ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS
ANALYSIS
LECTURER
Dr. Ahmed Maamoon Al-Kababji
 FIRST YEAR CLASS
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ANALYSIS
• Introduction: electrical metirials, basic quantities [ch1]
• Basic relation: Ohm’s law, dependent & independent sources, series & parallel resistor
circuits, Y ∆ transformation.[ch2]
• Kirchhoff’s laws .[ch2]
MARK CALCULATION
• AC signals. [ch8] 50
• AC circuits: capacitance & inductance.[ch6,8] 50 Final Exam.

• Phasors. [ch8] 10 Quiz’s (25) Written Exam (15) Lab.

(10) Lab. (35) Written Exam

• AC circuits analysis. [ch8,ch9]
• Circuit theory: source transformation, superposition, Mesh analysis, Nodal analysis,
Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorem, maximum power transfer [ch3,5,8,9]
• Steady-State Power Analysis [ch10]
• Transient circuits: RL, RC & RLC [ch7]
• Resonant circuits. [ch11]
• Three-phase circuits. [ch11]
• Text book: BASIC ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 10th Ed by J. Irwin
• Co-text book: BASIC ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 11th Ed by J. Irwin, and
ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
 Lecture One
Review
Learning Goals: A quick review of
• Current and Voltage
• Power and Passive Sign Convention
• Types of Sources
• Ohm’s Law
• Simple Series and Parallel Circuits
• Y ∆ Transformation
 UNITS

BASIC QUANTITIES
Electric charge (q) in Coulombs (C)
Current (I) in Amperes (A)
Voltage (V) in Volts (V)
Energy (ω) in Joules (J)
Power (P) in Watts (W)
 Current
• Current is the time rate of flow of electric charge (q) past
a given point.
• Charge will only flow if there is a voltage source (potential
difference).
• conventional current is flow of positive charge +-
• Symbol for Current = I or i
• Unit for Current = Amps (A)
current electrons
• Use lower case to indicate a time varying current and
upper case to indicate a constant or direct current
dq i1   i 2
i
dt
If your calculation produces a negative value for the current, that means the
conventional current actually flows opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow.
 Voltage
• The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to
move a unit positive charge from the - terminal to the + terminal.
• Voltage: the charge (electron) “pusher.” Voltage causes current
to flow/move. dw
• Voltage sources: Battery, Generator, Outlets v
• Symbol for voltage = V or v dq
• Use lower case to indicate a time varying voltage and upper
case to indicate a constant or direct voltage
• Unit for voltage = Volts (V)

vab   vba
 power
• Power is the rate of expending energy.
• Power absorbed by an element is positive, Power
delivered by an element is negative.

i
a b
+ vab - dw dw dq
p    vi
- vba + dt dq dt
i
a b
 passive sign convention (psc)
• positive current flows from positive voltage
to negative voltage.

+ vab - - vab +
i i
a b a b

Is the current in Is the current in

this resistor positive this element positive
or negative? or negative?
 power and psc
• p=v•i
• Power is absorbed by an element adhering to the
passive sign convention (sink)
+ vab -
i
a b
• Power is supplied by an element not adhering to the
passive sign convention (source)

- vab +
i
a b
 power and psc example
• what is the power absorbed or supplied by the
element below, when i = 4A?
- vab = 12V +
i
a b

• power = 12V x 4A = 48 W
• does not adhere to passive sign convention,
so power is supplied.
 power and energy
p=v•i
power = voltage * current
power is the time rate of expending energy

t
w   pdt
0
energy = power * time
energy is the capacity to do work
 Ideal Independent v & i Sources
Ideal sources maintain either constant
voltage or constant current.
• Ideal sources don’t really exist
• You can’t computer v across i
+
source or i across v source (no
vs is i = f(v) or v=g(i))
- • Are not dependent on anything
else

Ideal v source Ideal i source

 Ideal Dependent v & i Sources
Ideal sources controlled by other circuit
elements • they are controlled from other
places in the circuit – i.e.
controlled sources
vs = is = • The variants are:
+ – voltage controlled current
mvx avx
source or voltage source
or - or – current controlled current
ri x bi x source or voltage source
EX:
Ideal v source Ideal i source
 Connecting sources
• Never connect 2 outputs!
– NO voltage sources in parallel
• if vs1 ≠ vs2 => smoke
+ +

vs1 vs2 • if vs1 = vs2 => theoretically possible,

- -

but bad idea

Then why do it ?
(To get more current in practical sources)

• No problem
vs1 vs2
+ +
• total voltage = vs1 + vs2
- -
 Connecting sources
• Never connect 2 outputs!
– NO current sources in series
• if is1 ≠ is2 => smoke
is1 is2
• if is1 = is2 => theoretically
possible, but bad idea

• No problem
is1 is2 • total current = is1 + is2
 Connect sources
• Respect current and voltage sources

vs + • DO NOT short circuit a voltage

-
source

• DO NOT open circuit a current

is2 source

H.W. 1.20 to 1.45 pp.21-24

OHM's LAW
"One microampere flowing in one ohm causes a one microvolt potential drop.“
Georg Simon Ohm
E=IR

Georg Simon Ohm

(1787-1854)
 Ohm’s Law
• Current and voltage sources in action
• Compute current across R
vs = 5 V +
1 kW v 5V
-
i   3  5mA
R 10 
• Compute voltage across R
is = 7 mA 1 kW
V  iR  7mA 1k  7V
 Resistors in Series
• Find total power expended in the circuit
5kW 35kW 25kW

+ +
10V 10kW 10V -
R?
-

5kW 50kW 15kW

R = R1 + R2 + … + Rn R = (5 + 35 + 25 + 10 + 5 + 50 + 15)kW
V 2 102 102 100
p     0.7mW
R R (5  35  25  10  5  50  15)k 145k
 Resistors in Parallel
• Find total power expended in the circuit

+ +
10V 20kW 10kW 40kW 10V R?
- -

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2  4 1
   ...     
R R1 R2 Rn R 20k 10k 40k 40k
40k
R  5.7k
7
V2 100
p   17.5mW
R 5.7 k
 Resistors in Series & Parallel
• Find equivalent resistance
5kW 35kW 25kW

+ +
10V 100kW 50kW 10kW 10V R?
- -

5kW 40kW 15kW

When trying to determine the equivalent resistance at a pair of terminals of a network composed of an
interconnection of numerous resistors, it is recommended that the analysis begin at the end of the
network opposite the terminals. Two or more resistors are combined to form a single resistor, thus
simplifying the network by reducing the number of components as the analysis continues in a steady
progression toward the terminals. The simplification involves the following:
Step 1. Resistors in series. Resistors R1 and R2 are in series if they are connected end to end with one
common node and carry exactly the same current. They can then be combined into a single resistor RS,
where RS=R1+R2 .
Step 2. Resistors in parallel. Resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel if they are connected to the same two
nodes and have exactly the same voltage across their terminals. They can then be combined into a
single resistor Rp, where These two combinations are used repeatedly, as needed, to reduce the network
to a single resistor at the pair of terminals. Rp = R1 R2/(R1 + R2)
 Resistors in Series & Parallel
• Find equivalent resistance
5kW 35kW 25kW

+ +
10V 100kW 50kW 10kW 10V R?
- -

5kW 40kW 15kW

5kW 35kW 5kW 35kW

10V 10V
+ +
100kW 50kW 50kW 100kW 25kW
- -

5kW 40kW 5kW 40kW

 Resistors in Series & Parallel
• Find equivalent resistance
5kW 35kW 5kW

10V 10V
+ +
100kW 25kW 100kW 100kW
- -

5kW 40kW 5kW

5kW

10V 10V
+ +
50kW 60kW
- -

5kW
 Y   TRANSFORMATIONS

THIS CIRCUIT HAS NO RESISTOR IN THEN THE CIRCUIT WOULD

SERIES OR PARALLEL BECOME LIKE THIS AND
BE AMENABLE TO SERIES
IF INSTEAD PARALLEL TRANSFORMATIONS
WE COULD
OF THIS HAVE THIS
 Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )

Rab  Ra  Rb
 Y

R ( R  R3 ) Ra R1 RR Rb R2 RR
  R3  b 1   R2  b 1
Ra  Rb  2 1 Ra 
R1 R2 Rb R3 Ra Rc R1 Rc
R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3
REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R2 R3
Rb  Rc  Rb 
R1  R2  R3 R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1 
R3 R1 Rb
R1 ( R2  R3 ) Rc 
Rc  Ra  R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R2 
 Y Rc
SUBTRACT THE
Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
FIRST TWO THEN the two (neighbors) adjacent Δ branches, divided by the sum
R3 
ADD TO THE THIRD of the three Δ resistors.
Ra
TO GET Ra Y 
H.W. 2.1-9, 2.55-66 pp.82-90 Each resistor in theΔ network is the sum of all possible products
of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y
resistor.