Quality of Service (QoS) &

Techniques To Improve QoS

Presented By : Group 9
Group Members
RHEA BANERJEE 19BCE10327
ATISHAY JAIN 19BCE10328
PUSHKAL SINGHAL 19BCE10330
K ANIKET PRUSTY 19BCE10336
KHUSHII GUPTAA 19BCE10339
PARNIKA KESARWANI
19BCE10343
PRIYANSH SEN
19BCE10346

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 Introduction
⬡ Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies that work on a network to guarantee its ability to dependably
run high-priority applications and traffic under limited network capacity.
⬡ The network administrator assigns the order in which packets are handled, and the amount of bandwidth afforded
to that application or traffic flow.
⬡ Quality of service (QoS) in the case of networking implies the ability of a network to provide reliable service to
the traffic over various technologies.
⬡ Quality-of-Service (QoS) refers to traffic control mechanisms that seek to either differentiate performance based
on application or network-operator requirements or provide predictable or guaranteed performance to
applications, sessions, or traffic aggregates.
⬡ Basic phenomenon for QoS means in terms of packet delay and losses of various kinds.

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 Working of QoS
⬡ QoS networking technology works by marking packets to identify service types, then
configuring routers to create separate virtual queues for each application, based on their
priority.
⬡ As a result, bandwidth is reserved for critical applications or websites that have been
assigned priority access.
⬡ QoS technologies provide capacity and handling allocation to specific flows in network
traffic.
⬡ This enables the network administrator to assign the order in which packets are handled and
provide the appropriate amount of bandwidth to each application or traffic flow.

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Understanding how QoS network software works is reliant on defining the various types of traffic that it measures.
These are :

⬡ Bandwidth: The speed of a link. QoS can tell a router how to use bandwidth. For example, assigning a
certain amount of bandwidth to different queues for different traffic types.
⬡ Delay: The time it takes for a packet to go from its source to its end destination. QoS enables
organizations to avoid this by creating a priority queue for certain types of traffic.
⬡ Reliability/Loss: The amount of data lost as a result of packet loss, which typically occurs due to
network congestion. QoS enables organizations to decide which packets to drop in this event.
⬡ Jitter: The irregular speed of packets on a network as a result of congestion, which can result in packets
arriving late and out of sequence. This can cause distortion or gaps in audio and video being delivered.

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⬡ QoS helps manage packet loss, delay and jitter on your network

infrastructure.

⬡ Since we're working with bandwidth, our first order of business

is to identify what applications would benefit from managing

these three things.

⬡ Once network and application administrators identify the

applications that need to have priority over bandwidth on a

network, the next step is to identify that traffic.

⬡ There are several ways to identify or mark the traffic.

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Why is QoS important?
⬡ Some applications running on your network are sensitive to delay. These
applications commonly use the UDP protocol as opposed to the TCP protocol.
⬡ The key difference between TCP and UDP as it relates to time sensitivity is that
TCP will retransmit packets that are lost in transit while UDP does not.
⬡ For a file transfer from one PC to the next, TCP should be used because if any
packets are lost, malformed or arrive out of order, the TCP protocol can
retransmit and reorder the packets to recreate the file on the destination PC.

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⬡ But for UDP applications such as an IP phone call, any lost packet cannot be retransmitted because
the voice packets come in as an ordered stream; re-transmitting packets is useless. Because of this,
any lost or delayed packets for applications running the UDP protocol are a real problem. In our
voice call example, losing even a few packets will result in the voice quality becoming choppy and
unintelligible.
⬡ Additionally, the packets are sensitive to what's known as jitter. Jitter is the variation in delay of a
streaming application.
⬡ If your network has plenty of bandwidth and no traffic that bursts above what it can handle, you
won't have a problem with packet loss, delay or jitter.
⬡ But in many enterprise networks, there will be times where links become overly congested to the
point where routers and switches start dropping packets because they are coming in/out faster that
what can be processed.
⬡ If that's the case, your streaming applications are going to suffer. This is where QoS comes in.
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BENEFITS OF QOS
⬡ Improved Application Performance:
∙ It can improve the performance of critical applications within an
organization’s IT infrastructure. It can help to ensure that their packet
loss, delay, and latency requirements are met.

⬡ Improved Network Utilization:

∙ Organizations have made significant investments in network
infrastructure. QoS network traffic identification can prioritize traffic
based upon the associated application.

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⬡ Optimized Traffic Routing:
∙ Organization can more efficiently route network traffic to its
destination. Prevent from creating inefficiencies and delays

⬡ Decreased Network Congestion:

∙ With Qos organization’s network will become less congested by low-
priority traffic. QoS help to reduce network congestion by dropping
or throttling low-priority traffic.

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Steps to improve QOS in Computer
Networking
Step 1 − The quality of service of the network can only be improved by reducing the network failures and
reducing the congestion.

Step 2 − For this the company must analyse the underlying hardware like switches, routers, hubs etc and the
underlying software such as routing algorithms to improve the QOS.

Step 3 − The routing algorithm should be intelligent enough to select the best possible route to transfer a
packet from its source to its destination by keeping in record various networking factors such as latency rate,
network congestion, traffic on a particular route, and bandwidth of the network.

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TECHNIQUES
TO
IMPROVE QoS
 a. SCHEDULING

Packets from different flows arrive at a switch or router for processing. A good scheduling

technique treats the different flows in a fair and appropriate manner. Several scheduling

techniques are designed to improve the quality of service. Three of them are:

⬡ FIFO queuing

⬡ Priority queuing

⬡ Weighted fair queuing.

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 i. FIFO Queuing

In first-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing, packets wait in a buffer (queue) until the node (router or

switch) is ready to process them. If the average arrival rate is higher than the average processing

rate, the queue will fill up and new packets will be discarded. A FIFO queue is familiar to those

who have had to wait for a bus at a bus stop.

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ii. Priority Queuing
⬡ In priority queuing, packets are first assigned to a priority class. Each priority class has its own queue.

The packets in the highest-priority queue are processed first. Packets in the lowest- priority queue are

processed last. Note that the system does not stop serving a queue until it is empty. Figure 4.32 shows

priority queuing with two priority levels (for simplicity).

⬡ A priority queue can provide better QoS than the FIFO queue because higher priority traffic, such as

multimedia, can reach the destination with less delay. However, there is a potential drawback. If there

is a continuous flow in a high-priority queue, the packets in the lower-priority queues will never have a

chance to be processed. This is a condition called starvation

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iii. Weighted Fair Queuing
⬡ A better scheduling method is weighted fair queuing. In this technique, the packets are still assigned
to different classes and admitted to different queues.
⬡ The queues, however, are weighted based on the priority of the queues; higher priority means a
higher weight.
⬡ The system processes packets in each queue in a round-robin fashion with the number of packets
selected from each queue based on the corresponding weight.
⬡ For example, if the weights are 3, 2, and 1, three packets are processed from the first queue, two
from the second queue, and one from the third queue.
⬡ If the system does not impose priority on the classes, all weights can be equal. In this way, we have
fair queuing with priority. Figure 4.33 shows the technique with three classes.

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b. Traffic Shaping

Traffic shaping is a mechanism to control the amount and the rate of the traffic sent to the

network. Two techniques can shape traffic:

⬡ Leaky bucket

⬡ Token bucket.

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1) Leaky Bucket:
Leaky Bucket Algorithm mainly controls the total amount and the rate of the traffic
sent to the network.

1. The input rate can vary, but the output

rate remains constant.

2. Smooth out bursty traffic

3. Bursty chunks are stored in the bucket

and sent out at an average rate

=> (12mbps * 2s) + 5s + ( 2mbps * 3s)

=> 24 + 5 + 6
=> 30 Mb
=> 3mbps * 10s
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Leaky bucket implementation
The following is an algorithm for variable-length packets:

1. Initialize a counter to n at the tick of the clock.

2. If n is greater than the size of the packet, send the packet and decrement the counter by the packet
size. Repeat this step until n is smaller than the packet size.
3. Reset the counter and go to step 1.

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2) Token Bucket
The token bucket algorithm allows idle hosts to accumulate credit for the future in the form of
tokens. For each tick of the clock, the system sends n tokens to the bucket. The system removes
one token for every cell (or byte) of data sent.

In regular intervals
If the packet is ready,
tokens are thrown into
then a token is removed
the bucket f.
from the bucket, and
the packet is sent.
The bucket has a
maximum capacity f

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c. Resource Reservation :
A flow of data needs resources such as a buffer, bandwidth, CPU time, and
so on.
The quality of service is improved if these resources are reserved
beforehand.
The RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol provides the quality of service
QoS of data transfer between two different applications on internet.

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d. Admission Control :
⬡ Admission control refers to the mechanism used by a router, or a switch, to
accept or reject a flow based on predefined parameters called flow
specifications.
⬡ Before a router accepts a flow for processing, it checks the flow specifications to
see if its capacity (in terms of bandwidth, buffer size, CPU speed, etc.) and its
previous commitments to other flows can handle the new flow.
⬡ It is one of techniques that is widely used in virtual-circuit networks to keep
congestion at bay. The idea is do not set up a new virtual circuit unless the
network can carry the added traffic without becoming congested.

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 Ways to improve QoS
There are number of ways to improve QOS for a network-based application and they are
explained below −

● Use protocols to know the best way to implement a network-based application.

● Use the best and intelligent routing algorithm.

● Always try to separate the functionality to different layers of the network.

QoS is the overall performance according to many users of a service or of a network. QoS is
that technology which reduces the packet loss and traffic.
Issues and challenges
❏ When there is no medium to be accessed then data is dropped due to the
unavailability of the medium.

❏ Until a packet is transmitted successfully or the packet is discarded due to some

reason, the MAC which is present in the network will keep on re transmitting.
 References
1. https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-quality-of-service-qos

2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-general-techniques-to-improve-the-quality-of-service

3. https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/qos-quality-of-service

4. https://www.brainkart.com/article/Techniques-to-Improve-QoS_13490/#:~:text=The%20four%20co
mmon%20methods%3A%20scheduling,admission%20control%2C%20and%20resource%20reserv
ation

5. https://www.ques10.com/p/11071/explain-techniques-to-improve-qos-in-multimedia-1/

6. https://www.networkcomputing.com/networking/basics-qos

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THANK YOU

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