

HPS -Good efficiency (lumens per watt)

-Smaller size than LPS or fluorescent, the HPS fits into many fixture types
-Can be retrofitted into older Mercury Vapor fixtures
-Better bulb life than LPS lamps
HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

CONS

LPS - Worst color rendering of any lamp

- Sodium is a hazardous material which can combust when exposed to air (such as if the
bulb is broken in the trash)

HPS - Still has a bad color rendering compared to metal halide and halogen lamps
-Requires a lossy ballast (inefficient) that operates a low arc voltage of 52-100V. This
reduces the actual efficiency of the lamp when you count the whole system together.
 LED LAMP
HISTORY

In 1962, Nick Holonyak, Jr. invented the first LED that could produce visible red
light. He invented these red diodes while he was employed with General Electric, At
GE they called it "the miracle one". For his achievement, Holonyak has earned the
title of “Father of the Light-Emitting Diode.”
 LED LAMP

CLASSIFICATION

LED which is becoming widespread owns various kinds of product. LED products
can be classified into different types according to light emitting colors, outer surface
trait and structure of the diodes, luminous intensity, operating current, chip
material, function.
 LED LAMP

WORKING PRINCIPLE
An LED bulb produces light by passing the electric current through a
semiconducting material—the diode—which then emits photons (light) through the
principle of electroluminescence.
 LED LAMP
PROS
-Long Lifespan
-Energy Efficiency
-Improved Environmental Performance
-The Ability to Operate in Cold Conditions
-No Heat or UV Emissions
Design Flexibility
-Instant Lighting and the Ability to Withstand Frequent Switching
-Low Voltage Operation
 LED LAMP
CONS

-High up-front costs.

-Transformer compatibility.
-Potential color shift over lamp life.
-Performance standardization has not yet been streamlined.
-Overheating can cause reduced lamp life
THAN
K
YOU