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    Ig Rocks

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    HIMANI
    The rock cycle document describes the three main categories of rocks and how they are related. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Their texture and mineral composition provide clues about the temperature and environment in which they solidified. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes in the Earth. Rocks can change categories through these natural processes.

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    Ig Rocks

    Uploaded by

    HIMANI
    21 views30 pages
    The rock cycle document describes the three main categories of rocks and how they are related. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Their texture and mineral composition provide clues about the temperature and environment in which they solidified. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes in the Earth. Rocks can change categories through these natural processes.

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    The rock cycle document describes the three main categories of rocks and how they are related. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Their texture and mineral composition provide clues about the temperature and environment in which they solidified. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes in the Earth. Rocks can change categories through these natural processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views30 pages

    Ig Rocks

    Uploaded by

    HIMANI
    The rock cycle document describes the three main categories of rocks and how they are related. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Their texture and mineral composition provide clues about the temperature and environment in which they solidified. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes in the Earth. Rocks can change categories through these natural processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    The Rock Cycle-

    Minerals form rocks


    All rocks can be transformed into other rock types
    Rocks are divided into 3 categories
    Igneous- crystalline- forms as liquid cools
    Metamorphic- crystalline-forms as rocks are
    heated and squeezed
    Sedimentary- non-crystalline- smaller pieces
    or chemicals from other rocks
    Igneous formed from
    Magma and Lava
    Magma
    • molten rock below Earth's surface.
    L ava
    • magma on the Earth's surface.

    Pyroclastic material
    • (pyro = fire, clastic = debris)
    • Airborne lava
    — cools as it falls
    Composition of the magma
    • Analogous to what makes up the “stew"
    • What chemical elements are present
    • What material has the magma moved
    through
    Temperature of the melt
    • Not only how hot, but how long it stays that hot
    • also relates to pressure of the molten rock
    Cooling environment
    • fast vs slow
    • Internal vs External
    Water content
    Bowen's Reaction Series- IMPORTANT!
    Plagioclase
    Olivine (Ca-feldspar)

    Dis

    ous
    Pyroxene

    tinu
    ont
    i

    Con
    nuo
    us
    Amphibole

    Plagioclase
    Biotite (Na-feldspar)
    Orthoclase
    (K-feldspar)

    Muscovite

    Quartz
    What things might you
    describe when looking at an
    igneous rock?
    Composition of Igneous rocks
    Felsic or Sialic magma
    • Si-rich (> 65%)
    • rich in K, and Al
    • little Ca, Fe, and Mg.
    Intermediate magma
    • between the two extremes in Si
    content and other atoms.
    Mafic magma
    • Si - poor (< 35%)
    • richer in Ca, Fe, and Mg.
    Ways of Changing
    Magma Composition
    Viscosity of Magma/ Lava
    Viscosity- important for volcanic activity
    • the resistance of a liquid to flow
    — high viscosity = thick and stiff
    — low viscosity = thin and "runny".
    Related to:
    • amount of water (H2O) in magma
    • amount of silica (Si) in magma
    • Mafic
    — thin, low viscosity
    • Felsic
    — thick, high viscosity
    Igneous Rock Textures- how big are the
    Phaneritic Texture
    minerals?

    • Visible Mineral Grains


    distinguishable as different colored interlocking
    shapes
    Aphanitic Texture
    • Mineral grains too small to be seen
    — microscopic
    Porphyritic Texture
    • Two distinct sizes of mineral grains
    • Large and Small
    — Large = Phenocrysts
    — Small = Groundmass or Matrix
    • Groundmass
    — Grains may be either visible or not
    Porphyritic texture

    Aphanitic basalt (mafic


    composition) constitutes
    the groundmass
    Cooling Histories
    Minerals need time and space to grow
    • More time = Bigger crystals
    — visible mineral grains
    P & T control cooling rates of magma
    • Temp
    — Earth is a good insulator
    » holds in heat
    » keeps out cool
    — Atmosphere is a relatively bad insulator
    » transfers heat easily
    • Earth has pressure
    — Weight of overlying rocks
    — Magma trying to push up (density)
    — water vapor (steam), wants to expand
    Categories of Igneous EOF
    Granite
    Intrusive rocks
    • cool beneath Earth's surface
    • cool very slowly
    • higher P & T
    — Phaneritic textures
    Rhyolite
    Extrusive rocks
    • cool on the Earth's Surface
    • cool relatively fast
    • lower T & P
    — Aphanitic textures Basalt
    — Pyroclastic textures porphyry
    Complex
    • Partially cools below and above
    — Porphyritic textures
    Igneous rock names
    • determined by texture
    — size and arrangement of mineral grains
    • AND by mineral composition
    — minerals affect rock color and indicate temperature of creation
    Pegmatite
    A Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained igneous rock.
    Crystals are >2 cm, often larger.
    Most are granitic, although mafic pegmatites can form.
    Biotite mineral
    grain

    Feldspar
    mineral
    grain

    Quartz mineral
    grain
    Granite & Rhyolite
    Phaneritic Texture
    Felsic magma

    What
    Granite are the textures in these two
    rocks ?

    Aphanitic Texture
    Felsic magma
    Rhyolite
    Andesite & Diorite
    What are the textures in these two rocks ?
    Aphanitic texture Phaneritic texture
    forms from intermediate -forms from intermediate
    composition magma composition magma
    Basalt & Gabbro
    phaneritic texture
    aphanitic texture
    forms from mafic magma
    forms from mafic magma

    Basalt

    Gabbro
    »
    Peridotite- the abundance of Olivine crystals
    (more than 40%) makes the rock take on a
    green appearance
    Obsidian- a popular rock among
    paleopeople for tool making

    Volcanic
    Glass
    Tuffs &Tuffs
    Breccias
    & Breccias
    - look like sedimentary rock

    But they are not….it is volcanic ash that is lithified


    How do we tell where
    the igneous rocks
    formed and what can
    we derive from the
    rocks about the
    conditions of
    Pyroclastics
    Lava
    flow

    Volcanic
    neck

    Igneous
    dike

    Igneous
    Sill

    Batholith
    Sierra Nevada
    Batholith- Home to
    Yosemite National
    Park and a lot of
    Granites and
    Grano-diorites
    Sierra Nevada Batholith
    Areal extent of the Idaho
    Batholith- a huge (15,400
    square miles) intrusive body
    of primarily felsic
    composition (granites)
    igneous rocks
    An igneous dike-
    Discordant with surrounding rock
    It cuts across other rocks
    An igneous sill-
    Concordant with surrounding rock
    It runs parallel to other rocks
    Necks & Ig Dikes

    Neck

    Dike

    igneous
    Igneous sill
    sill

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