Data Mining

Romi Satria Wahono

[email protected]
et
http://romisatriawahono.net
08118228331
Romi Satria Wahono
• SMA Taruna Nusantara Magelang (1993)
• B.Eng, M.Eng and Ph.D in Software Engineering
Saitama University Japan (1994-2004)
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (2014)
• Core Competency in Enterprise Architecture,
Software Engineering and Machine Learning
• LIPI Researcher (2004-2007)
• Founder, CoFounder and CEO:
• PT Brainmatics Cipta Informatika (2005)
• PT Imani Prima (2007)
• PT IlmuKomputerCom Braindevs Sistema (2014)
• PT Brainmatics Indonesia Cendekia (2020)
• Professional Member of IEEE, ACM and PMI
• IT and Research Award Winners from WSIS (United Nations), Kemdikbud, Ristekdikti,
LIPI, etc
• SCOPUS/ISI Indexed Journal Reviewer: Information and Software Technology, Journal
of Systems and Software, Software: Practice and Experience, etc
• Industrial IT Certifications: TOGAF, ITIL, CCAI, CCNA, etc
• Enterprise Architecture & Digital Transformation Expert: KPK, INSW, BPPT, LIPI,
Kemenkeu, RistekDikti, Pertamina EP, PLN,2 PJB, PJBI, IP, FIF, Kemlu, ESDM, etc.
3
Learning Design
Criterion
Educational
Referenced Minimalism
Objectives Instruction (John Carroll)
(Benjamin Bloom)
(Robert Mager)

Start Immediately
Cognitive Competencies

Minimize the
Reading
Affective Performance
Error Recognition

Psychomotor Evaluation Self-Contained

4
Textbooks

5
 Pre-Test
1. Jelaskan perbedaan antara data, informasi dan pengetahuan!
2. Jelaskan apa yang anda ketahui tentang data mining!
3. Sebutkan peran utama data mining!
4. Sebutkan pemanfaatan dari data mining di berbagai bidang!
5. Pengetahuan apa yang bisa kita dapatkan dari data di bawah?

NIM Gender Nilai Asal IPS1 IPS2 IPS3 IPS 4 ... Lulus Tepat
UN Sekolah Waktu
10001 L 28 SMAN 2 3.3 3.6 2.89 2.9 Ya
10002 P 27 SMAN 7 4.0 3.2 3.8 3.7 Tidak
10003 P 24 SMAN 1 2.7 3.4 4.0 3.5 Tidak
10004 L 26.4 SMAN 3 3.2 2.7 3.6 3.4 Ya
...
11000 L 23.4 SMAN 5 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.2 Ya

6
 1.1 Apa dan Mengapa Data Mining?
1. Pengantar 1.2 Peran Utama dan Metode Data Mining
1.3 Sejarah dan Penerapan Data Mining
Course Outline
2.1 Proses dan Tools Data Mining
2.2 Penerapan Proses Data Mining
2. Proses 2.3 Evaluasi Model Data Mining
2.4 Proses Data Mining berbasis CRISP-DM

3.1 Data Cleaning

3.2 Data Reduction
3. Persiapan Data 3.3 Data Transformation
3.4 Data Integration

4.1 Algoritma Klasifikasi

4.2 Algoritma Klastering
4. Algoritma 4.3 Algoritma Asosiasi
4.4 Algoritma Estimasi dan Forecasting

5.1 Text Mining Concepts

5.2 Text Clustering
5. Text Mining 5.3 Text Classification
5.4 Data Mining Laws

7
1. Pengantar Data Mining
1.1 Apa dan Mengapa Data Mining?
1.2 Peran Utama dan Metode Data Mining
1.3 Sejarah dan Penerapan Data Mining

8
1.1 Apa dan Mengapa Data Mining?

9
 Manusia Memproduksi Data
Manusia memproduksi beragam
data yang jumlah dan ukurannya
sangat besar
• Astronomi
• Bisnis
• Kedokteran
• Ekonomi
• Olahraga
• Cuaca
• Financial
• …

10
Pertumbuhan Data kilobyte (kB) 103
megabyte (MB) 106
Astronomi gigabyte (GB) 109
• Sloan Digital Sky Survey terabyte (TB) 1012
• New Mexico, 2000 petabyte (PB) 1015
exabyte (EB) 1018
• 140TB over 10 years
zettabyte (ZB) 1021
• Large Synoptic Survey Telescope yottabyte (YB) 1024
• Chile, 2016
• Will acquire 140TB every five days

Biologi dan Kedokteran

• European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)
• 20PB of data (genomic data doubles in size each year)
• A single sequenced human genome can be around 140GB in size

11
Perubahan Kultur dan Perilaku

12
 kilobyte (kB) 103
Datangnya Tsunami Data megabyte (MB) 106
gigabyte (GB) 109
terabyte (TB) 1012
• Mobile Electronics market petabyte (PB) 1015
• 7B smartphone subscriptions in 2015 exabyte (EB) 1018
zettabyte (ZB) 1021
yottabyte (YB) 1024

• Web & Social Networks generates amount of data

• Google processes 100 PB per day, 3 million servers
• Facebook has 300 PB of user data per day
• Youtube has 1000PB video storage

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Kebanjiran Data tapi Miskin Pengetahuan

We are drowning in data,

but starving for knowledge!
(John Naisbitt, Megatrends, 1988)

14
 Mengubah Data Menjadi Pengetahuan
• Data harus kita olah menjadi
pengetahuan supaya bisa bermanfaat
bagi manusia

• Dengan pengetahuan
tersebut, manusia dapat:
• Melakukan estimasi dan prediksi
apa yang terjadi di depan
• Melakukan analisis tentang asosiasi, korelasi dan
pengelompokan antar data dan atribut
• Membantu pengambilan keputusan dan
pembuatan kebijakan
15
16
Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

NIP TGL DATANG PULANG

1103 02/12/2004 07:20 15:40
1142 02/12/2004 07:45 15:33
1156 02/12/2004 07:51 16:00
1173 02/12/2004 08:00 15:15
1180 02/12/2004 07:01 16:31
1183 02/12/2004 07:49 17:00

Data Kehadiran Pegawai

17
Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

NIP Masuk Alpa Cuti Sakit Telat

1103 22

1142 18 2 2

1156 10 1 11

1173 12 5 5

1180 10 12

Informasi Akumulasi Bulanan Kehadiran Pegawai

18
 Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

Senin Selasa Rabu Kamis Jumat

Terlambat 7 0 1 0 5

Pulang 0 1 1 1 8
Cepat
Izin 3 0 0 1 4

Alpa 1 0 2 0 2

Pola Kebiasaan Kehadiran Mingguan Pegawai

19
Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

• Kebijakan penataan jam kerja karyawan khusus

untuk hari senin dan jumat

• Peraturan jam kerja:

• Hari Senin dimulai jam 10:00
• Hari Jumat diakhiri jam 14:00
• Sisa jam kerja dikompensasi ke hari lain

20
Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

Keb Kebijakan Penataan Jam

Kerja Pegawai
ijak
an

Pola Kebiasaan Datang-

Pengetahuan Pulang Pegawai

Informasi Informasi Rekap

Kehadiran Pegawai

Data 21
Data Absensi Pegawai
Data - Informasi – Pengetahuan - Kebijakan

22
Apa itu Data Mining?

Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari metode untuk mengekstrak

pengetahuan atau menemukan pola dari suatu data yang besar
23
Terminologi dan Nama Lain Data
Mining
• Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari metode untuk mengekstrak
pengetahuan atau menemukan pola dari suatu data yang besar

• Ekstraksi dari data ke pengetahuan:

1. Data: fakta yang terekam dan tidak membawa arti
2. Informasi: Rekap, rangkuman, penjelasan dan statistik dari data
3. Pengetahuan: pola, rumus, aturan atau model yang muncul dari
data

• Nama lain data mining:

• Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD)
• Big data
• Business intelligence
• Knowledge extraction
• Pattern analysis
• Information harvesting

24
Konsep Proses Data Mining

Himpunan Metode Pengetahua

Data Data Mining n

25
Definisi Data Mining
• Melakukan ekstraksi untuk mendapatkan informasi
penting yang sifatnya implisit dan sebelumnya tidak
diketahui, dari suatu data (Witten et al., 2011)

• Kegiatan yang meliputi pengumpulan, pemakaian

data historis untuk menemukan keteraturan, pola
dan hubungan dalam set data berukuran besar
(Santosa, 2007)

• Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit,

previously unknown and potentially useful)
patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data
(Han et al., 2011)

26
Contoh Data di Kampus
• Puluhan ribu data mahasiswa di kampus yang
diambil dari sistem informasi akademik
• Apakah pernah kita ubah menjadi pengetahuan
yang lebih bermanfaat? TIDAK!
• Seperti apa pengetahuan itu? Rumus, Pola, Aturan

27
Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa

28
Contoh Data di Komisi Pemilihan
Umum
• Puluhan ribu data calon anggota legislatif di KPU
• Apakah pernah kita ubah menjadi pengetahuan
yang lebih bermanfaat? TIDAK!

29
Prediksi Calon Legislatif DKI Jakarta

30
 Penentuan Kelayakan Kredit
20

15

10 Jumlah kredit
macet
5

0
2003 2004

31
Deteksi Pencucian Uang

32
 Prediksi Kebakaran Hutan
FFMC DMC DC ISI temp RH wind rain ln(area+1)
93.5 139.4 594.2 20.3 17.6 52 5.8 0 0
92.4 124.1 680.7 8.5 17.2 58 1.3 0 0
90.9 126.5 686.5 7 15.6 66 3.1 0 0
85.8 48.3 313.4 3.9 18 42 2.7 0 0.307485
91 129.5 692.6 7 21.7 38 2.2 0 0.357674
90.9 126.5 686.5 7 21.9 39 1.8 0 0.385262
95.5 99.9 513.3 13.2 23.3 31 4.5 0 0.438255
12

10 9.648

6
5.9 5.615
  SVM SVM+GA
C 4.3 1,840 4.3

Gamma ( 5.9 9,648 4

3.9
Epsilon ( 3.9 5,615 1.840
1.391

RMSE 2
1.391 1.379
0 1.379
C Gamma Epsilon RMSE

SVM SVM+GA
33
 Profiling dan Prediksi Koruptor

Prediksi dan klastering

Aktivitas Penindakan calon tersangka koruptor

Asosiasi atribut
Data tersangka koruptor
Data Data Pengetahuan

Data Prediksi pencucian uang

Estimasi jenis dan

Aktivitas Pencegahan jumlah tahun hukuman

34
Pola Profil Tersangka Koruptor

35
Profiling dan Deteksi Kasus TKI

36
Klasterisasi Tingkat Kemiskinan

37
Pola Aturan Asosiasi dari Data Transaksi

38
Pola Aturan Asosiasi di Amazon.com

39
 From Stupid Apps to Smart Apps

Stupid Smart
Applications Applications

• Sistem Informasi • Sistem Prediksi

Akademik Kelulusan Mahasiswa
• Sistem Pencatatan • Sistem Prediksi Hasil
Pemilu Pemilu
• Sistem Laporan • Sistem Prediksi
Kekayaan Pejabat Koruptor
• Sistem Pencatatan • Sistem Penentu
Kredit Kelayakan Kredit

40
Revolusi Industri 4.0

M urah!
yaM akin
Bi a
e pat dan
C
N SI: Makin
EFIS IE

41
Perusahaan Pengolah Pengetahuan
• Uber - the world’s largest taxi company,
owns no vehicles
• Google - world’s largest
media/advertising company, creates no
content
• Alibaba - the most valuable retailer, has
no inventory
• Airbnb - the world’s largest
accommodation provider, owns no real
estate
• Gojek - perusahaan angkutan umum,
tanpa memiliki kendaraan
42
Data Mining Tasks and Roles
in General

Increasing potential
values to support End User
business decisions Decision
Making

Data Presentation Business Analyst

Visualization Techniques
Data Mining
Information Discovery and Modeling
Data Scientist
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Metadata, and Description

Data Preprocessing, Data Integration, Data Warehouses

DBA/
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
DBE

43
Data Mining Tasks and Roles
in Product Development

• Menganalisis data untuk dijadikan pola pengetahuan

(model/rule/formula/tree)
• Pola pengetahuan (model/rule/formula/tree)
dimasukkan ke dalam sistem (software)
• Sistem (software) menjadi cerdas dan bermanfaat
signifikan dalam meningkatkan value dan benefit dari
perusahaan/organisasi

• Dimana peran data scientist dalam perusahaan

pengembang teknologi (startup business atau GAFAM)?
• Data Scientist? Software Engineer? Researcher? IT
Infrastructure Engineer?

44
 Computing Service
It governance research
operation
How
BUAT
JUALA
COMP
DATA SCIENCEproduk
N CD
Infrastructure &
UTING
aplikasi Security
MUSIK
SOLUT
langgan
GA
ION
an
LAKU?
WORK
musik?
SOFTWARE
roduct managementS? ENGINEER
45
Hubungan Data Mining dan Bidang Lain

Statistics

Machine Computing
Learning Algorithms

Pattern Data Database

Recognition
Mining Technology

46
Masalah-Masalah di Data Mining
1. Tremendous amount of data
• Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes
of data
2. High-dimensionality of data
• Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
3. High complexity of data
• Data streams and sensor data
• Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
• Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
• Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
• Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
• Software programs, scientific simulations
4. New and sophisticated applications
47
Latihan
1. Jelaskan dengan kalimat sendiri apa
yang dimaksud dengan data mining?

2. Sebutkan konsep alur proses data

mining!

48
1.2 Peran Utama dan Metode Data
Mining

49
Peran Utama Data Mining

1. Estimasi

5. Asosiasi 2. Forecasting

Data Mining Roles

(Larose, 2005)

4. Klastering 3. Klasifikasi

50
 Dataset (Himpunan Data)
Attribute/Feature/Dimension
Class/Label/Target

Record/
Object/
Sample/
Tuple/
Data

Nominal
Numerik
51
Tipe Data

(Kontinyu)

(Diskrit)

52
Tipe Data Deskripsi Contoh Operasi

Ratio • Data yang diperoleh dengan cara • Umur geometric mean,

(Mutlak) pengukuran, dimana jarak dua titik • Berat badan harmonic mean,
pada skala sudah diketahui • Tinggi badan percent variation
• Mempunyai titik nol yang absolut • Jumlah uang
(*, /)

Interval • Data yang diperoleh dengan cara • Suhu 0°c-100°c, mean, standard
(Jarak) pengukuran, dimana jarak dua titik • Umur 20-30 tahun deviation,
pada skala sudah diketahui Pearson's
• Tidak mempunyai titik nol yang correlation, t and
absolut F tests
(+, - )

Ordinal • Data yang diperoleh dengan cara • Tingkat kepuasan median,

(Peringkat) kategorisasi atau klasifikasi pelanggan (puas, percentiles, rank
• Tetapi diantara data tersebut sedang, tidak puas) correlation, run
terdapat hubungan atau berurutan tests, sign tests
(<, >)

Nominal • Data yang diperoleh dengan cara • Kode pos mode, entropy,
(Label) kategorisasi atau klasifikasi • Jenis kelamin contingency
• Menunjukkan beberapa object • Nomer id karyawan correlation, 2
yang berbeda • Nama kota test
(=, )
53
Peran Utama Data Mining

1. Estimasi

5. Asosiasi 2. Forecasting

Data Mining Roles

(Larose, 2005)

4. Klastering 3. Klasifikasi

54
 1. Estimasi Waktu Pengiriman Pizza
Label
Customer Jumlah Pesanan (P) Jumlah Traffic Light (TL) Jarak (J) Waktu Tempuh (T)

1 3 3 3 16
2 1 7 4 20
3 2 4 6 18
4 4 6 8 36
...
1000 2 4 2 12

Pembelajaran dengan
Metode Estimasi (Regresi Linier)

Waktu Tempuh (T) = 0.48P + 0.23TL + 0.5J

Pengetahuan
55
 Contoh: Estimasi Performansi CPU
• Example: 209 different computer configurations

Cycle time Main memory Cache Channels Performance

(ns) (Kb) (Kb)
MYCT MMIN MMAX CACH CHMIN CHMAX PRP
1 125 256 6000 256 16 128 198
2 29 8000 32000 32 8 32 269
…
208 480 512 8000 32 0 0 67
209 480 1000 4000 0 0 0 45

• Linear regression function

PRP = -55.9 + 0.0489 MYCT + 0.0153 MMIN + 0.0056 MMAX
+ 0.6410 CACH - 0.2700 CHMIN + 1.480 CHMAX

56
Output/Pola/Model/Knowledge
1. Formula/Function (Rumus atau Fungsi Regresi)
• WAKTU TEMPUH = 0.48 + 0.6 JARAK + 0.34 LAMPU + 0.2 PESANAN

2. Decision Tree (Pohon Keputusan)

3. Korelasi dan Asosiasi

4. Rule (Aturan)
• IF ips3=2.8 THEN lulustepatwaktu

5. Cluster (Klaster)

57
2. Forecasting Harga Saham
Label Time Series

Dataset harga saham

dalam bentuk time
series (rentet waktu)

Pembelajaran dengan
Metode Forecasting (Neural Network)

58
Pengetahuan berupa
Rumus Neural Network

Prediction Plot

59
Forecasting Cuaca

60
Exchange Rate Forecasting

61
Inflation Rate Forecasting

62
 3. Klasifikasi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
Label

NIM Gender Nilai Asal IPS1 IPS2 IPS3 IPS 4 ... Lulus Tepat
UN Sekolah Waktu
10001 L 28 SMAN 2 3.3 3.6 2.89 2.9 Ya
10002 P 27 SMA DK 4.0 3.2 3.8 3.7 Tidak
10003 P 24 SMAN 1 2.7 3.4 4.0 3.5 Tidak
10004 L 26.4 SMAN 3 3.2 2.7 3.6 3.4 Ya
...
...
11000 L 23.4 SMAN 5 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.2 Ya

Pembelajaran dengan
Metode Klasifikasi (C4.5)

63
Pengetahuan Berupa Pohon Keputusan

64
 Contoh: Rekomendasi Main Golf
• Input:

• Output (Rules):
If outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no
If outlook = rainy and windy = true then play = no
If outlook = overcast then play = yes
If humidity = normal then play = yes
If none of the above then play = yes
65
Contoh: Rekomendasi Main Golf
• Output (Tree):

66
 Contoh: Rekomendasi Contact Lens
• Input:

67
 Contoh: Rekomendasi Contact Lens
• Output/Model (Tree):

68
Klasifikasi Sentimen Analisis

69
Bankruptcy Prediction

70
4. Klastering Bunga Iris
Dataset Tanpa Label

Pembelajaran dengan
Metode Klastering (K-Means)

71
Pengetahuan (Model) Berupa Klaster

72
Klastering Jenis Pelanggan

73
Klastering Sentimen Warga

74
Poverty Rate Clustering

75
5. Aturan Asosiasi Pembelian Barang

Pembelajaran dengan
Metode Asosiasi (FP-Growth)

76
Pengetahuan Berupa Aturan Asosiasi

77
Contoh Aturan Asosiasi
• Algoritma association rule (aturan asosiasi) adalah
algoritma yang menemukan atribut yang “muncul
bersamaan”
• Contoh, pada hari kamis malam, 1000 pelanggan
telah melakukan belanja di supermaket ABC, dimana:
• 200 orang membeli Sabun Mandi
• dari 200 orang yang membeli sabun mandi, 50 orangnya
membeli Fanta
• Jadi, association rule menjadi, “Jika membeli sabun
mandi, maka membeli Fanta”, dengan nilai support =
200/1000 = 20% dan nilai confidence = 50/200 = 25%
• Algoritma association rule diantaranya adalah: A
priori algorithm, FP-Growth algorithm, GRI algorithm
78
Aturan Asosiasi di Amazon.com

79
Heating Oil Consumption
Korelasi antara jumlah konsumsi minyak
pemanas dengan faktor-faktor di bawah:

1. Insulation: Ketebalan insulasi rumah

2. Temperatur: Suhu udara sekitar rumah
3. Heating Oil: Jumlah konsumsi minyak
pertahun perrumah
4. Number of Occupant: Jumlah penghuni rumah
5. Average Age: Rata-rata umur penghuni rumah
6. Home Size: Ukuran rumah

80
81
82
Korelasi 4 Variable terhadap Konsumsi Minyak

Jumlah
Penghuni
Rumah
Rata-Rata 0.381
Umur 0.848
Konsumsi
Ketebalan 0.736 Minyak
Insulasi
Rumah

-0.774
Temperatur

83
Insight Law (Data Mining Law 6)
Data mining amplifies perception in the
business domain

• How does data mining produce insight? This law approaches the
heart of data mining – why it must be a business process and not a
technical one
• Business problems are solved by people, not by algorithms
• The data miner and the business expert “see” the solution to a
problem, that is the patterns in the domain that allow the business
objective to be achieved
• Thus data mining is, or assists as part of, a perceptual process
• Data mining algorithms reveal patterns that are not normally visible to
human perception
• Within the data mining process, the human problem solver
interprets the results of data mining algorithms and integrates
them into their business understanding
84
 Metode Data Mining
1. Estimation (Estimasi):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
2. Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
3. Classification (Klasifikasi):
Decision Tree (CART, ID3, C4.5, Credal DT, Credal C4.5, Adaptative
Credal C4.5), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LogR), etc
4. Clustering (Klastering):
K-Means, K-Medoids, Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Fuzzy C-Means
(FCM), etc
5. Association (Asosiasi):
FP-Growth, A Priori, Coefficient of Correlation, Chi Square, etc
85
Output/Pola/Model/Knowledge

1. Formula/Function (Rumus atau Fungsi Regresi)

• WAKTU TEMPUH = 0.48 + 0.6 JARAK + 0.34 LAMPU + 0.2 PESANAN

2. Decision Tree (Pohon Keputusan)

3. Tingkat Korelasi

4. Rule (Aturan)
• IF ips3=2.8 THEN lulustepatwaktu

5. Cluster (Klaster)

86
Kategorisasi Algoritma Data Mining

Supervised Semi-
Supervised
Unsupervised
Learning Learning Learning

Association based Learning

87
1. Supervised Learning

• Pembelajaran dengan guru, data set memiliki

target/label/class
• Sebagian besar algoritma data mining
(estimation, prediction/forecasting,
classification) adalah supervised learning
• Algoritma melakukan proses belajar
berdasarkan nilai dari variabel target yang
terasosiasi dengan nilai dari variable prediktor

88
Dataset dengan Class
Attribute/Feature/Dimension Class/Label/Target

Nominal

Numerik
89
2. Unsupervised Learning

• Algoritma data mining mencari pola dari

semua variable (atribut)
• Variable (atribut) yang menjadi
target/label/class tidak ditentukan (tidak ada)
• Algoritma clustering adalah algoritma
unsupervised learning

90
Dataset tanpa Class
Attribute/Feature/Dimension

91
 3. Semi-Supervised Learning
• Semi-supervised learning
adalah metode data mining
yang menggunakan data
dengan label dan tidak
berlabel sekaligus dalam
proses pembelajarannya

• Data yang memiliki kelas

digunakan untuk
membentuk model
(pengetahuan), data tanpa
label digunakan untuk
membuat batasan antara
kelas 92
Latihan
1. Sebutkan 5 peran utama data mining!
2. Jelaskan perbedaan estimasi dan forecasting!
3. Jelaskan perbedaan forecasting dan klasifikasi!
4. Jelaskan perbedaan klasifikasi dan klastering!
5. Jelaskan perbedaan klastering dan association!
6. Jelaskan perbedaan estimasi dan klasifikasi!
7. Jelaskan perbedaan estimasi dan klastering!
8. Jelaskan perbedaan supervised dan unsupervised
learning!
9. Sebutkan tahapan utama proses data mining!

93
1.3 Sejarah dan Penerapan
Data Mining

94
Evolution of Sciences
• Sebelum 1600: Empirical science
• Disebut sains kalau bentuknya kasat mata

• 1600-1950: Theoretical science

• Disebut sains kalau bisa dibuktikan secara matematis atau eksperimen
• 1950s-1990: Computational science
• Seluruh disiplin ilmu bergerak ke komputasi
• Lahirnya banyak model komputasi
• 1990-sekarang: Data science
• Kultur manusia menghasilkan data besar
• Kemampuan komputer untuk mengolah data besar
• Datangnya data mining sebagai arus utama sains

(Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online Science,
Communication of ACM, 45(11): 50-54, Nov. 2002)

95
96
Revolusi Industri 4.0

97
98
Business

Knowledge

Methods

Technology
99
Business Goals Law (Data Mining Law 1)
Business objectives are the origin of every data
mining solution

• This defines the field of data mining: data mining is

concerned with solving business problems and
achieving business goals
• Data mining is not primarily a technology; it is a
process, which has one or more business objectives
at its heart
• Without a business objective, there is no data
mining
• The maxim: “Data Mining is a Business Process”
100
Business Knowledge Law (Data Mining Law 2)
Business knowledge is central to every step of the
data mining process

• A naive reading of CRISP-DM would see business

knowledge used at the start of the process in
defining goals, and at the end of the process in
guiding deployment of results
• This would be to miss a key property of the data
mining process, that business knowledge has a
central role in every step

101
Private and Commercial Sector
• Marketing: product recommendation, market basket
analysis, product targeting, customer retention
• Finance: investment support, portfolio management, price
forecasting
• Banking and Insurance: credit and policy approval, money
laundry detection
• Security: fraud detection, access control, intrusion
detection, virus detection
• Manufacturing: process modeling, quality control, resource
allocation
• Web and Internet: smart search engines, web marketing
• Software Engineering: effort estimation, fault prediction
• Telecommunication: network monitoring, customer churn
prediction, user behavior analysis
102
 Use Case: Product Recommendation
4,000,000
Tot.Belanja
3,500,000
Jml.Pcs
3,000,000 Jml.Item

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Cluster - 2 Cluster - 3 Cluster - 1

103
 Use Case: Software Fault Prediction

• The cost of capturing and

correcting defects is expensive
• $14,102 per defect in post-release
phase (Boehm & Basili 2008)
• $60 billion per year (NIST 2002)
• Industrial methods of manual
software reviews activities can
find only 60% of defects
(Shull et al. 2002)

• The probability of detection of

software fault prediction models
is higher (71%) than software
reviews (60%)

104
Public and Government Sector
• Finance: exchange rate forecasting, sentiment analysis
• Taxation: adaptive monitoring, fraud detection
• Medicine and Healt Care: hypothesis discovery, disease
prediction and classification, medical diagnosis
• Education: student allocation, resource forecasting
• Insurance: worker’s compensation analysis
• Security: bomb, iceberg detection
• Transportation: simulation and analysis, load estimation
• Law: legal patent analysis, law and rule analysis
• Politic: election prediction

105
Contoh Penerapan Data Mining
• Penentuan kelayakan kredit pemilihan rumah di bank
• Penentuan pasokan listrik PLN untuk wilayah Jakarta
• Prediksi profile tersangka koruptor dari data pengadilan
• Perkiraan harga saham dan tingkat inflasi
• Analisis pola belanja pelanggan
• Memisahkan minyak mentah dan gas alam
• Penentuan pola pelanggan yang loyal pada perusahaan
operator telepon
• Deteksi pencucian uang dari transaksi perbankan
• Deteksi serangan (intrusion) pada suatu jaringan

106
Data Mining Society
• 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
• Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley, 1991)

• 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases

• Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-
Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)

• 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in

Databases and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
• Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)

• ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations

• More conferences on data mining

• PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), WSDM (2008), etc.

• ACM Transactions on KDD (2007)

107
 Conferences dan Journals Data Mining

Conferences Journals
• ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge • ACM Transactions on Knowledge
Discovery in Databases and Data Discovery from Data (TKDD)
Mining (KDD)
• ACM Transactions on
• SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM)
Information Systems (TOIS)
• (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining (ICDM)
• IEEE Transactions on Knowledge
• European Conf. on Machine Learning
and Principles and practices of
and Data Engineering
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining • Springer Data Mining and
(ECML-PKDD) Knowledge Discovery
• Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge • International Journal of Business
Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD) Intelligence and Data Mining
• Int. Conf. on Web Search and Data (IJBIDM)
Mining (WSDM)

108
2. Proses Data Mining
2.1 Proses dan Tools Data Mining
2.2 Penerapan Proses Data Mining
2.3 Evaluasi Model Data Mining
2.4 Proses Data Mining berbasis CRISP-DM

109
2.1 Proses dan Tools Data Mining

110
 Proses Data Mining

1. Himpunan 2. Metode 3. Pengetahuan 4. Evaluation

Data Data Mining

(Pahami dan (Pilih Metode (Pahami Model dan (Analisis Model dan
Persiapkan Data) Sesuai Karakter Data) Pengetahuan yg Sesuai ) Kinerja Metode)

DATA PREPROCESSING MODELING MODEL KINERJA

Data Cleaning Estimation Formula Akurasi
Data Integration Prediction Tree Tingkat Error
Classification Cluster Jumlah Cluster
Data Reduction
Clustering Rule
Data Transformation Correlation
Association MODEL
Atribute/Faktor
Korelasi
Bobot

111
1. Himpunan Data (Dataset)
• Atribut adalah faktor atau parameter yang menyebabkan
class/label/target terjadi
• Jenis dataset ada dua: Private dan Public
• Private Dataset: data set dapat diambil dari organisasi yang kita
jadikan obyek penelitian
• Bank, Rumah Sakit, Industri, Pabrik, Perusahaan Jasa, etc
• Public Dataset: data set dapat diambil dari repositori pubik
yang disepakati oleh para peneliti data mining
• UCI Repository (http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html)
• ACM KDD Cup (http://www.sigkdd.org/kddcup/)
• PredictionIO (http://docs.prediction.io/datacollection/sample/)
• Trend penelitian data mining saat ini adalah menguji metode
yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti dengan public dataset,
sehingga penelitian dapat bersifat: comparable, repeatable dan
verifiable
112
Public Data Set (UCI Repository)

113
 Dataset (Himpunan Data)
Attribute/Feature/Dimension
Class/Label/Target

Record/
Object/
Sample/
Tuple/
Data

Nominal
Numerik
114
 2. Metode Data Mining
1. Estimation (Estimasi):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
2. Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
3. Classification (Klasifikasi):
Decision Tree (CART, ID3, C4.5, Credal DT, Credal C4.5, Adaptative
Credal C4.5), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LogR), etc
4. Clustering (Klastering):
K-Means, K-Medoids, Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Fuzzy C-Means
(FCM), etc
5. Association (Asosiasi):
FP-Growth, A Priori, Coefficient of Correlation, Chi Square, etc
115
3. Pengetahuan (Pola/Model)
1. Formula/Function (Rumus atau Fungsi Regresi)
• WAKTU TEMPUH = 0.48 + 0.6 JARAK + 0.34 LAMPU + 0.2 PESANAN

2. Decision Tree (Pohon Keputusan)

3. Tingkat Korelasi

4. Rule (Aturan)
• IF ips3=2.8 THEN lulustepatwaktu

5. Cluster (Klaster)

116
4. Evaluasi (Akurasi, Error, etc)
1. Estimation:
Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), MSE, MAPE, etc
2. Prediction/Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) , MSE, MAPE, etc
3. Classification:
Confusion Matrix: Accuracy
ROC Curve: Area Under Curve (AUC)
4. Clustering:
Internal Evaluation: Davies–Bouldin index, Dunn index,
External Evaluation: Rand measure, F-measure, Jaccard index,
Fowlkes–Mallows index, Confusion matrix
5. Association:
Lift Charts: Lift Ratio
Precision and Recall (F-measure)

117
 Kriteria Evaluasi dan Validasi Model
1. Akurasi
• Ukuran dari seberapa baik model mengkorelasikan antara hasil
dengan atribut dalam data yang telah disediakan
• Terdapat berbagai model akurasi, tetapi semua model akurasi
tergantung pada data yang digunakan
2. Kehandalan
• Ukuran di mana model data mining diterapkan pada dataset yang
berbeda
• Model data mining dapat diandalkan jika menghasilkan pola
umum yang sama terlepas dari data testing yang disediakan
3. Kegunaan
• Mencakup berbagai metrik yang mengukur apakah model
tersebut memberikan informasi yang berguna
Keseimbangan diantaranya ketiganya diperlukan karena belum tentu model
yang akurat adalah handal, dan yang handal atau akurat belum tentu berguna

118
Magic Quadrant for Data Science Platform (Gartner, 2017)

119
Magic Quadrant for Data Science Platform (Gartner, 2018)

120
 KNIME
• KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner)
adalah platform data mining untuk analisis,
pelaporan, dan integrasi data yang
termasuk perangkat lunak bebas dan
sumber terbuka
• KNIME mulai dikembangkan tahun 2004
oleh tim pengembang perangkat lunak dari
Universitas Konstanz, yang dipimpin oleh
Michael Berthold, yang awalnya digunakan
untuk penelitian di industri farmasi
• Mulai banyak digunakan orang sejak tahun
2006, dan setelah itu berkembang pesat
sehingga tahun 2017 masuk ke Magic
Quadrant for Data Science Platform
(Gartner Group)
121
KNIME

122
Rapidminer
• Pengembangan dimulai pada 2001 oleh Ralf Klinkenberg,
Ingo Mierswa, dan Simon Fischer di Artificial Intelligence
Unit dari University of Dortmund, ditulis dalam bahasa Java

• Open source berlisensi AGPL (GNU Affero General Public

License) versi 3
• Meraih penghargaan sebagai software data mining dan data
analytics terbaik di berbagai lembaga kajian, termasuk IDC,
Gartner, KDnuggets, dsb
123
Rapidminer

124
Role Atribut Pada Rapidminer
1. Atribut: karakteristik atau fitur dari data
yang menggambarkan sebuah proses
atau situasi
• ID, atribut biasa

2. Atribut target: atribut yang menjadi

tujuan untuk diisi oleh proses data
mining
• Label, cluster, weight

125
Tipe Nilai Atribut pada Rapidminer
1. nominal: nilai secara kategori
2. binominal: nominal dua nilai
3. polynominal: nominal lebih dari dua nilai
4. numeric: nilai numerik secara umum
5. integer: bilangan bulat
6. real: bilangan nyata
7. text: teks bebas tanpa struktur
8. date_time: tanggal dan waktu
9. date: hanya tanggal
10.time: hanya waktu
126
 Perspektif dan View
1. Perspektif Selamat Datang
(Welcome perspective)

2. Perspektif Desain
(Design perspective)

3. Perspektif Hasil
(Result perspective)

127
 Perspektif Desain
• Perspektif dimana semua proses dibuat dan dikelola
• Pindah ke Perspektif Desain dengan Klik:

128
 View Operator
• Process Control
Untuk mengontrol aliran proses,
seperti loop atau conditional branch
• Utility
Untuk mengelompokkan subprocess,
juga macro dan logger
• Repository Access
Untuk membaca dan menulis repositori
• Import
Untuk membaca data dari berbagai
format eksternal
• Export
Untuk menulis data ke berbagai format eksternal
• Data Transformation
Untuk transformasi data dan metadata
• Modelling
Untuk proses data mining seperti klasifikasi, regresi, clustering, asosiasi, dll
• Evaluation
Untuk mengukur kualitas dan perfomansi dari model
129
View Proses

130
Operator dan Proses
• Proses data mining pada dasarnya adalah proses analisis yang berisi
alur kerja dari komponen data mining
• Komponen dari proses ini disebut operator, yang memiliki:
1. Input
2. Output
3. Aksi yang dilakukan
4. Parameter yang diperlukan

• Sebuah operator bisa disambungkan melalui port masukan (kiri)

dan port keluaran (kanan)

• Indikator status dari operator:

• Lampu status: merah (tak tersambung), kuning (lengkap tetapi belum
dijalankan), hijau (sudah behasil dijalankan)
• Segitiga warning: bila ada pesan status
• Breakpoint: bila ada breakpoint sebelum/sesudahnya
• Comment: bila ada komentar
131
View Parameter
• Operator kadang memerlukan parameter untuk bisa
berfungsi
• Setelah operator dipilih di view Proses, parameternya
ditampilkan di view ini

132
View Help dan View Comment
• View Help menampilkan deskripsi dari operator
• View Comment menampilkan komentar yang dapat
diedit terhadap operator

133
Mendesain Proses
Kumpulan dan rangkaian fungsi-fungsi (operator)
yang bisa disusun secara visual (visual programming)

134
Menjalankan Proses
Proses dapat dijalankan dengan:
• Menekan tombol Play
• Memilih menu Process → Run
• Menekan kunci F11

135
Melihat Hasil

136
View Problems dan View Log

137
 Instalasi dan Registrasi Lisensi Rapidminer
• Instal Rapidminer versi 9
• Registrasi account di rapidminer.com dan dapatkan lisensi
Educational Program untuk mengolah data tanpa batasan record

138
139
2.2 Penerapan Proses Data Mining

140
 Proses Data Mining

1. Himpunan 2. Metode 3. Pengetahuan 4. Evaluation

Data Data Mining

(Pahami dan (Pilih Metode (Pahami Model dan (Analisis Model dan
Persiapkan Data) Sesuai Karakter Data) Pengetahuan yg Sesuai ) Kinerja Metode)

DATA PREPROCESSING MODELING MODEL KINERJA

Data Cleaning Estimation Formula Akurasi
Data Integration Prediction Tree Tingkat Error
Classification Cluster Jumlah Cluster
Data Reduction
Clustering Rule
Data Transformation Correlation
Association MODEL
Atribute/Faktor
Korelasi
Bobot

141
Latihan: Rekomendasi Main Golf
1. Lakukan training pada data golf (ambil
dari repositories rapidminer) dengan
menggunakan algoritma decision tree

2. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan

pengetahuan (model tree) yang
terbentuk

142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
 Latihan: Penentuan Jenis Bunga Iris
1. Lakukan training pada data Bunga Iris (ambil dari
repositories rapidminer) dengan menggunakan algoritma
decision tree
2. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan pengetahuan
(model tree) yang terbentuk

152
 Latihan: Klastering Jenis Bunga Iris
1. Lakukan training pada data Bunga Iris (ambil dari
repositories rapidminer) dengan algoritma k-Means
2. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan pengetahuan
(model tree) yang terbentuk
3. Tampilkan grafik dari cluster yang terbentuk

153
Latihan: Penentuan Mine/Rock
1. Lakukan training pada data Sonar (ambil dari repositories
rapidminer) dengan menggunakan algoritma decision tree
(C4.5)
2. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan pengetahuan
(model tree) yang terbentuk

154
 Latihan: Rekomendasi Contact Lenses
1. Lakukan training pada data Contact Lenses (contact-lenses.xls)
dengan menggunakan algoritma decision tree
2. Gunakan operator Read Excel (on the fly) atau langsung
menggunakan fitur Import Data (persistent)
3. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan pengetahuan (model
tree) yang terbentuk

155
Read Excel Operator

156
Import Data Function

157
Latihan: Estimasi Performance CPU
1. Lakukan training pada data CPU (cpu.xls) dengan
menggunakan algoritma linear regression
2. Lakukan pengujian terhadap data baru (cpu-
testing.xls), untuk model yang dihasilkan dari
tahapan 1. Data baru berisi 10 setting konfigurasi,
yang belum diketahui berapa performancenya
3. Amati hasil estimasi performance dari 10 setting
konfigurasi di atas

158
 Estimasi Performace cpu-testing.xls

cpu.xls

Performance CPU = 0.038 * MYCT

+ 0.017 * MMIN
+ 0.004 * MMAX
+ 0.603 * CACH
cpu-testing.xls + 1.291 * CHMIN
+ 0.906 * CHMAX
- 43.975
159
Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
1. Lakukan training pada data pemilu
(datapemilukpu.xls) dengan algoritma yang
tepat
2. Data bisa ditarik dari Import Data atau
operator Read Excel
3. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan
pengetahuan (pola/model) yang terbentuk
4. Gunakan model yang dihasilkan untuk
memprediksi datapemilukpu-testing.xls

160
Proses Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg

161
Latihan: Estimasi Konsumsi Minyak
1. Lakukan training pada data konsumsi minyak (HeatingOil.csv)
• Dataset jumlah konsumsi minyak untuk alat pemanas ruangan di rumah
pertahun perrumah
• Atribut:
• Insulation: Ketebalan insulasi rumah
• Temperatur: Suhu udara sekitar rumah
• Heating Oil: Jumlah konsumsi minyak pertahun perrumah
• Number of Occupant: Jumlah penghuni rumah
• Average Age: Rata-rata umur penghuni rumah
• Home Size: Ukuran rumah
2. Gunakan operator Set Role untuk memilih Label (Heating Oil),
tidak langsung dipilih pada saat Import Data
3. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya menghasilkan model
4. Apply model yang dihasilkan ke data pelanggan baru di file
HeatingOil-Scoring.csv, supaya kita bisa mengestimasi berapa
kebutuhan konsumsi minyak mereka, untuk mengatur stok
penjualan minyak
162
Proses Estimasi Konsumsi Minyak

Heating Oil = 3.323 * Insulation - 0.869 * Temperature + 1.968 * Avg_Age

+ 3.173 * Home_Size + 134.511

163
Latihan: Matrix Correlation Konsumsi Minyak
1. Lakukan training pada data konsumsi minyak
(HeatingOil.csv)
• Dataset jumlah konsumsi minyak untuk alat pemanas
ruangan di rumah pertahun perrumah
• Atribut:
• Insulation: Ketebalan insulasi rumah
• Temperatur: Suhu udara sekitar rumah
• Heating Oil: Jumlah konsumsi minyak pertahun perrumah
• Number of Occupant: Jumlah penghuni rumah
• Average Age: Rata-rata umur penghuni rumah
• Home Size: Ukuran rumah
2. Tujuannya ingin mendapatkan informasi tentang
atribut apa saja yang paling berpengaruh pada
konsumsi minyak
164
165
Tingkat Korelasi 4 Atribut terhadap Konsumsi Minyak

Jumlah
Penghuni
Rumah
Rata-Rata 0.381
Umur 0.848
Konsumsi
Ketebalan 0.736 Minyak
Insulasi
Rumah

-0.774
Temperatur

166
Latihan: Aturan Asosiasi Data Transaksi
1. Lakukan training pada data transaksi
(transaksi.xlsx)

2. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya

menghasilkan pola

167
168
Latihan: Klasifikasi Data Kelulusan Mahasiswa

1. Lakukan training pada data kelulusan

mahasiswa (datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls)

2. Gunakan operator Split Data untuk

memecah data secara otomatis menjadi dua
dengan perbandingan 0.9:0.1, di mana 0.9
untuk training dan 0.1 untuk testing

3. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya

menghasilkan pola yang bisa menguji data
testing 10%
169
170
Latihan: Forecasting Harga Saham
1. Lakukan training pada data Harga Saham
(hargasaham-training.xls) dengan
menggunakan algoritma yang tepat
2. Tampilkan himpunan data (dataset) dan
pengetahuan (model regresi) yang terbentuk
3. Lakukan pengujian terhadap data baru
(hargasaham-testing.xls), untuk model yang
dihasilkan dari tahapan 1
4. Lakukan visualisasi berupa grafik dari data
yang terbentuk dengan menggunakan Line
atau Spline
171
172
173
Latihan: Forecasting Harga Saham (Univariat)

174
Parameter dari Windowing
• Window size: Determines how many “attributes”
are created for the cross-sectional data
• Each row of the original time series within the window
width will become a new attribute
• We choose w = 6
• Step size: Determines how to advance the window
• Let us use s = 1
• Horizon: Determines how far out to make the
forecast
• If the window size is 6 and the horizon is 1, then the
seventh row of the original time series becomes the first
sample for the “label” variable
• Let us use h = 1
175
Latihan
• Lakukan training dengan menggunakan
linear regression pada dataset hargasaham-
training-uni.xls
• Gunakan Split Data untuk memisahkan
dataset di atas, 90% training dan 10% untuk
testing
• Harus dilakukan proses Windowing pada
dataset
• Plot grafik antara label dan hasil prediksi
dengan menggunakan chart

176
Forecasting Harga Saham (Data Lampau)

177
Forecasting Harga Saham (Data Masa Depan)

178
179
Latihan: Penentuan Kelayakan Kredit

1. Lakukan training dengan algoritma yang

tepat pada dataset: creditapproval-
training.xls

2. Ujicoba model yang dibentuk dari training di

atas ke dataset di bawah: creditapproval-
testing.xls

180
Latihan: Deteksi Kanker Payudara
1. Lakukan training pada data kanker payudara
(breasttissue.xls)

2. Dataset adalah di sheet 2, sedangkan sheet 1

berisi penjelasan tentangd ata

3. Bagi dataset dengan menggunakan operator

Split Data, 90% untuk training dan 10% untuk
testing

4. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya menghasilkan

pola, analisis pola yang dihasilkan
181
Latihan: Deteksi Serangan Jaringan
1. Lakukan training pada data serangan
jaringan (intrusion-training.xls)

2. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya

menghasilkan pola

182
Latihan: Klasifikasi Resiko Kredit
1. Lakukan training pada data resiko kredit
(CreditRisk.csv)
(http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/dataset/)

2. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya

menghasilkan pola

183
Latihan: Klasifikasi Music Genre
1. Lakukan training pada data Music Genre
(musicgenre-small.csv)

2. Pilih metode yang tepat supaya

menghasilkan pola

184
 Data Profile dan Kinerja Marketing
Mana Atribut yang Layak jadi Class dan Tidak?
NIP Gender Univers Progra IPK Usia Hasil Status Jumlah Kota
itas m Studi Penjual Keluarg Anak Tinggal
an a
1001 L UI Komuni 3.1 21 100jt Single 0 Jakarta
kasi
1002 P UNDIP Informa 2.9 26 50jt menika 1 Bekasi
tika h
… … … … … … … … … …

NIP Gender Hasil Hasil Hasil Hasil Total Hasil

Penjualan Penjualan Penjualan Penjualan Penjualan
Produk A Produk B Layanan C Layanan D

1001 L 10 20 50 30 100jt
1002 P 10 10 5 25 50jt
… … … … … … …

185
Data Profile dan Kinerja Marketing
Mana Atribut yang Layak jadi Class dan Tidak?

Tahun Total Hasil Total Total

Penjualan Pengeluaran Keuntungan
Marketing
1990 100jt 98jt 2jt
1991 120jt 100 20jt
… …

186
 Data Profil dan Kinerja Dosen
NIP Gender Univers Progra Absens Usia Jumlah Status Disiplin Kota
itas m Studi i Peneliti Keluarg Tinggal
an a
1001 L UI Komuni 98% 21 3 Single Baik Jakarta
kasi
1002 P UNDIP Informa 50% 26 4 menika Buruk Bekasi
tika h
… … … … … … … … … …

NIP Gender Universitas Program Jumlah Jumlah Total

Studi Publikasi Publikasi Publikasi
Jurnal Konferensi Penelitian

1001 L UI Komunikasi 5 3 8
1002 P UNDIP Informatika 2 1 3
… … … … … … …

187
Competency Check
1. Dataset – Methods – Knowledge
1. Dataset Main Golf (Klasifikasi)
2. Dataset Iris (Klasifikasi)
3. Dataset Iris (Klastering)
4. Dataset CPU (Estimasi)
5. Dataset Pemilu (Klasifikasi)
6. Dataset Heating Oil (Asosiasi, Estimasi)
7. Dataset Transaksi (Association)
8. Dataset Harga Saham (Forecasting) (Uni dan Multi)

188
Tugas: Mencari dan Mengolah Dataset
• Pahami berbagai dataset yang ada di folder
dataset
• Gunakan rapidminer untuk mengolah
dataset tersebut sehingga menjadi
pengetahuan
• Pilih algoritma yang sesuai dengan jenis data
pada dataset

189
 Tugas: Menguasai Satu Metode DM
1. Pahami dan kuasai satu metode data mining dari berbagai literature:
1. Naïve Bayes 2. k Nearest Neighbor
3. k-Means4. C4.5
5. Neural Network6. Logistic Regression
7. FP Growth 8. Fuzzy C-Means
9. Self-Organizing Map 0. Support Vector Machine
2. Rangkumkan dengan detail dalam bentuk slide,
dengan format:
1. Definisi (Solid dan Sistematis)
2. Tahapan Algoritma (lengkap dengan formulanya)
3. Penerapan Tahapan Algoritma untuk Studi Kasus Dataset Main Golf, Iris,
Transaksi, CPU, dsb
(hitung manual (gunakan excel) dan tidak dengan menggunakan
rapidminer, harus sinkron dengan tahapan algoritma)
3. Kirimkan slide dan excel ke [email protected], sehari sebelum
mata kuliah berikutnya
4. Presentasikan di depan kelas pada mata kuliah berikutnya dengan
bahasa manusia yang baik dan benar190
Tugas: Kembangkan Code dari Algoritma DM
1. Kembangkan Java Code dari algoritma yang dipilih
2. Gunakan hanya 1 class (file) dan beri nama sesuai
nama algoritma, boleh membuat banyak method
dalam class tersebut
3. Buat account di Trello.Com dan register ke
https://trello.com/b/ZOwroEYg/course-assignment
4. Buat card dengan nama sendiri dan upload semua
file (pptx, xlsx, pdf, etc) laporan ke card tersebut
5. Deadline: sehari sebelum pertemuan berikutnya

191
Algoritma k-Means
Format Template Tugas

192
Definisi
• Rangkuman Definisi:
• K-means adalah ..... (John, 2016)
• K-Means adalah …. (Wedus, 2020)
• Kmeans adalah … (Telo, 2017)

• Kesimpulan makna dari k-means:

• asoidhjaihdiahdoisjhoi

193
Tahapan Algoritma k-Means
1. Siapkan dataset

2. Tentukan A dengan rumus A = x + y

3. Tentukan B dengan rumus B = d + e

4. Ulangi proses 1-2-3 sampai tidak ada perubahan

194
1. Siapkan dataset

195
2. Tentukan A
• blablabla

196
3. Tentukan B
• blablabla

197
4. Iterasi 1
• blablabla

198
4. Iterasi 2 ... dst
• blablabla

199
2.3 Evaluasi Model Data Mining

200
 Proses Data Mining

1. Himpunan 2. Metode 3. Pengetahuan 4. Evaluation

Data Data Mining

(Pahami dan (Pilih Metode (Pahami Model dan (Analisis Model dan
Persiapkan Data) Sesuai Karakter Data) Pengetahuan yg Sesuai ) Kinerja Metode)

DATA PREPROCESSING MODELING MODEL KINERJA

Data Cleaning Estimation Formula Akurasi
Data Integration Prediction Tree Tingkat Error
Classification Cluster Jumlah Cluster
Data Reduction
Clustering Rule
Data Transformation Correlation
Association MODEL
Atribute/Faktor
Korelasi
Bobot

201
Evaluasi Model Data Mining
1. Estimation:
• Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), MSE, MAPE, etc
2. Prediction/Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
• Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) , MSE, MAPE, etc
3. Classification:
• Confusion Matrix: Accuracy
• ROC Curve: Area Under Curve (AUC)
4. Clustering:
• Internal Evaluation: Davies–Bouldin index, Dunn index,
• External Evaluation: Rand measure, F-measure, Jaccard index,
Fowlkes–Mallows index, Confusion matrix
5. Association:
• Lift Charts: Lift Ratio
• Precision and Recall (F-measure)
202
Evaluasi Model Data Mining
• Pembagian dataset, perbandingan 90:10 atau
80:20:
• Data Training
• Data Testing

• Data training untuk pembentukan model, dan data

testing digunakan untuk pengujian model

• Pemisahan data training dan testing

1. Data dipisahkan secara manual
2. Data dipisahkan otomatis dengan operator Split Data
3. Data dipisahkan otomatis dengan X Validation

203
2.3.1 Pemisahan Data Manual

204
Latihan: Penentuan Kelayakan Kredit
• Gunakan dataset di bawah:
• creditapproval-training.xls: untuk membuat model
• creditapproval-testing.xls: untuk menguji model
• Data di atas terpisah dengan perbandingan:
data testing (10%) dan data training (90%)
• Data training sebagai pembentuk model, dan data
testing untuk pengujian model, ukur performancenya

205
 Confusion Matrix  Accuracy

• pred MACET- true MACET: Jumlah data yang diprediksi macet dan
kenyataannya macet (TP)
• pred LANCAR-true LANCAR: Jumlah data yang diprediksi lancar dan
kenyataannya lancar (TN)
• pred MACET-true LANCAR: Jumlah data yang diprediksi macet tapi
kenyataannya lancer (FP)
• pred LANCAR-true MACET: Jumlah data yang diprediksi lancar tapi
kenyataanya macet (FN)
𝐓𝐏+ 𝐓𝐍 53+37 90
Accuracy= = = =90 %
𝐓𝐏 +𝐓𝐍 +𝐅𝐏+𝐅𝐍 53+ 37+ 4+6 100

206
 Precision and Recall, and F-measures
• Precision: exactness – what % of tuples that
the classifier labeled as positive are actually
positive

• Recall: completeness – what % of positive

tuples did the classifier label as positive?
• Perfect score is 1.0
• Inverse relationship between precision & recall

• F measure (F1 or F-score): harmonic

mean of precision and recall,

• Fß: weighted measure of precision

and recall
• assigns ß times as much weight
to recall as to precision
207
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification should be both sensitive and
specific as much as possible:
1. Sensitivity measures the proportion of true
’positives’ that are correctly identified (True
Positive Rate (TP Rate) or Recall)

2. Specificity measures the proportion of true

’negatives’ that are correctly identified (False
Negative Rate (FN Rate or Precision)

208
 PPV and NPV
We need to know the probability that the classifier will
give the correct diagnosis, but the sensitivity and
specificity do not give us this information
• Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of cases
with ’positive’ test results that are correctly diagnosed

• Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of cases

with ’negative’ test results that are correctly diagnosed

209
Kurva ROC - AUC (Area Under Curve)
• ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves: for visual
comparison of classification models
• Originated from signal detection theory
• ROC curves are two-dimensional graphs in which the TP rate is
plotted on the Y-axis and the FP rate is plotted on the X-axis
• ROC curve depicts relative trade-offs between benefits (’true
positives’) and costs (’false positives’)
• Two types of ROC curves: discrete and continuous

210
Kurva ROC - AUC (Area Under Curve)

211
Guide for Classifying the AUC

1. 0.90 - 1.00 = excellent classification

2. 0.80 - 0.90 = good classification
3. 0.70 - 0.80 = fair classification
4. 0.60 - 0.70 = poor classification
5. 0.50 - 0.60 = failure

(Gorunescu, 2011)

212
Latihan: Prediksi Kanker Payudara
• Gunakan dataset: breasttissue.xls
• Split data dengan perbandingan:
data testing (10%) dan data training (90%)
• Ukur performance
(Accuracy dan Kappa)

213
Kappa Statistics
• The (Cohen’s) Kappa statistics is a more vigorous
measure than the ‘percentage correct prediction’
calculation, because Kappa considers the correct
prediction that is occurring by chance
• Kappa is essentially a measure of how well the
classifier performed as compared to how well it
would have performed simply by chance
• A model has a high Kappa score if there is a big
difference between the accuracy and the null error
rate (Markham, K., 2014)
• Kappa is an important measure on classifier
performance, especially on imbalanced data set

214
Latihan: Prediksi Harga Saham
• Gunakan dataset di bawah:
• hargasaham-training.xls: untuk membuat model
• hargasaham-testing.xls: untuk menguji model
• Data di atas terpisah dengan perbandingan:
data testing (10%) dan data training (90%)
• Jadikan data training sebagai pembentuk
model/pola/knowledge, dan data testing untuk
pengujian model
• Ukur performance

215
216
Root Mean Square Error
• The square root of the mean/average of the square of all of the
error

• The use of RMSE is very common and it makes an excellent

general purpose error metric for numerical predictions
• To construct the RMSE, we first need to determine the residuals
• Residuals are the difference between the actual values and the predicted
values
• We denoted them by
• where is the observed value for the ith observation and
• is the predicted value
• They can be positive or negative as the predicted value under or
over estimates the actual value
• You then use the RMSE as a measure of the spread of the y values
about the predicted y value
217
 Latihan: Klastering Jenis Bunga Iris
1. Lakukan training pada data iris
(ambil dari repositories
rapidminer) dengan menggunakan
algoritma clustering k-means
2. Ukur performance-nya dengan
Cluster Distance Performance, cek
dan analisis nilai yang keluar
Davies Bouldin Indeks (DBI)
3. Lakukan pengubahan pada nilai k
pada parameter k-means dengan
memasukkan nilai: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 k DBI
3 0.666
4 0.764
5 0.806
6 0.910
7 0.999

218
219
Davies–Bouldin index (DBI)
• The Davies–Bouldin index (DBI) (introduced by David L. Davies and
Donald W. Bouldin in 1979) is a metric for evaluating clustering
algorithms
• This is an internal evaluation scheme, where the validation of how
well the clustering has been done is made using quantities and
features inherent to the dataset
• As a function of the ratio of the within cluster scatter, to the between
cluster separation, a lower value will mean that the clustering is better
• This affirms the idea that no cluster has to be similar to another, and
hence the best clustering scheme essentially minimizes the Davies–
Bouldin index
• This index thus defined is an average over all the i clusters, and hence
a good measure of deciding how many clusters actually exists in the
data is to plot it against the number of clusters it is calculated over
• The number i for which this value is the lowest is a good measure of
the number of clusters the data could be ideally classified into

220
2.3.2 Pemisahan Data Otomatis dengan
Operator Split Data

221
Split Data Otomatis
• The Split Data operator takes a dataset as its input
and delivers the subsets of that dataset through its
output ports
• The sampling type parameter decides how the
examples should be shuffled in the resultant
partitions:
1. Linear sampling: Divides the dataset into partitions
without changing the order of the examples
2. Shuffled sampling: Builds random subsets of the
dataset
3. Stratified sampling: Builds random subsets and
ensures that the class distribution in the subsets is
the same as in the whole dataset

222
223
Latihan: Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
1. Dataset: datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls
2. Pisahkan data menjadi dua secara otomatis (Split
Data): data testing (10%) dan data training (90%)
3. Ujicoba parameter pemisahan data baik
menggunakan Linear Sampling, Shuffled
Sampling dan Stratified Sampling
4. Jadikan data training sebagai pembentuk
model/pola/knowledge, dan data testing untuk
pengujian model
5. Terapkan algoritma yang sesuai dan ukur
performance dari model yang dibentuk

224
Proses Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa

225
Latihan: Estimasi Konsumsi Minyak
1. Dataset: HeatingOil.csv
2. Pisahkan data menjadi dua secara otomatis
(Split Data): data testing (10%) dan data
training (90%)
3. Jadikan data training sebagai pembentuk
model/pola/knowledge, dan data testing
untuk pengujian model
4. Terapkan algoritma yang sesuai dan ukur
performance dari model yang dibentuk

226
2.3.3 Pemisahan Data dan Evaluasi Model

Otomatis dengan Cross-Validation

227
Metode Cross-Validation
• Metode cross-validation digunakan untuk
menghindari overlapping pada data testing
• Tahapan cross-validation:
1. Bagi data menjadi k subset yg berukuran sama
2. Gunakan setiap subset untuk data testing dan sisanya
untuk data training
• Disebut juga dengan k-fold cross-validation
• Seringkali subset dibuat stratified (bertingkat)
sebelum cross-validation dilakukan, karena
stratifikasi akan mengurangi variansi dari estimasi

228
 10 Fold Cross-Validation
Eksperimen Dataset Akurasi
1 93%
2 91%
3 90%
4 93%
5 93%
6 91%
7 94%
8 93%
9 91%
10 90%
Akurasi Rata-Rata 92%
Orange: k-subset (data testing)
229
10 Fold Cross-Validation

• Metode evaluasi standard: stratified 10-fold

cross-validation
• Mengapa 10? Hasil dari berbagai percobaan
yang ekstensif dan pembuktian teoritis,
menunjukkan bahwa 10-fold cross-validation
adalah pilihan terbaik untuk mendapatkan
hasil validasi yang akurat
• 10-fold cross-validation akan mengulang
pengujian sebanyak 10 kali dan hasil
pengukuran adalah nilai rata-rata dari 10 kali
pengujian

230
 Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
1. Lakukan training pada data pemilu (datapemilukpu.xls)
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X Validation
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan confusion matrix dan ROC Curve
4. Lakukan ujicoba, ubah algoritma menjadi Naive Bayes, k-NN,
Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LogR), analisis mana
algoritma yang menghasilkan model yang lebih baik (akurasi
tinggi)

C4.5 NB k-NN
Accuracy 92.87% 79.34% 88.7%
AUC 0.934 0.849 0.5
231
 Latihan: Komparasi Prediksi Harga Saham
• Gunakan dataset harga saham
(hargasaham-training.xls)
• Lakukan pengujian dengan 10-
fold X Validation
• Lakukan ujicoba dengan
mengganti algoritma (GLM, LR,
NN, DL, SVM), catat hasil RMSE
yang keluar

232
2.3.4 Komparasi Algoritma Data Mining

233
 Metode Data Mining
1. Estimation (Estimasi):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
2. Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
Linear Regression (LR), Neural Network (NN), Deep Learning (DL),
Support Vector Machine (SVM), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), etc
3. Classification (Klasifikasi):
Decision Tree (CART, ID3, C4.5, Credal DT, Credal C4.5, Adaptative
Credal C4.5), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LogR), etc
4. Clustering (Klastering):
K-Means, K-Medoids, Self-Organizing Map (SOM), Fuzzy C-Means
(FCM), etc
5. Association (Asosiasi):
FP-Growth, A Priori, Coefficient of Correlation, Chi Square, etc
234
Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
1. Lakukan training pada data pemilu
(datapemilukpu.xls) dengan menggunakan
algoritma
1. Decision Tree (C4.5)
2. Naïve Bayes (NB)
3. K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN)
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold
X Validation

DT NB K-NN
Accuracy 92.45% 77.46% 88.72%
AUC 0.851 0.840 0.5

235
236
Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
1. Lakukan training pada data pemilu
(datapemilukpu.xls) dengan menggunakan
algoritma C4.5, NB dan K-NN
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold
X Validation
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan confusion matrix
dan ROC Curve
4. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan model
terbaik

237
238
 Hasil Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
• Komparasi Accuracy dan AUC
C4.5 NB K-NN
Accuracy 92.45% 77.46% 88.72%
AUC 0.851 0.840 0.5

• Uji Beda (t-Test)

C4.5 NB kNN

C4.5
NB
kNN

Values with a colored background are smaller than alpha=0.050, which indicate a
probably significant difference between the mean values

• Urutan model terbaik: 1. C4.5 2. k-NN 3. NB

239
 Hasil Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
• Komparasi Accuracy dan AUC
C4.5 NB K-NN
Accuracy 93.41% 79.72% 91.76%
AUC 0.921 0.826 0.885

• Uji Beda (t-Test)

C4.5 NB kNN

C4.5
NB
kNN

Values with a white background are higher than alpha=0.050, which indicate a probably
NO significant difference between the mean values

• Urutan model terbaik: 1. C4.5 1. kNN 2. NB

240
 Latihan: Komparasi Prediksi Harga Saham
• Gunakan dataset harga
saham (hargasaham-
training.xls)
• Lakukan pengujian 1. GLM
dengan 10-fold X 2. LR
Validation
3. NN
• Lakukan ujicoba dengan
mengganti algoritma 4. DL dan SVM
(GLM, LR, NN, DL, SVM),
catat hasil RMSE yang
keluar
• Uji beda dengan t-Test

241
Analisis Statistik
1. Statistik Deskriptif
• Nilai mean (rata-rata), standar deviasi,
varians, data maksimal, data minimal, dsb

2. Statistik Inferensi
• Perkiraan dan estimasi
• Pengujian Hipotesis

242
 Statistik Inferensi (Pengujian Hipotesis)
Penggunaan Parametrik Non Parametrik
Dua sampel saling T Test Sign test
berhubungan Z Test Wilcoxon Signed-Rank
(Two Dependent samples) Mc Nemar Change test

Dua sampel tidak berhubungan T Test Mann-Whitney U test

(Two Independent samples) Z Test Moses Extreme reactions
Chi-Square test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Walt-Wolfowitz runs

Beberapa sampel berhubungan Friedman test

(Several Dependent Samples) Kendall W test
Cochran’s Q

Beberapa sampel tidak Anova test (F test) Kruskal-Wallis test

Berhubungan Chi-Square test
(Several Independent Samples) Median test

243
Metode Parametrik
• Metode parametrik dapat dilakukan jika
beberapa persyaratan dipenuhi, yaitu:
• Sampel yang dianalisis haruslah berasal dari
populasi yang berdistribusi normal
• Jumlah data cukup banyak
• Jenis data yang dianalisis adalah biasanya
interval atau rasio

244
Metode Non Parametrik
• Metode ini dapat dipergunakan secara lebih luas, karena
tidak mengharuskan datanya berdistribusi normal
• Dapat dipakai untuk data nominal dan ordinal sehingga sangat
berguna bagi para peneliti sosial untuk meneliti perilaku
konsumen, sikap manusia, dsb
• Cenderung lebih sederhana dibandingkan dengan metode
parametrik

• Selain keuntungannya, berikut kelemahan metode non

parametrik:
• Tidak adanya sistematika yang jelas seperti metode parametrik
• Terlalu sederhana sehingga sering meragukan
• Memakai tabel-tabel yang lebih bervariasi dibandingkan dengan
tabel-tabel standar pada metode parametrik

245
Interpretasi Statistik
• Ho = tidak ada perbedaan signifikan
• Ha = ada perbedaan signifikan

alpha=0.05
Bila p < 0.05, maka Ho ditolak

• Contoh: kasus p=0.03, maka dapat

ditarik kesimpulan?

246
Latihan: Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
1. Lakukan training pada data mahasiswa
(datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls) dengan
menggunakan C4.5, ID3, NB, K-NN, RF dan
LogR
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan
10-fold X Validation
3. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan
model terbaik

247
 Hasil Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
• Komparasi Accuracy dan AUC
C4.5 NB K-NN LogR
Accuracy 91.55% 82.58% 83.63% 77.47%
AUC 0.909 0.894 0.5 0.721

• Uji Beda (t-Test)

C4.5 NB kNN LogR

C4.5
NB
kNN
LogR

• Urutan model terbaik: 1. C4.5 2. NB 2. k-NN 2. LogR

248
Latihan: Estimasi Performance CPU
1. Lakukan training pada data cpu (cpu.xls) dengan
menggunakan algoritma linear regression, neural
network dan support vector machine
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan XValidation
(numerical)
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan menggunakan
RMSE (Root Mean Square Error)
LR NN SVM
RMSE 54.676 55.192 94.676

4. Urutan model terbaik: 1. LR 2. NN 3. SVM

249
250
Latihan: Estimasi Konsumsi Minyak
1. Lakukan training pada data minyak pemanas
(HeatingOil.csv) dengan menggunakan algoritma
linear regression, neural network dan support
vector machine, Deep Learning
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan XValidation
(numerical) dan Uji beda dengan t-Test
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan menggunakan
RMSE (Root
LR Mean NNSquare Error)
SVM DL
RMSE

251
 Urutan model terbaik:
1. NN dan DL
2. LR dan SVM
LR NN DL SVM

LR
NN
DL
SVM
252
 Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Caleg
1. Lakukan training pada data pemilu (datapemilukpu.xls)
dengan menggunakan algoritma Decision Tree, Naive
Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, RandomForest, Logistic
Regression
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan XValidation
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan confusion matrix dan
ROC Curve
4. Masukkan setiap hasil percobaan ke dalam file Excel
DT NB K-NN RandFor LogReg
Accuracy 92.21% 76.89% 89.63%
AUC 0.851 0.826 0.5

253
 Latihan: Prediksi Harga Saham
1. Lakukan training pada data harga saham
(hargasaham-training.xls) dengan neural network,
linear regression, support vector machine
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan
XValidation

LR NN SVM
RMSE

254
 Latihan: Klastering Jenis Bunga Iris
1. Lakukan training pada data iris (ambil dari
repositories rapidminer) dengan menggunakan
algoritma clustering k-means
2. Gunakan pilihan nilai untuk k, isikan dengan 3, 4,
5, 6, 7
3. Ukur performance-nya dengan Cluster Distance
Performance, dari analisis Davies Bouldin Indeks
(DBI), tentukan nilai k yang paling optimal

k=3 k=4 k=5 k=6 k=7

DBI 0.666 0.764 0.806 0.910 0.99

255
Davies–Bouldin index (DBI)
• The Davies–Bouldin index (DBI) (introduced by David L. Davies
and Donald W. Bouldin in 1979) is a metric for evaluating
clustering algorithms
• This is an internal evaluation scheme, where the validation of
how well the clustering has been done is made using quantities
and features inherent to the dataset
• As a function of the ratio of the within cluster scatter, to the
between cluster separation, a lower value will mean that the
clustering is better
• This affirms the idea that no cluster has to be similar to another,
and hence the best clustering scheme essentially minimizes the
Davies–Bouldin index
• This index thus defined is an average over all the i clusters, and
hence a good measure of deciding how many clusters actually
exists in the data is to plot it against the number of clusters it is
calculated over
• The number i for which this value is the lowest is a good measure
of the number of clusters the data could be ideally classified into
256
Evaluasi Model Data Mining
1. Estimation:
• Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), MSE, MAPE, etc
2. Prediction/Forecasting (Prediksi/Peramalan):
• Error: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) , MSE, MAPE, etc
3. Classification:
• Confusion Matrix: Accuracy
• ROC Curve: Area Under Curve (AUC)
4. Clustering:
• Internal Evaluation: Davies–Bouldin index, Dunn index,
• External Evaluation: Rand measure, F-measure, Jaccard index,
Fowlkes–Mallows index, Confusion matrix
5. Association:
• Lift Charts: Lift Ratio
• Precision and Recall (F-measure)
257
Tugas: Mengolah Semua Dataset
1. Lakukan ujicoba terhadap semua dataset yang ada di
folder datasets, dengan menggunakan berbagai metode
data mining yang sesuai (estimasi, prediksi, klasifikasi,
clustering, association)
2. Kombinasikan pengujian dengan pemecahan data
training-testing, dan pengujian dengan menggunakan
metode X validation
3. Ukur performance dari model yang terbentuk dengan
menggunakan metode pengukuran sesuai dengan
metode data mining yang dipilih
4. Jelaskan secara mendetail tahapan ujicoba yang
dilakukan, kemudian lakukan analisis dan sintesis, dan
buat laporan dalam bentuk slide
5. Presentasikan di depan kelas
258
Tugas: Mereview Paper
• Technical Paper:
• Judul: Application and Comparison of Classification
Techniques in Controlling Credit Risk
• Author: Lan Yu, Guoqing Chen, Andy Koronios, Shiwu Zhu,
and Xunhua Guo
• Download: http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/paper/

• Baca dan pahami paper di atas dan jelaskan apa yang

dilakukan peneliti pada paper tersebut:
1. Object Penelitian
2. Masalah Penelitian
3. Tujuan Penelitian
4. Metode Penelitian
5. Hasil Penelitian

259
Tugas: Mereview Paper
• Technical Paper:
• Judul: A Comparison Framework of Classification Models for
Software Defect Prediction
• Author: Romi Satria Wahono, Nanna Suryana Herman, Sabrina
Ahmad
• Publications: Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 20, No. 10-12, 2014
• Download: http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/paper

• Baca dan pahami paper di atas dan jelaskan apa yang

dilakukan peneliti pada paper tersebut:
1. Object Penelitian
2. Masalah Penelitian
3. Tujuan Penelitian
4. Metode Penelitian
5. Hasil Penelitian
260
Tugas Mereview Paper
• Technical Paper:
• Judul: An experimental comparison of classification algorithms
for imbalanced credit scoring data sets
• Author: Iain Brown and Christophe Mues
• Publications: Expert Systems with Applications 39 (2012)
3446–3453
• Download: http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/paper

• Baca dan pahami paper di atas dan jelaskan apa yang

dilakukan peneliti pada paper tersebut:
1. Object Penelitian
2. Masalah Penelitian
3. Tujuan Penelitian
4. Metode Penelitian
5. Hasil Penelitian
261
Tugas: Menulis Paper Penelitian
• Cari dataset yang ada di sekitar kita
• Lakukan penelitian berupa komparasi dari (minimal) 5
algoritma machine learning untuk memining
knowledge dari dataset tersebut
• Gunakan uji beda (baik parametrik dan non
parametric) untuk analisis dan pembuatan ranking dari
algoritma machine learning
• Tulis makalah tentang penelitian yang kita buat
• Contoh-contoh makalah komparasi ada di:
http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/paper/method%20comparison/
• Upload seluruh file laporan ke Card di Trello.Com
• Deadline: sehari sebelum mata kuliah berikutnya
262
Paper Formatting
• Ikuti template dan contoh paper dari:
http://journal.ilmukomputer.org

• Isi paper:
• Abstract: Harus berisi obyek-masalah-metode-hasil
• Introduction: Latar belakang masalah penelitian dan struktur paper
• Related Work: Penelitian yang berhubungan
• Theoretical Foundation: Landasan dari berbagai teori yang digunakan
• Proposed Method: Metode yang diusulkan
• Experimental Results: Hasil eksperimen
• Conclusion: Kesimpulan dan future works

263
Competency Check
1. Dataset – Methods – Knowledge
1. Dataset Main Golf (Klasifikasi)
2. Dataset Iris (Klasifikasi)
3. Dataset Iris (Klastering)
4. Dataset CPU (Estimasi)
5. Dataset Pemilu (Klasifikasi)
6. Dataset Heating Oil (Association)
7. Dataset Transaksi (Association)
8. Dataset Harga Saham (Forecasting)
2. Dataset – Methods – Knowledge – Evaluation
1. Manual
2. Data Split Operator
3. Cross Validation
3. Methods Comparison
• Uji t-Test
4. Paper Reading
1. Lan Yu (DeLong Pearson Test)
2. Wahono (Friedman Test)
264
2.4 Proses Data Mining berbasis
Metodologi CRISP-DM

265
Data Mining Standard Process
• Dunia industri yang beragam bidangnya memerlukan
proses yang standard yang mampu mendukung
penggunaan data mining untuk menyelesaikan
masalah bisnis
• Proses tersebut harus dapat digunakan di lintas
industry (cross-industry) dan netral secara bisnis, tool
dan aplikasi yang digunakan, serta mampu
menangani strategi pemecahan masalah bisnis
dengan menggunakan data mining
• Pada tahun 1996, lahirlah salah satu standard proses
di dunia data mining yang kemudian disebut dengan:
the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining
(CRISP–DM) (Chapman, 2000)
266
CRISP-DM

267
1. Business Understanding
• Enunciate the project objectives and
requirements clearly in terms of the business
or research unit as a whole
• Translate these goals and restrictions into
the formulation of a data mining problem
definition
• Prepare a preliminary strategy for achieving
these objectives
• Designing what you are going to build

268
2. Data Understanding
• Collect the data
• Use exploratory data analysis to familiarize
yourself with the data and discover initial
insights
• Evaluate the quality of the data
• If desired, select interesting subsets that may
contain actionable patterns

269
3. Data Preparation
• Prepare from the initial raw data the final
data set that is to be used for all subsequent
phases
• Select the cases and variables you want to
analyze and that are appropriate for your
analysis
• Perform data cleaning, integration, reduction
and transformation, so it is ready for the
modeling tools

270
4. Modeling
• Select and apply appropriate modeling
techniques
• Calibrate model settings to optimize results
• Remember that often, several different
techniques may be used for the same data
mining problem
• If necessary, loop back to the data
preparation phase to bring the form of the
data into line with the specific requirements
of a particular data mining technique

271
5. Evaluation
• Evaluate the one or more models delivered in
the modeling phase for quality and
effectiveness before deploying them for use in
the field
• Determine whether the model in fact achieves
the objectives set for it in the first phase
• Establish whether some important facet of the
business or research problem has not been
accounted for sufficiently
• Come to a decision regarding use of the data
mining results

272
6. Deployment
• Make use of the models created:
• model creation does not signify the completion of a
project
• Example of a simple deployment:
• Generate a report
• Example of a more complex deployment:
• Implement a parallel data mining process in another
department
• For businesses, the customer often carries
out the deployment based on your model

273
CRISP-DM: Detail Flow

274
Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Heating Oil Consumption – Correlational Methods

(Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd Edition, 2016,
Chapter 4 Correlational Methods, pp. 69-76)
Dataset: HeatingOil.csv

275
CRISP-DM

276
1. Business Understanding
• Problems:
• Sarah is a regional sales manager for a nationwide supplier of
fossil fuels for home heating
• Marketing performance is very poor and decreasing, while
marketing spending is increasing
• She feels a need to understand the types of behaviors and
other factors that may influence the demand for heating oil in
the domestic market
• She recognizes that there are many factors that influence
heating oil consumption, and believes that by investigating
the relationship between a number of those factors, she will
be able to better monitor and respond to heating oil demand,
and also help her to design marketing strategy in the future
• Objective:
• To investigate the relationship between a number of factors
that influence heating oil consumption
277
 2. Data Understanding
• In order to investigate her question, Sarah has enlisted our help in
creating a correlation matrix of six attributes
• Using employer’s data resources which are primarily drawn from
the company’s billing database, we create a data set comprised of
the following attributes:
1. Insulation: This is a density rating, ranging from one to ten, indicating
the thickness of each home’s insulation. A home with a density rating
of one is poorly insulated, while a home with a density of ten has
excellent insulation
2. Temperature: This is the average outdoor ambient temperature at
each home for the most recent year, measure in degree Fahrenheit
3. Heating_Oil: This is the total number of units of heating oil
purchased by the owner of each home in the most recent year
4. Num_Occupants: This is the total number of occupants living in each
home
5. Avg_Age: This is the average age of those occupants
6. Home_Size: This is a rating, on a scale of one to eight, of the home’s
overall size. The higher the number, the larger the home
278
3. Data Preparation
Data set: HeatingOil.csv

279
3. Data Preparation
• Data set appears to be very clean with:
• No missing values in any of the six attributes
• No inconsistent data apparent in our ranges (Min-Max)
or other descriptive statistics

280
4. Modeling

281
4. Modeling
• Hasil correlation matrix berupa tabel
• Semakin tinggi nilainya (semakin tebal warna ungu),
semakin tinggi tingkat korelasinya

282
5. Evaluation
Positive
Correlation

Negative
Correlation

283
 5. Evaluation
• Atribut (faktor) yang paling signifikan berpengaruh (hubungan positif)
pada konsumsi minyak pemanas (Heating Oil) adalah Average Age (Rata-
Rata Umur) penghuni rumah
• Atribut (faktor) kedua yang paling berpengaruh adalah Temperature
(hubungan negatif)
• Atribut (faktor) ketiga yang paling berpengaruh adalah Insulation
(hubungan positif)
• Atribut Home Size, pengaruhnya sangat kecil, sedangkan Num_Occupant
boleh dikatakan tidak ada pengaruh ke konsumsi minyak pemanas

284
 5. Evaluation 1

• Grafik menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi minyak memiliki korelasi positif dengan

rata-rata usia
• Meskipun ada beberapa anomali juga terjadi:
1. Ada beberapa orang yang rata-rata usia tinggi, tapi kebutuhan minyaknya rendah
(warna biru muda di kolom kiri bagian atas)
2. Ada beberapa orang yang rata-rata usia rendah, tapi kebutuhan minyaknya tinggi
(warna merah di kolom kanan bagian bawah)
285
 5. Evaluation 2 dan 3

2 dan 3

1. Grafik menunjukkan hubungan antara temperature dan insulation, dengan warna adalah konsumsi minyak
(semakin merah kebutuhan minyak semakin tinggi)
2. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa hubungan temperatur dengan insulation dan konsumsi minyak
adalah negatif. Jadi temperatur semakin rendah, kebutuhan minyak semakin tinggi (kolom kiri bagian atas)
ditunjukkan dengan banyak yang berwarna kuning dan merah
3. Insulation juga berhubungan negatif dengan temperatur, sehingga makin rendah temperatur, semakin
butuh insulation
4. Beberapa anomali terdapat pada Insulation yang rendah nilainya, ada beberapa yang masih memerlukan
minyak yang tinggi 286
5. Evaluation

1. Grafik tiga dimensi menunjukkan hubungan antara temperatur, rata-rata usia

dan insulation
2. Warna menunjukkan kebutuhan minyak, semakin memerah maka semakin
tinggi
3. Temperatur semakin tinggi semakin tidak butuh minyak (warna biru tua
4. Rata-rata usia dan insulation semakin tinggi semakin butuh minyak

287
6. Deployment
Dropping the Num_Occupants attribute

• While the number of people living in a home might logically

seem like a variable that would influence energy usage, in our
model it did not correlate in any significant way with anything
else
• Sometimes there are attributes that don’t turn out to be very
interesting

288
6. Deployment
Adding additional attributes to the data set
• It turned out that the number of occupants in the
home didn’t correlate much with other attributes,
but that doesn’t mean that other attributes would
be equally uninteresting
• For example, what if Sarah had access to the
number of furnaces and/or boilers in each home?
• Home_size was slightly correlated with Heating_Oil
usage, so perhaps the number of instruments that
consume heating oil in each home would tell an
interesting story, or at least add to her insight

289
6. Deployment
Investigating the role of home insulation
• The Insulation rating attribute was fairly strongly
correlated with a number of other attributes
• There may be some opportunity there to partner
with a company that specializes in adding insulation
to existing homes

290
6. Deployment
Focusing the marketing efforts to the city with low
temperature and high average age of citizen
• The temperature attribute was fairly strongly negative
correlated with a heating oil consumption
• The average age attribute was strongest positive correlated
with a heating oil consumption

291
6. Deployment
Adding greater granularity in the data set

• This data set has yielded some interesting results, but it’s pretty
general
• We have used average yearly temperatures and total annual
number of heating oil units in this model
• But we also know that temperatures fluctuate throughout the
year in most areas of the world, and thus monthly, or even
weekly measures would not only be likely to show more detailed
results of demand and usage over time, but the correlations
between attributes would probably be more interesting
• From our model, Sarah now knows how certain attributes
interact with one another, but in the day-to-day business of doing
her job, she’ll probably want to know about usage over time
periods shorter than one year
292
Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Heating Oil Consumption – Linear Regression

(Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd Edition, 2016,
Chapter 8 Linear Regression, pp. 159-171)
Dataset: HeatingOil.csv
Dataset: HeatingOil-scoring.csv
http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/dataset/
293
CRISP-DM

294
CRISP-DM: Detail Flow

295
1. Business Understanding
• Problems:
• Business is booming, her sales team is signing up thousands of new
clients, and she wants to be sure the company will be able to meet
this new level of demand
• Sarah’s new data mining objective is pretty clear: she wants to
anticipate demand for a consumable product
• We will use a linear regression model to help her with her desired
predictions. She has data, 1,218 observations that give an attribute
profile for each home, along with those homes’ annual heating oil
consumption
• She wants to use this data set as training data to predict the usage
that 42,650 new clients will bring to her company
• She knows that these new clients’ homes are similar in nature to her
existing client base, so the existing customers’ usage behavior should
serve as a solid gauge for predicting future usage by new customers
• Objective:
• to predict the usage that 42,650 new clients will bring to her company
296
2. Data Understanding
• Sarah has assembled separate Comma Separated Values file
containing all of these same attributes, for her 42,650 new clients
• She has provided this data set to us to use as the scoring data set
in our model
• Data set comprised of the following attributes:
• Insulation: This is a density rating, ranging from one to ten, indicating
the thickness of each home’s insulation. A home with a density rating
of one is poorly insulated, while a home with a density of ten has
excellent insulation
• Temperature: This is the average outdoor ambient temperature at
each home for the most recent year, measure in degree Fahrenheit
• Heating_Oil: This is the total number of units of heating oil purchased
by the owner of each home in the most recent year
• Num_Occupants: This is the total number of occupants living in each
home
• Avg_Age: This is the average age of those occupants
• Home_Size: This is a rating, on a scale of one to eight, of the home’s
overall size. The higher the number, the larger the home
297
3. Data Preparation
• Filter Examples: attribute value filter or custom filter
• Avg_Age>=15.1
• Avg_Age<=72.2
• Deleted Records= 42650-42042 = 508

298
299
3. Modeling

300
4. Evaluation – Model Regresi

301
4. Evaluation – Hasil Prediksi

302
5. Deployment

303
304
 Latihan
• Karena bantuan data mining sebelumnya, Sarah akhirnya mendapatkan promosi
menjadi VP marketing, yang mengelola ratusan marketer
• Sarah ingin para marketer dapat memprediksi pelanggan potensial mereka
masing-masing secara mandiri. Masalahnya, data HeatingOil.csv hanya boleh
diakses oleh level VP (Sarah), dan tidak diperbolehkan diakses oleh marketer
secara langsung
• Sarah ingin masing-masing marketer membuat proses yang dapat mengestimasi
kebutuhan konsumsi minyak dari client yang mereka approach, dengan
menggunakan model yang sebelumnya dihasilkan oleh Sarah, meskipun tanpa
mengakses data training (HeatingOil.csv)
• Asumsikan bahwa data HeatingOil-Marketing.csv adalah data calon pelanggan
yang berhasil di approach oleh salah satu marketingnya
• Yang harus dilakukan Sarah adalah membuat proses untuk:
1. Mengkomparasi algoritma yang menghasilkan model yang memiliki akurasi tertinggi (LR,
NN, SVM), gunakan 10 Fold X Validation
2. Menyimpan model terbaik ke dalam suatu file (operator Store)
• Yang harus dilakukan Marketer adalah membuat proses untuk:
1. Membaca model yang dihasilkan Sarah (operator Retrieve)
2. Menerapkannya di data HeatingOil-Marketing.csv yang mereka miliki
• Mari kita bantu Sarah dan Marketer membuat
305
dua proses tersebut
Proses Komparasi Algoritma (Sarah)

306
Proses Pengujian Data (Marketer)

307
Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Kelulusan Mahasiswa di Universitas Suka Belajar

Dataset: datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls

308
CRISP-DM

309
1. Business Understanding
• Problems:
• Budi adalah Rektor di Universitas Suka Belajar
• Universitas Suka Belajar memiliki masalah besar karena
rasio kelulusan mahasiswa tiap angkatan sangat rendah
• Budi ingin memahami dan membuat pola dari profile
mahasiswa yang bisa lulus tepat waktu dan yang tidak
lulus tepat waktu
• Dengan pola tersebut, Budi bisa melakukan konseling,
terapi, dan memberi peringatan dini kepada mahasiswa
kemungkinan tidak lulus tepat waktu untuk memperbaiki
diri, sehingga akhirnya bisa lulus tepat waktu
• Objective:
• Menemukan pola dari mahasiswa yang lulus tepat waktu
dan tidak
310
 2. Data Understanding
• Untuk menyelesaikan masalah, Budi mengambil data dari sistem
informasi akademik di universitasnya
• Data-data dikumpulkan dari data profil mahasiswa dan indeks
prestasi semester mahasiswa, dengan atribut seperti di bawah
1. NAMA
2. JENIS KELAMIN: Laki-Laki atau Perempuan
3. STATUS MAHASISWA: Mahasiswa atau Bekerja
4. UMUR:
5. STATUS NIKAH: Menikah atau Belum Menikah
6. IPS 1: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
7. IPS 2: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
8. IPS 3: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
9. IPS 4: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
10. IPS 5: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
11. IPS 6: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
12. IPS 7: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
13. IPS 8: Indeks Prestasi Semester 1
14. IPK: Indeks Prestasi Kumulatif
311
3. Data Preparation
Data set: datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls

312
3. Data Preparation
• Terdapat 379 data mahasiswa dengan 15 atribut
• Missing Value sebayak 10 data, dan tidak terdapat
data noise

313
3. Data Preparation
• Missing Value dipecahkan dengan menambahkan data
dengan nilai rata-rata
• Hasilnya adalah data bersih tanpa missing value

314
4. Modeling
• Modelkan dataset dengan Decision Tree
• Pola yang dihasilkan bisa berbentuk tree atau if-then

315
4. Modeling
Hasil pola dari data berupa berupa decision tree
(pohon keputusan)

316
5. Evaluation
Hasil pola dari data berupa berupa peraturan if-then

317
 5. Evaluation
• Atribut atau faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah
Status Mahasiswa, IPS2, IPS5, IPS1

• Atribut atau faktor yang tidak berpengaruh adalah

Nama, Jenis Kelamin, Umur, IPS6, IPS7, IPS8

318
6. Deployment
• Budi membuat program peningkatan disiplin dan pendampingan ke
mahasiswa di semester awal (1-2) dan semester 5, karena faktor yang
paling menentukan kelulusan mahasiswa ada di dua semester itu

• Budi membuat peraturan melarang mahasiswa bekerja paruh waktu di

semester awal perkuliahan, karena beresiko tinggi di kelulusan tepat
waktu

• Budi membuat program kerja paruh waktu di dalam kampus, sehingga

banyak pekerjaan kampus yang bisa intens ditangani, sambil mendidik
mahasiswa supaya memiliki pengalaman kerja. Dan yang paling
penting mahasiswa tidak meninggalkan kuliah karena pekerjaan

• Budi memasukkan pola dan model yang terbentuk ke dalam sistem

informasi akademik, dimana sistem dibuat cerdas, sehingga bisa
mengirimkan email analisis pola secara otomatis ke mahasiswa sesuai
profilnya

319
Latihan
• Pahami dan lakukan eksperimen berdasarkan
seluruh studi kasus yang ada di buku Data
Mining for the Masses (Matthew North)

• Pahami bahwa metode CRISP-DM membantu

kita memahami penggunaan metode data
mining yang lebih sesuai dengan kebutuhan
organisasi

320
Tugas Menyelesaikan Masalah Organisasi
• Analisis masalah dan kebutuhan yang ada di organisasi
lingkungan sekitar anda
• Kumpulkan dan review dataset yang tersedia, dan hubungkan
masalah dan kebutuhan tadi dengan data yang tersedia (analisis
dari 5 peran data mining)
• Bila memungkinkan pilih beberapa peran sekaligus untuk mengolah
data tersebut, misalnya: lakukan association (analisis faktor), sekaligus
estimation atau clustering
• Lakukan proses CRISP-DM untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang
ada di organisasi sesuai dengan data yang didapatkan
• Pada proses data preparation, lakukan data cleaning (replace missing
value, replace, filter attribute) sehingga data siap dimodelkan
• Lakukan juga komparasi algoritma untuk memilih algoritma terbaik
• Rangkumkan dalam bentuk slide dengan contoh studi kasus
Sarah yang menggunakan data mining untuk:
• Menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan (matrix correlation)
• Mengestimasi jumlah stok minyak (linear regression)
321
Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Profiling Tersangka Koruptor

Dataset: Data LHKPN KPK

322
Contoh Kasus Pengolahan Data LHKPN

1. Prediksi Profil Tersangka Koruptor

(Klasifikasi, Decision Tree)
2. Forecasting Jumlah Wajib Lapor di suatu
Instansi atau suatu propinsi
(Forecasting, Neural Network)
3. Prediksi Rekomendasi Hasil Pemeriksaan
LHKPN
(Klasifikasi, Decision Tree)

323
Prediksi Profil Tersangka Koruptor

324
Pola Profil Tersangka Koruptor

325
Forecasting Jumlah Wajib Lapor

326
Forecasting Jumlah Wajib Lapor

327
Rekomendasi Hasil Pemeriksaan LHKPN

328
Pola Rekomendasi Hasil Pemeriksaan LHKPN

329
3. Persiapan Data
3.1 Data Cleaning
3.2 Data Reduction
3.3 Data Transformation and Data Discretization
3.4 Data Integration

330
CRISP-DM

331
Why Preprocess the Data?
Measures for data quality: A multidimensional view

• Accuracy: correct or wrong, accurate or not

• Completeness: not recorded, unavailable, …
• Consistency: some modified but some not, …
• Timeliness: timely update?
• Believability: how trustable the data are correct?
• Interpretability: how easily the data can be
understood?

332
Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing
1. Data cleaning
• Fill in missing values
• Smooth noisy data
• Identify or remove outliers
• Resolve inconsistencies
2. Data reduction
• Dimensionality reduction
• Numerosity reduction
• Data compression
3. Data transformation and data discretization
• Normalization
• Concept hierarchy generation
4. Data integration
• Integration of multiple databases or files

333
Data Preparation Law (Data Mining Law 3)
Data preparation is more than half of every data
mining process

• Maxim of data mining: most of the effort in a data

mining project is spent in data acquisition and
preparation, and informal estimates vary from 50 to
80 percent
• The purpose of data preparation is:
1. To put the data into a form in which the data mining
question can be asked
2. To make it easier for the analytical techniques (such as
data mining algorithms) to answer it

334
3.1 Data Cleaning

335
Data Cleaning
Data in the Real World Is Dirty: Lots of potentially incorrect
data, e.g., instrument faulty, human or computer error,
transmission error

• Incomplete: lacking attribute values, lacking certain

attributes of interest, or containing only aggregate data
• e.g., Occupation=“ ” (missing data)
• Noisy: containing noise, errors, or outliers
• e.g., Salary=“−10” (an error)
• Inconsistent: containing discrepancies in codes or names
• e.g., Age=“42”, Birthday=“03/07/2010”
• Was rating “1, 2, 3”, now rating “A, B, C”
• Discrepancy between duplicate records
• Intentional (e.g., disguised missing data)
• Jan. 1 as everyone’s birthday?
336
Incomplete (Missing) Data
• Data is not always available
• E.g., many tuples have no recorded value for several
attributes, such as customer income in sales data
• Missing data may be due to
• equipment malfunction
• inconsistent with other recorded data and thus deleted
• data not entered due to misunderstanding
• certain data may not be considered important at the
time of entry
• not register history or changes of the data
• Missing data may need to be inferred

337
Contoh Missing Data
• Dataset: MissingDataSet.csv

338
MissingDataSet.csv
• Jerry is the marketing manager for a small Internet design and
advertising firm
• Jerry’s boss asks him to develop a data set containing
information about Internet users
• The company will use this data to determine what kinds of
people are using the Internet and how the firm may be able to
market their services to this group of users
• To accomplish his assignment, Jerry creates an online survey and
places links to the survey on several popular Web sites
• Within two weeks, Jerry has collected enough data to begin
analysis, but he finds that his data needs to be denormalized
• He also notes that some observations in the set are missing
values or they appear to contain invalid values
• Jerry realizes that some additional work on the data needs to
take place before analysis begins.
339
Relational Data

340
View of Data (Denormalized Data)

341
Contoh Missing Data
• Dataset: MissingDataSet.csv

342
How to Handle Missing Data?
• Ignore the tuple:
• Usually done when class label is missing (when doing
classification)—not effective when the % of missing values
per attribute varies considerably
• Fill in the missing value manually:
• Tedious + infeasible?
• Fill in it automatically with
• A global constant: e.g., “unknown”, a new class?!
• The attribute mean
• The attribute mean for all samples belonging to the same
class: smarter
• The most probable value: inference-based such as
Bayesian formula or decision tree

343
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Matthew
North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd
Edition, 2016, Chapter 3 Data Preparation
1. Handling Missing Data, pp. 34-48 (replace)
2. Data Reduction, pp. 48-51 (delete/filter)

• Dataset: MissingDataSet.csv

• Analisis metode preprocessing apa saja yang

digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan pada
dataset tersebut?
344
Missing Value Detection

345
Missing Value Replace

346
Missing Value Filtering

347
Noisy Data
• Noise: random error or variance in a measured
variable
• Incorrect attribute values may be due to
• Faulty data collection instruments
• Data entry problems
• Data transmission problems
• Technology limitation
• Inconsistency in naming convention
• Other data problems which require data cleaning
• Duplicate records
• Incomplete data
• Inconsistent data

348
How to Handle Noisy Data?
• Binning
• First sort data and partition into (equal-frequency) bins
• Then one can smooth by bin means, smooth by bin
median, smooth by bin boundaries, etc.
• Regression
• Smooth by fitting the data into regression functions
• Clustering
• Detect and remove outliers
• Combined computer and human inspection
• Detect suspicious values and check by human (e.g., deal
with possible outliers)

349
Data Cleaning as a Process
• Data discrepancy detection
• Use metadata (e.g., domain, range, dependency, distribution)
• Check field overloading
• Check uniqueness rule, consecutive rule and null rule
• Use commercial tools
• Data scrubbing: use simple domain knowledge (e.g., postal code, spell-
check) to detect errors and make corrections
• Data auditing: by analyzing data to discover rules and relationship to
detect violators (e.g., correlation and clustering to find outliers)
• Data migration and integration
• Data migration tools: allow transformations to be specified
• ETL (Extraction/Transformation/Loading) tools: allow users to
specify transformations through a graphical user interface
• Integration of the two processes
• Iterative and interactive (e.g., Potter’s Wheels)

350
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Matthew
North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd
Edition, 2016, Chapter 3 Data Preparation, pp.
52-54 (Handling Inconsistence Data)

• Dataset: MissingDataSet.csv

• Analisis metode preprocessing apa saja yang

digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan pada
dataset tersebut!

351
352
Setting Regex

Ujicoba Regex
353
Latihan
• Impor data MissingDataValue-Noisy.csv
• Gunakan Regular Expression (operator Replace)
untuk mengganti semua noisy data pada atribut
nominal menjadi “N”

354
Latihan
1. Impor data MissingDataValue-Noisy-Multiple.csv
2. Gunakan operator Replace Missing Value untuk mengisi data kosong
3. Gunakan Regular Expression (operator Replace) untuk mengganti semua noisy
data pada atribut nominal menjadi “N”
4. Gunakan operator Map untuk mengganti semua isian Face, FB dan Fesbuk
menjadi Facebook

355
356
 1 2 3 4

1. Impor data MissingDataValue-Noisy-Multiple.csv

2. operator Replace Missing Value untuk mengisi data
kosong
3. operator Replace untuk mengganti semua noisy data
pada atribut nominal menjadi “N”
4. operator Map untuk mengganti semua isian Face, FB
dan Fesbuk menjadi Facebook
357
Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Sport Skill – Discriminant Analysis

(Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd Edition, 2016,
Chapter 7 Discriminant Analysis, pp. 123-143)
Dataset: SportSkill-Training.csv
Dataset: SportSkill-Scoring.csv
358
1. Business Understanding
• Motivation:
• Gill runs a sports academy designed to help high school aged athletes
achieve their maximum athletic potential. He focuses on four major
sports: Football, Basketball, Baseball and Hockey
• He has found that while many high school athletes enjoy
participating in a number of sports in high school, as they begin to
consider playing a sport at the college level, they would prefer to
specialize in one sport
• As he’s worked with athletes over the years, Gill has developed an
extensive data set, and he now is wondering if he can use past
performance from some of his previous clients to predict prime
sports for up-and-coming high school athletes
• By evaluating each athlete’s performance across a battery of test, Gill
hopes we can help him figure out for which sport each athlete has
the highest aptitude
• Objective:
• Ultimately, he hopes he can make a recommendation to each athlete
as to the sport in which they should most likely choose to specialize
359
2. Data Understanding
• Every athlete that has enrolled at Gill’s
academy over the past several years has
taken a battery test, which tested for a
number of athletic and personal traits
• Because the academy has been operating for
some time, Gill has the benefit of knowing
which of his former pupils have gone on to
specialize in a single sport, and which sport it
was for each of them

360
2. Data Understanding
• Working with Gill, we gather the results of the batteries
for all former clients who have gone on to specialize
• Gill adds the sport each person specialized in, and we
have a data set comprised of 493 observations
containing the following attributes:
1. Age: ....
2. Strength: ....
3. Quickness: ....
4. Injury: ....
5. Vision: ....
6. Endurance: ....
7. Agility: ....
8. Decision Making: ....
9. Prime Sport: ....
361
3. Data Preparation
• Filter Examples: attribute value filter
• Decision_Making>=3
• Decision_Making<=100
• Deleted Records= 493-482=11

362
Latihan
1. Lakukan training pada data SportSkill-
Training.csv dengan menggunakan C4.5,
NB, K-NN dan LDA
2. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan
10-fold X Validation
3. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan
model terbaik
4. Simpan model terbaik dari komparasi di
atas dengan operator Write Model, dan
kemudian Apply Model pada dataset
SportSkill-Scoring.csv
363
 DT NB k-NN LDA

DT
NB
k-NN
LDA 364
365
366
3.2 Data Reduction

367
Data Reduction Methods
• Data Reduction
• Obtain a reduced representation of the data set that is much smaller in volume but yet
produces the same analytical results
• Why Data Reduction?
• A database/data warehouse may store terabytes of data
• Complex data analysis take a very long time to run on the complete dataset

• Data Reduction Methods

1. Dimensionality Reduction
1. Feature Extraction
2. Feature Selection
1. Filter Approach
2. Wrapper Approach
3. Embedded Approach

2. Numerosity Reduction (Data Reduction)

• Regression and Log-Linear Models
• Histograms, clustering, sampling
368
1. Dimensionality Reduction
• Curse of dimensionality
• When dimensionality increases, data becomes increasingly sparse
• Density and distance between points, which is critical to clustering,
outlier analysis, becomes less meaningful
• The possible combinations of subspaces will grow exponentially
• Dimensionality reduction
• Avoid the curse of dimensionality
• Help eliminate irrelevant features and reduce noise
• Reduce time and space required in data mining
• Allow easier visualization

• Dimensionality Reduction Methods:

1. Feature Extraction: Wavelet transforms, Principal Component
Analysis (PCA)
2. Feature Selection: Filter, Wrapper, Embedded
369
Principal Component Analysis (Steps)
• Given N data vectors from n-dimensions, find k ≤ n
orthogonal vectors (principal components) that can be
best used to represent data
1. Normalize input data: Each attribute falls within the same range
2. Compute k orthonormal (unit) vectors, i.e., principal components
3. Each input data (vector) is a linear combination of the k principal
component vectors
4. The principal components are sorted in order of decreasing
“significance” or strength
5. Since the components are sorted, the size of the data can be
reduced by eliminating the weak components, i.e., those with low
variance

• Works for numeric data only

370
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Markus
Hofmann (Rapid Miner - Data Mining Use
Case) Chapter 4 (k-Nearest Neighbor
Classification II) pp. 45-51
• Dataset: glass.data
• Analisis metode preprocessing apa saja yang
digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan
pada dataset tersebut!
• Bandingkan akurasi dari k-NN dan PCA+k-NN

371
372
373
Data Awal Sebelum PCA

374
Data Setelah PCA

375
Latihan
• Susun ulang proses yang mengkomparasi
model yang dihasilkan oleh k-NN dan PCA +
k-NN
• Gunakan 10 Fold X Validation

376
377
 Latihan
• Review operator apa saja
yang bisa digunakan untuk
feature extraction

• Ganti PCA dengan metode

feature extraction yang
lain

• Lakukan komparasi dan

tentukan mana metode
feature extraction terbaik
untuk data Glass.data,
gunakan 10-fold cross
validation
378
Feature/Attribute Selection
• Another way to reduce dimensionality of data
• Redundant attributes
• Duplicate much or all of the information contained in
one or more other attributes
• E.g., purchase price of a product and the amount of
sales tax paid
• Irrelevant attributes
• Contain no information that is useful for the data mining
task at hand
• E.g., students' ID is often irrelevant to the task of
predicting students' GPA
379
Feature Selection Approach
A number of proposed approaches for feature
selection can broadly be categorized into the following
three classifications: wrapper, filter, and embedded (Liu
& Tu, 2004)

1. In the filter approach, statistical analysis of the feature

set is required, without utilizing any learning model
(Dash & Liu, 1997)
2. In the wrapper approach, a predetermined learning
model is assumed, wherein features are selected that
justify the learning performance of the particular
learning model (Guyon & Elisseeff, 2003)
3. The embedded approach attempts to utilize the
complementary strengths of the wrapper and filter
approaches (Huang, Cai, & Xu, 2007)

380
Wrapper Approach vs Filter Approach

Wrapper Approach Filter Approach

381
Feature Selection Approach
1. Filter Approach:
• information gain
• chi square
• log likehood rasio
• etc

2. Wrapper Approach:
• forward selection
• backward elimination
• randomized hill climbing
• etc

3. Embedded Approach:
• decision tree
• weighted naïve bayes
• etc 382
 Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku
Markus Hofmann (Rapid Miner -
Data Mining Use Case) Chapter 4 (k-
Nearest Neighbor Classification II)

• Ganti PCA dengan metode feature

selection (filter), misalnya:
• Information Gain
• Chi Squared
• etc

• Cek di RapidMiner, operator apa

saja yang bisa digunakan untuk
mengurangi atau membobot
atribute dari dataset!

383
384
385
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Markus Hofmann
(Rapid Miner - Data Mining Use Case) Chapter 4 (k-
Nearest Neighbor Classification II)

• Ganti PCA dengan metode feature selection (wrapper),

misalnya:
• Backward Elimination
• Forward Selection
• etc

• Ganti metode validasi dengan 10-Fold X Validation

• Bandingkan akurasi dari k-NN dan BE+k-NN or FS+k-NN

386
387
 Feature
Extraction

Feature Selection
(Filter)

Feature Selection
(Wrapper)

388
 Feature
Extraction

Feature Selection
(Filter)

Feature Selection
(Wrapper)

389
 Hasil Komparasi Akurasi dan Signifikansi t-Test
k-NN k-NN+PCA k-NN+ICA k-NN+IG k-NN+IGR kNN + FS k-NN+BE

Accuracy

AUC

390
Latihan: Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
1. Lakukan training pada data mahasiswa
(datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls) dengan menggunakan 3
algoritma klasifikasi (DT, NB, k-NN)
2. Analisis dan komparasi, mana algoritma klasifikasi yang
menghasilkan model paling akurat (AK)
3. Lakukan feature selection dengan Information Gain (Filter),
Forward Selection, Backward Elimination (Wrapper) untuk
model yang paling akurat
4. Analisis dan komparasi, mana algoritma feature selection
yang menghasilkan model paling akurat
5. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
AK AK+IG AK+FS AK+BE
Accuracy 91.55 92.10 91.82
AUC 0.909 0.920 0.917
391
Latihan: Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
1. Lakukan training pada data mahasiswa
(datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls) dengan menggunakan 4
algoritma klasifikasi (DT
2. Lakukan feature selection dengan Forward Selection untuk
algoritma DT (DT+FS)
3. Lakukan feature selection dengan Backward Elimination
untuk algoritma DT (DT+BE)
4. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
5. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan model terbaik
(DT vs DT+FS vs DT+BE)
DT DT+FS DT+BE
Accuracy 91.55 92.10 91.82
AUC 0.909 0.920 0.917

392
 DT DT+FS DT+BE
Accuracy 91.55 92.10 91.82
AUC 0.909 0.920 0.917

no significant difference
393
 Latihan: Prediksi Elektabilitas Pemilu
1. Lakukan komparasi algoritma pada data pemilu
(datapemilukpu.xls), sehingga didapatkan algoritma terbaik
2. Ambil algoritma terbaik dari langkah 1, kemudian lakukan
feature selection dengan Forward Selection dan Backward
Elimination
3. Tentukan kombinasi algoritma dan feature selection apa
yang memiliki performa terbaik
4. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
5. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan model terbaik
DT NB K-NN A A + FS A + BE
Accuracy Accuracy
AUC AUC

394
Latihan: Prediksi Kelulusan Mahasiswa
1. Lakukan training pada data mahasiswa
(datakelulusanmahasiswa.xls) dengan menggunakan
DT, NB, K-NN
2. Lakukan dimension reduction dengan Forward
Selection untuk ketiga algoritma di atas
3. Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
4. Uji beda dengan t-Test untuk mendapatkan model
terbaik

DT NB K-NN DT+FS NB+FS K-NN+FS

Accuracy
AUC

395
No Free Lunch Theory (Data Mining Law 4)
There is No Free Lunch for the Data Miner (NFL-DM)
The right model for a given application can only be discovered by
experiment

• Axiom of machine learning: if we knew enough about a

problem space, we could choose or design an algorithm to find
optimal solutions in that problem space with maximal efficiency
• Arguments for the superiority of one algorithm over others in
data mining rest on the idea that data mining problem spaces
have one particular set of properties, or that these properties
can be discovered by analysis and built into the algorithm
• However, these views arise from the erroneous idea that, in
data mining, the data miner formulates the problem and the
algorithm finds the solution
• In fact, the data miner both formulates the problem and finds
the solution – the algorithm is merely a tool which the data
miner uses to assist with certain steps in this process
396
2. Numerosity Reduction
Reduce data volume by choosing alternative, smaller forms of
data representation

1. Parametric methods (e.g., regression)

• Assume the data fits some model, estimate model
parameters, store only the parameters, and discard
the data (except possible outliers)
• Ex.: Log-linear models—obtain value at a point in m-D
space as the product on appropriate marginal
subspaces

2. Non-parametric methods
• Do not assume models
• Major families: histograms, clustering, sampling, …
397
Numerosity Reduction

398
Parametric Data Reduction: Regression and Log-Linear Models

• Linear regression
• Data modeled to fit a straight line
• Often uses the least-square method to fit the
line
• Multiple regression
• Allows a response variable Y to be modeled as a
linear function of multidimensional feature
vector
• Log-linear model
• Approximates discrete multidimensional
probability distributions

399
 Regression Analysis
• Regression analysis: A collective name for
techniques for the modeling and analysis of
numerical data consisting of values of a
dependent variable (also called response
variable or measurement) and of one or more
independent variables (aka. explanatory
Y1
variables or predictors)
• The parameters are estimated so as to give a
"best fit" of the data Y1’
y=x+1
• Most commonly the best fit is evaluated by
using the least squares method, but other
criteria have also been used
X1 x
• Used for prediction (including forecasting of
time-series data), inference, hypothesis
testing, and modeling of causal relationships

400
Regress Analysis and Log-Linear Models

• Linear regression: Y = w X + b
• Two regression coefficients, w and b, specify the line and are to be
estimated by using the data at hand
• Using the least squares criterion to the known values of Y1, Y2, …, X1, X2,
….
• Multiple regression: Y = b0 + b1 X1 + b2 X2
• Many nonlinear functions can be transformed into the above
• Log-linear models:
• Approximate discrete multidimensional probability distributions
• Estimate the probability of each point (tuple) in a multi-dimensional
space for a set of discretized attributes, based on a smaller subset of
dimensional combinations
• Useful for dimensionality reduction and data smoothing

401
 Histogram Analysis

• Divide data into buckets and

40
store average (sum) for each
35
bucket
30
• Partitioning rules: 25
• Equal-width: equal bucket 20
range 15
• Equal-frequency (or equal-10
depth) 5
0
10000 30000 50000 70000 90000

402
Clustering
• Partition data set into clusters based on
similarity, and store cluster representation (e.g.,
centroid and diameter) only
• Can be very effective if data is clustered but not
if data is “smeared”
• Can have hierarchical clustering and be stored in
multi-dimensional index tree structures
• There are many choices of clustering definitions
and clustering algorithms

403
Sampling
• Sampling: obtaining a small sample s to represent
the whole data set N
• Allow a mining algorithm to run in complexity that
is potentially sub-linear to the size of the data
• Key principle: Choose a representative subset of the
data
• Simple random sampling may have very poor performance in the
presence of skew
• Develop adaptive sampling methods, e.g., stratified sampling

• Note: Sampling may not reduce database I/Os

(page at a time)

404
Types of Sampling
• Simple random sampling
• There is an equal probability of selecting any particular
item
• Sampling without replacement
• Once an object is selected, it is removed from the
population
• Sampling with replacement
• A selected object is not removed from the population
• Stratified sampling
• Partition the data set, and draw samples from each
partition (proportionally, i.e., approximately the same
percentage of the data)
• Used in conjunction with skewed data

405
Sampling: With or without Replacement

SWOR
S R a n d om
le r
(s im p
w it hout
le
samp cement)
repla

SRSW
R

Raw Data

406
Sampling: Cluster or Stratified Sampling

Raw Data Cluster/Stratified Sample

407
Stratified Sampling
• Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population
into homogeneous subgroups before sampling
• Suppose that in a company there are the following staff:
• Male, full-time: 90
• Male, part-time: 18
• Female, full-time: 9
• Female, part-time: 63
• Total: 180
• We are asked to take a sample of 40 staff, stratified according to
the above categories
• An easy way to calculate the percentage is to multiply each group
size by the sample size and divide by the total population:
• Male, full-time = 90 × (40 ÷ 180) = 20
• Male, part-time = 18 × (40 ÷ 180) = 4
• Female, full-time = 9 × (40 ÷ 180) = 2
• Female, part-time = 63 × (40 ÷ 180) = 14
408
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Matthew
North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd Edition,
2016, Chapter 7 Discriminant Analysis, pp. 125-
143

• Datasets:
• SportSkill-Training.csv
• SportSkill-Scoring.csv

• Analisis metode preprocessing apa saja yang

digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan pada
dataset tersebut!
409
3.3 Data Transformation and Data
Discretization

410
Data Transformation
• A function that maps the entire set of values of a given attribute to a
new set of replacement values
• Each old value can be identified with one of the new values
• Methods:
• Smoothing: Remove noise from data
• Attribute/feature construction
• New attributes constructed from the given ones
• Aggregation: Summarization, data cube construction
• Normalization: Scaled to fall within a smaller, specified range
• min-max normalization
• z-score normalization
• normalization by decimal scaling
• Discretization: Concept hierarchy climbing
411
Normalization

• Min-max normalization: to [new_minA, new_maxA]

v  minA
v'  (new _ maxA  new _ minA)  new _ minA
maxA  minA

• Ex. Let income range $12,000 to $98,000 normalized to [0.0, 1.0].

73,600  12,000
(1.0  0)  0  0.716
Then $73,000 is mapped to 98,000  12,000

• Z-score normalization (μ: mean, σ: standard deviation):

v  A
v' 
 A

73,600  54,000
 1.225
• Ex. Let μ = 54,000, σ = 16,000. Then 16,000

• Normalization by decimal scaling

v
v' j Where j is the smallest integer such that Max(|ν’|) < 1
10
412
Discretization
• Three types of attributes
• Nominal —values from an unordered set, e.g., color,
profession
• Ordinal —values from an ordered set, e.g., military or
academic rank
• Numeric —real numbers, e.g., integer or real numbers
• Discretization: Divide the range of a continuous
attribute into intervals
• Interval labels can then be used to replace actual data values
• Reduce data size by discretization
• Supervised vs. unsupervised
• Split (top-down) vs. merge (bottom-up)
• Discretization can be performed recursively on an attribute
• Prepare for further analysis, e.g., classification

413
Data Discretization Methods
Typical methods: All the methods can be
applied recursively
• Binning: Top-down split, unsupervised
• Histogram analysis: Top-down split, unsupervised
• Clustering analysis: Unsupervised, top-down split
or bottom-up merge
• Decision-tree analysis: Supervised, top-down split
• Correlation (e.g., 2) analysis: Unsupervised,
bottom-up merge

414
Simple Discretization: Binning
• Equal-width (distance) partitioning
• Divides the range into N intervals of equal size: uniform
grid
• if A and B are the lowest and highest values of the
attribute, the width of intervals will be: W = (B –A)/N.
• The most straightforward, but outliers may dominate
presentation
• Skewed data is not handled well
• Equal-depth (frequency) partitioning
• Divides the range into N intervals, each containing
approximately same number of samples
• Good data scaling
• Managing categorical attributes can be tricky

415
Binning Methods for Data Smoothing
Sorted data for price (in dollars): 4, 8, 9, 15, 21, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 34

• Partition into equal-frequency (equi-depth) bins:

• Bin 1: 4, 8, 9, 15
• Bin 2: 21, 21, 24, 25
• Bin 3: 26, 28, 29, 34
• Smoothing by bin means:
• Bin 1: 9, 9, 9, 9
• Bin 2: 23, 23, 23, 23
• Bin 3: 29, 29, 29, 29
• Smoothing by bin boundaries:
• Bin 1: 4, 4, 4, 15
• Bin 2: 21, 21, 25, 25
• Bin 3: 26, 26, 26, 34
416
Discretization Without Using Class Labels (Binning vs. Clustering)

Data Equal interval width (binning)

Equal frequency (binning) K-means clustering leads to better results

417
Discretization by Classification & Correlation Analysis

• Classification (e.g., decision tree analysis)

• Supervised: Given class labels, e.g., cancerous vs. benign
• Using entropy to determine split point (discretization point)
• Top-down, recursive split
• Correlation analysis (e.g., Chi-merge: χ2-based
discretization)
• Supervised: use class information
• Bottom-up merge: find the best neighboring intervals (those
having similar distributions of classes, i.e., low χ2 values) to
merge
• Merge performed recursively, until a predefined stopping
condition

418
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Markus
Hofmann (Rapid Miner - Data Mining Use Case)
Chapter 5 (Naïve Bayes Classification I)
• Dataset: crx.data
• Analisis metode preprocessing apa saja yang
digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan pada
dataset tersebut!
• Bandingkan akurasi model apabila tidak
menggunakan filter dan diskretisasi
• Bandingkan pula apabila digunakan feature
selection (wrapper) dengan Backward Elimination

419
420
 Hasil

NB NB+ NB+ NB+ NB+

Filter Discretization Filter+ Filter+
Discretization Discretization +
Backward Elimination

Accuracy 85.79 86.26

AUC

421
3.4 Data Integration

422
Data Integration
• Data integration:
• Combines data from multiple sources into a coherent store
• Schema Integration: e.g., A.cust-id  B.cust-#
• Integrate metadata from different sources
• Entity Identification Problem:
• Identify real world entities from multiple data sources, e.g.,
Bill Clinton = William Clinton
• Detecting and Resolving Data Value Conflicts
• For the same real world entity, attribute values from
different sources are different
• Possible reasons: different representations, different scales,
e.g., metric vs. British units

423
Handling Redundancy in Data Integration
• Redundant data occur often when integration of
multiple databases
• Object identification: The same attribute or object may
have different names in different databases
• Derivable data: One attribute may be a “derived”
attribute in another table, e.g., annual revenue
• Redundant attributes may be able to be detected
by correlation analysis and covariance analysis
• Careful integration of the data from multiple
sources may help reduce/avoid redundancies and
inconsistencies and improve mining speed and
quality

424
Correlation Analysis (Nominal Data)

• Χ2 (chi-square) test
2
( Observed  Expected )
2  
Expected

• The larger the Χ2 value, the more likely the variables are
related
• The cells that contribute the most to the Χ2 value are
those whose actual count is very different from the
expected count
• Correlation does not imply causality
• # of hospitals and # of car-theft in a city are correlated
• Both are causally linked to the third variable: population
425
Chi-Square Calculation: An Example

Play chess Not play chess Sum (row)

Like science fiction 250(90) 200(360) 450

Not like science fiction 50(210) 1000(840) 1050

Sum(col.) 300 1200 1500

• Χ2 (chi-square) calculation (numbers in parenthesis

are expected counts calculated based on the data
distribution in the two categories)
2 (250  90) 2 (50  210) 2 (200  360) 2 (1000  840) 2
      507.93
90 210 360 840

• It shows that like_science_fiction and play_chess

are correlated in the group
426
Correlation Analysis (Numeric Data)
• Correlation coefficient (also called Pearson’s product
moment coefficient)

 
n n
(ai  A)(bi  B ) (ai bi )  n AB
rA, B  i 1
 i 1

(n  1) A B (n  1) A B
where n is the number of tuples, and are the respective
means of A and B, σA and σB are the respective standard deviation of
B
A AB cross-product
A and B, and Σ(aibi) is the sum of the

• If rA,B > 0, A and B are positively correlated (A’s values

increase as B’s). The higher, the stronger correlation
• rA,B = 0: independent; rAB < 0: negatively correlated

427
Visually Evaluating Correlation

Scatter plots
showing the
similarity
from –1 to 1

428
Correlation
• Correlation measures the linear relationship
between objects
• To compute correlation, we standardize data
objects, A and B, and then take their dot product

a 'k  (ak  mean( A)) / std ( A)

b'k  (bk  mean( B)) / std ( B )

correlatio n( A, B )  A' B'

429
Covariance (Numeric Data)
• Covariance is similar to correlation

Correlation coefficient:

A B
where n is the number of tuples, and are the respective mean or expected
values of A and B, σA and σB are the respective standard deviation of A and B

• Positive covariance: If CovA,B > 0, then A and B both tend to be larger than their
expected values
• Negative covariance: If CovA,B < 0 then if A is larger than its expected value, B is likely
to be smaller than its expected value
• Independence: CovA,B = 0 but the converse is not true:
• Some pairs of random variables may have a covariance of 0 but are not independent.
Only under some additional assumptions (e.g., the data follow multivariate normal
distributions) does a covariance of 0 imply independence
430
Covariance: An Example

• It can be simplified in computation as

• Suppose two stocks A and B have the following values in one week: (2, 5), (3, 8), (5,
10), (4, 11), (6, 14).

• Question: If the stocks are affected by the same industry trends, will their prices rise
or fall together?
• E(A) = (2 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 6)/ 5 = 20/5 = 4

• E(B) = (5 + 8 + 10 + 11 + 14) /5 = 48/5 = 9.6

• Cov(A,B) = (2×5+3×8+5×10+4×11+6×14)/5 − 4 × 9.6 = 4

• Thus, A and B rise together since Cov(A, B) > 0

431
Rangkuman
1. Data quality: accuracy, completeness, consistency,
timeliness, believability, interpretability
2. Data cleaning: e.g. missing/noisy values, outliers
3. Data reduction
• Dimensionality reduction
• Numerosity reduction
4. Data transformation and data discretization
• Normalization
5. Data integration from multiple sources:
• Entity identification problem
• Remove redundancies
• Detect inconsistencies

432
Tugas Membuat Tulisan Ilmiah
• Buat tulisan ilmiah dari slide (ppt) yang sudah dibuat, dengan
menggunakan template di http://journal.ilmukomputer.org
• Struktur Paper mengikuti format di bawah:
1. Pendahuluan
• Latar belakang masalah dan tujuan
2. Penelitian Yang Berhubungan
• Penelitian lain yang melakukan hal yang mirip dengan yang kita lakukan
3. Metode Penelitian
• Cara kita menganalisis data, jelaskan bahwa kita menggunakan CRISP-DM
4. Hasil dan Pembahasan
• 4.1 Business Understanding
• 4.2 Data Understanding
• 4.3 Data Preparation
• 4.4 Modeling
• 4.5 Evaluation
• 4.6 Deployment
5. Kesimpulan
• Kesimpulan harus sesuai dengan tujuan
6. Daftar Referensi
• Masukan daftar referensi yang digunakan
433
Tugas Menyelesaikan Masalah Organisasi
• Analisis masalah dan kebutuhan yang ada di organisasi lingkungan
sekitar anda
• Kumpulkan dan review dataset yang tersedia, dan hubungkan
masalah dan kebutuhan tadi dengan data yang tersedia (analisis
dari 5 peran data mining)
• Bila memungkinkan pilih beberapa peran sekaligus untuk mengolah data
tersebut, misalnya: lakukan association (analisis faktor), sekaligus
estimation atau clustering
• Lakukan proses CRISP-DM untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang ada
di organisasi sesuai dengan data yang didapatkan
• Pada proses data preparation, lakukan data cleaning (replace missing
value, replace, filter attribute) sehingga data siap dimodelkan
• Lakukan juga komparasi algoritma dan feature selection untuk memilih
pola dan model terbaik
• Rangkumkan evaluasi dari pola/model/knowledge yang dihasilkan dan
relasikan hasil evaluasi dengan deployment yang dilakukan
• Rangkumkan dalam bentuk slide dengan contoh studi kasus Sarah
untuk membantu bidang marketing
434
4. Algoritma Data Mining
4.1 Algoritma Klasifikasi
4.2 Algoritma Klastering
4.3 Algoritma Asosiasi
4.4 Algoritma Estimasi dan Forecasting

435
4.1 Algoritma Klasifikasi

436
4.1.1 Decision Tree

437
Algorithm for Decision Tree Induction
• Basic algorithm (a greedy algorithm)
1. Tree is constructed in a top-down recursive divide-and-
conquer manner
2. At start, all the training examples are at the root
3. Attributes are categorical (if continuous-valued, they are
discretized in advance)
4. Examples are partitioned recursively based on selected
attributes
5. Test attributes are selected on the basis of a heuristic or
statistical measure (e.g., information gain, gain ratio, gini
index)

• Conditions for stopping partitioning

• All samples for a given node belong to the same class
• There are no remaining attributes for further partitioning –
majority voting is employed for classifying the leaf
• There are no samples left
438
 Brief Review of Entropy
• 

m=2

439
Attribute Selection Measure:
Information Gain (ID3)

• Select the attribute with the highest information gain

• Let pi be the probability that an arbitrary tuple in D belongs to
class Ci, estimated by | Ci, D|/|D|
• Expected information (entropy) needed to classify a tuple in D:
m
Info ( D)   pi log 2 ( pi )
i 1

• Information needed (after using A to split D into v partitions) to

v | D |
classify D: Info ( D) 
A  |D|
j

j 1
 Info ( D ) j

• Information gained by branching on attribute A

Gain(A)  Info(D)  Info A(D)
440
 Attribute Selection: Information Gain
• Class P: buys_computer = “yes” 5 4
Info age ( D)  I (2,3)  I (4,0)
• Class N: buys_computer = “no” 14 14
9 9 5 5 5
Info ( D)  I (9,5)  
14
log 2 ( )  log 2 ( ) 0.940
14 14 14
 I (3,2)  0.694
14
age pi n i I(p i, n i) 5
I (2,3) means “age <=30” has 5 out of
<=30 2 3 0.971 14
31…40 4 0 0 14 samples, with 2 yes’es and 3
>40 3 2 0.971 no’s. Hence
age
<=30
income student credit_rating
high no fair
buys_computer
no
Gain(age)  Info ( D )  Info age ( D)  0.246
<=30 high no excellent no
31…40 high no fair yes
>40 medium no fair yes
>40 low yes fair yes Similarly,
>40 low yes excellent no
31…40 low yes excellent yes Gain(income)  0.029
<=30 medium no fair no
<=30
>40
low
medium
yes
yes
fair
fair
yes
yes
Gain( student )  0.151
<=30
31…40
medium
medium
yes
no
excellent
excellent
yes
yes Gain(credit _ rating )  0.048
31…40 high yes fair yes
>40 medium no excellent no

441
Computing Information-Gain for Continuous-Valued Attributes

• Let attribute A be a continuous-valued attribute

• Must determine the best split point for A
• Sort the value A in increasing order
• Typically, the midpoint between each pair of adjacent
values is considered as a possible split point
• (ai+ai+1)/2 is the midpoint between the values of ai and ai+1
• The point with the minimum expected information
requirement for A is selected as the split-point for A
• Split:
• D1 is the set of tuples in D satisfying A ≤ split-point, and D2
is the set of tuples in D satisfying A > split-point
442
Tahapan Algoritma Decision Tree (ID3)

1. Siapkan data training

2. Pilih atribut sebagai akar
n
Entropy ( S )    pi * log 2 pi
i 1
n
| Si |
Gain( S , A)  Entropy ( S )   * Entropy ( S i )
i 1 | S |

3. Buat cabang untuk tiap-tiap nilai

4. Ulangi proses untuk setiap cabang sampai
semua kasus pada cabang memiliki kelas yg
sama
443
1. Siapkan data training

444
2. Pilih atribut sebagai akar
• Untuk memilih atribut akar, didasarkan pada nilai Gain
tertinggi dari atribut-atribut yang ada. Untuk mendapatkan
nilai Gain, harus ditentukan terlebih dahulu nilai Entropy
n
• Rumus Entropy: Entropy ( S )    pi * log 2 pi
i 1

• S = Himpunan Kasus
• n = Jumlah Partisi S
• pi = Proporsi dari Si terhadap S

n
| Si |
• Rumus Gain: Gain( S , A)  Entropy ( S )   * Entropy ( S i )
i 1 | S |

• S = Himpunan Kasus
• A = Atribut
• n = Jumlah Partisi Atribut A
• | Si | = Jumlah Kasus pada partisi ke-i
• |S| = Jumlah Kasus dalam S 445
Perhitungan Entropy dan Gain Akar

446
Penghitungan Entropy Akar
• Entropy Total

• Entropy (Outlook)

• Entropy (Temperature)

• Entropy (Humidity)

• Entropy (Windy)
447
Penghitungan Entropy Akar
JML KASUS TIDAK
NODE ATRIBUT (S) YA (Si) (Si) ENTROPY GAIN
1 TOTAL   14 10 4 0,86312  
  OUTLOOK          
    CLOUDY 4 4 0 0
    RAINY 5 4 1 0,72193
    SUNNY 5 2 3 0,97095
  TEMPERATURE          
    COOL 4 0 4 0
    HOT 4 2 2 1
    MILD 6 2 4 0,91830
  HUMADITY          
    HIGH 7 4 3 0,98523
    NORMAL 7 7 0 0
  WINDY          
    FALSE 8 2 6 0,81128
    TRUE 6 4 2 0,91830

448
Penghitungan Gain Akar

449
 Penghitungan Gain Akar
JML KASUS TIDAK
NODE ATRIBUT YA (Si) ENTROPY GAIN
(S) (Si)
1 TOTAL   14 10 4 0,86312  
  OUTLOOK           0,25852
    CLOUDY 4 4 0 0  
    RAINY 5 4 1 0,72193  
    SUNNY 5 2 3 0,97095  
  TEMPERATURE           0,18385
    COOL 4 0 4 0  
    HOT 4 2 2 1  
    MILD 6 2 4 0,91830  
  HUMADITY           0,37051
    HIGH 7 4 3 0,98523  
    NORMAL 7 7 0 0  
  WINDY           0,00598
    FALSE 8 2 6 0,81128  
    TRUE 6 4 2 0,91830  

450
 Gain Tertinggi Sebagai Akar
• Dari hasil pada Node 1, dapat diketahui
bahwa atribut dengan Gain tertinggi
adalah HUMIDITY yaitu sebesar 0.37051
• Dengan demikian HUMIDITY dapat menjadi
node akar

• Ada 2 nilai atribut dari HUMIDITY yaitu

HIGH dan NORMAL. Dari kedua nilai
atribut tersebut, nilai atribut NORMAL
sudah mengklasifikasikan kasus menjadi
1 yaitu keputusan-nya Yes, sehingga tidak 1.
perlu dilakukan perhitungan lebih lanjut HUMIDITY

• Tetapi untuk nilai atribut HIGH masih perlu

dilakukan perhitungan lagi
High Normal

1.1
????? Yes

451
2. Buat cabang untuk tiap-tiap nilai
• Untuk memudahkan, dataset di filter dengan
mengambil data yang memiliki kelembaban
HUMADITY=HIGH untuk membuat table Node 1.1

OUTLOOK TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WINDY PLAY

Sunny Hot High FALSE No
Sunny Hot High TRUE No
Cloudy Hot High FALSE Yes
Rainy Mild High FALSE Yes
Sunny Mild High FALSE No
Cloudy Mild High TRUE Yes
Rainy Mild High TRUE No

452
 Perhitungan Entropi Dan Gain Cabang

JML KASUS TIDAK

NODE ATRIBUT (S) YA (Si) (Si) ENTROPY GAIN
1.1 HUMADITY   7 3 4 0,98523  
  OUTLOOK           0,69951
    CLOUDY 2 2 0 0  
    RAINY 2 1 1 1  
    SUNNY 3 0 3 0  
  TEMPERATURE           0,02024
    COOL 0 0 0 0  
    HOT 3 1 2 0,91830  
    MILD 4 2 2 1  
  WINDY           0,02024
    FALSE 4 2 2 1  
    TRUE 3 1 2 0,91830  

453
 Gain Tertinggi Sebagai Node 1.1

• Dari hasil pada Tabel Node 1.1, dapat

diketahui bahwa atribut dengan Gain
tertinggi adalah OUTLOOK yaitu
sebesar 0.69951
• Dengan demikian OUTLOOK dapat menjadi
node kedua
1.
HUMIDITY
• Artibut CLOUDY = YES dan SUNNY= NO
sudah mengklasifikasikan kasus High Normal
menjadi 1 keputusan, sehingga tidak
perlu dilakukan perhitungan lebih lanjut
• Tetapi untuk nilai atribut RAINY masih perlu
dilakukan perhitungan lagi 1.1
Yes
OUTLOOK

Cloudy Sunny
Rainy

1.1.2
Yes ????? No

454
 3. Ulangi proses untuk setiap cabang sampai
semua kasus pada cabang memiliki kelas yg sama

OUTLOOK TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY WINDY PLAY

Rainy Mild High FALSE Yes
Rainy Mild High TRUE No

JML KASUS
NODE ATRIBUT YA (Si) TIDAK (Si) ENTROPY GAIN
(S)
HUMADITY HIGH &
1.2   2 1 1 1  
OUTLOOK RAINY
  TEMPERATURE           0
    COOL 0 0 0 0  
    HOT 0 0 0 0  
    MILD 2 1 1 1  
  WINDY           1
    FALSE 1 1 0 0  
    TRUE 1 0 1 0  

455
 Gain Tertinggi Sebagai Node 1.1.2
1.
• Dari tabel, Gain Tertinggi HUMIDIT
adalah WINDY dan Y
menjadi node cabang dari High Normal
atribut RAINY
1.1
OUTLOOK Yes
• Karena semua kasus
sudah masuk dalam kelas Cloudy Sunny
• Jadi, pohon keputusan Rainy
pada Gambar merupakan
pohon keputusan terakhir
1.1.2
yang terbentuk Yes WINDY No

False True

Yes No

456
Decision Tree Induction: An Example
age income student credit_rating buys_computer
<=30 high no fair no
<=30 high no excellent no
• Training data set: 31…40 high no fair yes
Buys_computer >40
>40
medium
low
no
yes
fair
fair
yes
yes
>40 low yes excellent no
31…40 low yes excellent yes
<=30 medium no fair no
<=30 low yes fair yes
>40 medium yes fair yes
<=30 medium yes excellent yes
31…40 medium no excellent yes
31…40 high yes fair yes
>40 medium no excellent no

457
Gain Ratio for Attribute Selection (C4.5)

• Information gain measure is biased towards attributes with

a large number of values
• C4.5 (a successor of ID3) uses gain ratio to overcome the
problem (normalization to information gain)
v | Dj | | Dj |
SplitInfo A ( D)    log 2 ( )
j 1 |D| |D|
• GainRatio(A) = Gain(A)/SplitInfo(A)

• Ex.

• gain_ratio(income) = 0.029/1.557 = 0.019

• The attribute with the maximum gain ratio is selected as the

splitting attribute
458
Gini Index (CART)
• If a data set D contains examples from n classes, gini index, gini(D) is
defined as n 2
gini( D)  1  p j
j 1
where pj is the relative frequency of class j in D

• If a data set D is split on A into two subsets D1 and D2, the gini index
gini(D) is defined as
|D1| |D |
gini A ( D)  gini( D1)  2 gini( D 2)
|D| |D|
• Reduction in Impurity:
gini( A)  gini(D)  giniA (D)

• The attribute provides the smallest ginisplit(D) (or the largest reduction
in impurity) is chosen to split the node (need to enumerate all the
possible splitting points for each attribute)
459
Computation of Gini Index
• Ex. D has 9 tuples in buys_computer = “yes” and 5 in “no”
2 2
9 5
gini ( D)  1        0.459
 14   14 
• Suppose the attribute income partitions D into 10 in D1: {low, medium} and
4 in D2  10  4
gini ( D)   Gini ( D )   Gini ( D )
income{low, medium} 1 2
 14   14 

Gini{low,high} is 0.458; Gini{medium,high} is 0.450. Thus, split on the

{low,medium} (and {high}) since it has the lowest Gini index

• All attributes are assumed continuous-valued

• May need other tools, e.g., clustering, to get the possible split values
• Can be modified for categorical attributes460
Comparing Attribute Selection Measures

The three measures, in general, return good results but

• Information gain:
• biased towards multivalued attributes
• Gain ratio:
• tends to prefer unbalanced splits in which one partition is much
smaller than the others
• Gini index:
• biased to multivalued attributes
• has difficulty when # of classes is large
• tends to favor tests that result in equal-sized partitions and purity
in both partitions

461
Other Attribute Selection Measures
• CHAID: a popular decision tree algorithm, measure based on χ2 test for
independence

• C-SEP: performs better than info. gain and gini index in certain cases

• G-statistic: has a close approximation to χ2 distribution

• MDL (Minimal Description Length) principle (i.e., the simplest solution is

preferred):
• The best tree as the one that requires the fewest # of bits to both (1)
encode the tree, and (2) encode the exceptions to the tree

• Multivariate splits (partition based on multiple variable combinations)

• CART: finds multivariate splits based on a linear comb. of attrs.

• Which attribute selection measure is the best?

• Most give good results, none is significantly superior than others
462
Overfitting and Tree Pruning
• Overfitting: An induced tree may overfit the training data
• Too many branches, some may reflect anomalies due to
noise or outliers
• Poor accuracy for unseen samples

• Two approaches to avoid overfitting

1. Prepruning: Halt tree construction early ̵ do not split a
node if this would result in the goodness measure falling
below a threshold
• Difficult to choose an appropriate threshold
2. Postpruning: Remove branches from a “fully grown” tree
-get a sequence of progressively pruned trees
• Use a set of data different from the training data to decide which
is the “best pruned tree”

463
Pruning

464
Why is decision tree induction popular?

• Relatively faster learning speed (than other

classification methods)
• Convertible to simple and easy to understand
classification rules
• Can use SQL queries for accessing databases
• Comparable classification accuracy with
other methods

465
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Matthew
North, Data Mining for the Masses 2nd Edition,
2016, Chapter 10 (Decision Tree), p 195-217

• Datasets:
• eReaderAdoption-Training.csv
• eReaderAdoption-Scoring.csv

• Analisis peran metode prunning pada decision tree

dan hubungannya dengan nilai confidence
• Analisis jenis decision tree apa saja yang
digunakan dan mengapa perlu dilakukan pada
dataset tersebut
466
1 Business Understanding
Motivation:
• Richard works for a large online retailer
• His company is launching a tablet soon, and he want to maximize the
effectiveness of his marketing
• They have a large number of customers, many of whom have
purchased digital devices and other services previously
• Richard has noticed that certain types of people were anxious to get
new devices as soon as they became available, while other folks
seemed content to wait to buy their electronic gadgets later
• He’s wondering what makes some people motivated to buy something
as soon as it comes out, while others are less driven to have the
product right away

Objectives:
• To mine the customers’ consumer behaviors on the web site, in order
to figure out which customers will buy the new tablet early, which
ones will buy next, and which ones will buy later on
467
Latihan
• Lakukan training pada data eReader Adoption
(eReader-Training.csv) dengan menggunakan DT
dengan 3 alternative criterion (Gain Ratio,
Information Gain dan Gini Index)
• Ujicoba masing-masing split criterion baik
menggunakan prunning atau tidak
• Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
• Dari model terbaik, tentukan faktor (atribut) apa saja
yang berpengaruh pada tingkat adopsi eReader
DTGR DTIG DTGI DTGR+Pr DTIG+Pr DTGI+Pr
Accuracy 58.39 51.01 31.01

468
Latihan
• Lakukan feature selection dengan Forward Selection
untuk ketiga algoritma di atas
• Lakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan 10-fold X
Validation
• Dari model terbaik, tentukan faktor (atribut) apa saja
yang berpengaruh pada tingkat adopsi eReader

DTGR DTIG DTGI DTGR+FS DTIG+FS DTGI+FS

Accuracy 58.39 51.01 31.01 61.41 56.73 31.01

469
470
4.1.2 Bayesian Classification

471
Bayesian Classification: Why?
• A statistical classifier: performs probabilistic prediction,
i.e., predicts class membership probabilities
• Foundation: Based on Bayes’ Theorem.
• Performance: A simple Bayesian classifier, naïve Bayesian
classifier, has comparable performance with decision tree
and selected neural network classifiers
• Incremental: Each training example can incrementally
increase/decrease the probability that a hypothesis is
correct — prior knowledge can be combined with
observed data
• Standard: Even when Bayesian methods are
computationally intractable, they can provide a standard of
optimal decision making against which other methods can
be measured
472
Bayes’ Theorem: Basics
M
• Total probability Theorem: P( B)   P(B | A )P( A )
i i
i 1

• Bayes’ Theorem: P( H | X)  P(X | H ) P(H )  P(X | H ) P( H ) / P(X)

P(X)

• Let X be a data sample (“evidence”): class label is unknown

• Let H be a hypothesis that X belongs to class C
• Classification is to determine P(H|X), (i.e., posteriori probability): the
probability that the hypothesis holds given the observed data sample X
• P(H) (prior probability): the initial probability
• E.g., X will buy computer, regardless of age, income, …
• P(X): probability that sample data is observed
• P(X|H) (likelihood): the probability of observing the sample X, given
that the hypothesis holds
• E.g., Given that X will buy computer, the prob. that X is 31..40, medium
income

473
Prediction Based on Bayes’ Theorem
• Given training data X, posteriori probability of a hypothesis H,
P(H|X), follows the Bayes’ theorem

P( H | X)  P(X | H ) P(H )  P(X | H ) P( H ) / P(X)

P(X)

• Informally, this can be viewed as

posteriori = likelihood x prior/evidence
• Predicts X belongs to Ci iff the probability P(Ci|X) is the highest
among all the P(Ck|X) for all the k classes
• Practical difficulty: It requires initial knowledge of many
probabilities, involving significant computational cost
474
Classification is to Derive the Maximum Posteriori

• Let D be a training set of tuples and their associated class

labels, and each tuple is represented by an n-D attribute
vector X = (x1, x2, …, xn)
• Suppose there are m classes C1, C2, …, Cm.
• Classification is to derive the maximum posteriori, i.e., the
maximal P(Ci|X)
• This can be derived from Bayes’ theorem
P(X | C )P(C )
P(C | X)  i i
i P(X)
• Since P(X) is constant for all classes, only
P(C | X)  P(X | C )P(C )
needs to be maximized i i i

475
Naïve Bayes Classifier
• A simplified assumption: attributes are conditionally
independent (i.e., no dependence relation between
attributes): n
P( X | C i )   P( x | C i)  P( x | C i )  P( x | C i )  ...  P( x | C i)
k 1 2 n
k 1
• This greatly reduces the computation cost: Only counts the
class distribution
• If Ak is categorical, P(xk|Ci) is the # of tuples in Ci having
value xk for Ak divided by |Ci, D| (# of tuples of Ci in D)
• If Ak is continous-valued, P(xk|Ci) is usually computed based
on Gaussian distribution with a mean μ and standard 2
( x )
deviation σ 1 
g ( x,  ,  ) 
2
2
e
2 
and P(xk|Ci) is P ( X | C i )  g ( xk ,  C i ,  Ci )
476
 Naïve Bayes Classifier: Training Dataset
age income student credit_rating buys_computer
<=30 high no fair no

Class: <=30 high no excellent no

C1:buys_computer = ‘yes’ 31…40 high no fair yes

C2:buys_computer = ‘no’ >40 medium no fair yes

>40 low yes fair yes
>40 low yes excellent no
Data to be classified:
31…40 low yes excellent yes
X = (age <=30,
<=30 medium no fair no
income = medium,
<=30 low yes fair yes
student = yes,
credit_rating = fair) >40 medium yes fair yes
<=30 medium yes excellent yes
X  buy computer? 31…40 medium No excellent yes
31…40 high Yes fair yes
>40 medium No excellent no
477
 Naïve Bayes Classifier: age
<=30
income
high
student credit_rating buys_computer
no fair no
An Example <=30
31…40
high
high
no
no
excellent
fair
no
yes
>40 medium no fair yes
>40 low yes fair yes
>40 low yes excellent no
• P(Ci): P(buys_computer = “yes”) = 9/14 = 0.643 31…40 low yes excellent yes
<=30 medium no fair no
P(buys_computer = “no”) = 5/14= 0.357 <=30 low yes fair yes
>40 medium yes fair yes
• Compute P(X|Ci) for each class <=30 medium yes excellent yes
31…40 medium no excellent yes
P(age = “<=30” | buys_computer = “yes”) = 2/9 = 0.222
31…40 high yes fair yes
P(age = “<= 30” | buys_computer = “no”) = 3/5 = 0.6
>40 medium no excellent no

P(income = “medium” | buys_computer = “yes”) = 4/9 = 0.444

P(income = “medium” | buys_computer = “no”) = 2/5 = 0.4
P(student = “yes” | buys_computer = “yes) = 6/9 = 0.667
P(student = “yes” | buys_computer = “no”) = 1/5 = 0.2
P(credit_rating = “fair” | buys_computer = “yes”) = 6/9 = 0.667
P(credit_rating = “fair” | buys_computer = “no”) = 2/5 = 0.4
• X = (age <= 30 , income = medium, student = yes, credit_rating = fair)
P(X|Ci) : P(X|buys_computer = “yes”) = 0.222 x 0.444 x 0.667 x 0.667 = 0.044
P(X|buys_computer = “no”) = 0.6 x 0.4 x 0.2 x 0.4 = 0.019
P(X|Ci)*P(Ci) : P(X|buys_computer = “yes”) * P(buys_computer = “yes”) = 0.028
P(X|buys_computer = “no”) * P(buys_computer = “no”) = 0.007
Therefore, X belongs to class (“buys_computer = yes”)
478
Tahapan Algoritma Naïve Bayes
1. Baca Data Training
2. Hitung jumlah class
3. Hitung jumlah kasus yang sama dengan class yang
sama
4. Kalikan semua nilai hasil sesuai dengan data X
yang dicari class-nya

479
1. Baca Data Training

480
 Teorema Bayes

P(X | H ) P( H )
P ( H | X)   P ( X | H )  P ( H ) / P ( X)
P ( X)

• X  Data dengan class yang belum diketahui

• H  Hipotesis data X yang merupakan suatu class
yang lebih spesifik
• P (H|X)  Probabilitas hipotesis H berdasarkan kondisi X
(posteriori probability)
• P (H)  Probabilitas hipotesis H (prior probability)
• P (X|H)  Probabilitas X berdasarkan kondisi pada hipotesis H
• P (X)  Probabilitas X

481
2. Hitung jumlah class/label

• Terdapat 2 class dari data training tersebut, yaitu:

• C1 (Class 1) Play = yes  9 record
• C2 (Class 2) Play = no  5 record
• Total = 14 record

• Maka:
• P (C1) = 9/14 = 0.642857143
• P (C2) = 5/14 = 0.357142857

• Pertanyaan:
• Data X = (outlook=rainy, temperature=cool, humidity=high, windy=true)
• Main golf atau tidak?

482
3. Hitung jumlah kasus yang sama dengan class yang sama

• Untuk P(Ci) yaitu P(C1) dan P(C2) sudah diketahui

hasilnya di langkah sebelumnya.
• Selanjutnya Hitung P(X|Ci) untuk i = 1 dan 2
• P(outlook=“sunny”|play=“yes”)=2/9=0.222222222
• P(outlook=“sunny”|play=“no”)=3/5=0.6

• P(outlook=“overcast”|play=“yes”)=4/9=0.444444444
• P(outlook=“overcast”|play=“no”)=0/5=0

• P(outlook=“rainy”|play=“yes”)=3/9=0.333333333
• P(outlook=“rainy”|play=“no”)=2/5=0.4

483
3. Hitung jumlah kasus yang sama dengan class yang sama

• Jika semua atribut dihitung, maka didapat hasil

akhirnya seperti berikut ini:

Atribute Parameter No Yes

Outlook value=sunny 0.6 0.2222222222222222
Outlook value=cloudy 0.0 0.4444444444444444
Outlook value=rainy 0.4 0.3333333333333333
Temperature value=hot 0.4 0.2222222222222222
Temperature value=mild 0.4 0.4444444444444444
Temperature value=cool 0.2 0.3333333333333333
Humidity value=high 0.8 0.3333333333333333
Humidity value=normal 0.2 0.6666666666666666
Windy value=false 0.4 0.6666666666666666
Windy value=true 0.6 0.3333333333333333

484
4. Kalikan semua nilai hasil sesuai dengan data X yang dicari class-
nya

• Pertanyaan:
• Data X = (outlook=rainy, temperature=cool, humidity=high,
windy=true)
• Main Golf atau tidak?

• Kalikan semua nilai hasil dari data X

• P(X|play=“yes”) = 0.333333333* 0.333333333*
0.333333333*0.333333333 = 0.012345679
• P(X|play=“no”) = 0.4*0.2*0.8*0.6=0.0384

• P(X|play=“yes”)*P(C1) = 0.012345679*0.642857143
= 0.007936508
• P(X|play=“no”)*P(C2) = 0.0384*0.357142857
= 0.013714286

• Nilai “no” lebih besar dari nilai “yes” maka class dari data
X tersebut adalah “No”
485
Avoiding the Zero-Probability Problem
• Naïve Bayesian prediction requires each conditional prob.
be non-zero. Otherwise, the predicted prob. will be zero
n
P( X | C i )   P( xk | C i)
k 1
• Ex. Suppose a dataset with 1000 tuples, income=low (0),
income= medium (990), and income = high (10)
• Use Laplacian correction (or Laplacian estimator)
• Adding 1 to each case
Prob(income = low) = 1/1003
Prob(income = medium) = 991/1003
Prob(income = high) = 11/1003
• The “corrected” prob. estimates are close to their
“uncorrected” counterparts

486
Naïve Bayes Classifier: Comments

• Advantages
• Easy to implement
• Good results obtained in most of the cases
• Disadvantages
• Assumption: class conditional independence, therefore loss
of accuracy
• Practically, dependencies exist among variables, e.g.:
• Hospitals Patients Profile: age, family history, etc.
• Symptoms: fever, cough etc.,
• Disease: lung cancer, diabetes, etc.
• Dependencies among these cannot be modeled by Naïve
Bayes Classifier
• How to deal with these dependencies? Bayesian Belief
Networks
487
4.1.3 Neural Network

488
Neural Network
• Neural Network adalah suatu model yang dibuat
untuk meniru fungsi belajar yang dimiliki otak manusia
atau jaringan dari sekelompok unit pemroses kecil
yang dimodelkan berdasarkan jaringan saraf manusia

489
Neural Network
• Model Perceptron adalah model jaringan yang
terdiri dari beberapa unit masukan (ditambah
dengan sebuah bias), dan memiliki sebuah unit
keluaran
• Fungsi aktivasi bukan hanya merupakan fungsi
biner (0,1) melainkan bipolar (1,0,-1)
• Untuk suatu harga threshold ѳ yang ditentukan:

1Jika net > ѳ

F (net) = 0Jika – ѳ ≤ net ≤ ѳ
-1Jika net < - ѳ

490
Fungsi Aktivasi
Macam fungsi aktivasi yang dipakai untuk
mengaktifkan net diberbagai jenis neural network:

1. Aktivasi linear, Rumus: y = sign(v) = v

2. Aktivasi step, Rumus:

3. Aktivasi sigmoid biner, Rumus:

4. Aktivasi sigmoid bipolar, Rumus:

491
Tahapan Algoritma Perceptron
1. Inisialisasi semua bobot dan bias (umumnya wi = b = 0)
2. Selama ada element vektor masukan yang respon unit keluarannya tidak
sama dengan target, lakukan:
2.1 Set aktivasi unit masukan xi = Si (i = 1,...,n)
2.2 Hitung respon unit keluaran: net = +b
1 Jika net > ѳ
F (net) = 0 Jika – ѳ ≤ net ≤ ѳ
-1 Jika net < - ѳ

2.3 Perbaiki bobot pola yang mengadung kesalahan menurut persamaan:

Wi (baru) = wi (lama) + ∆w (i = 1,...,n) dengan ∆w = α t xi

B (baru) = b(lama) + ∆ b dengan ∆b = α t

Dimana: α = Laju pembelajaran (Learning rate) yang ditentukan

ѳ = Threshold yang ditentukan
t = Target

2.4 Ulangi iterasi sampai perubahan bobot (∆wn = 0) tidak ada

492
Studi Kasus
• Diketahui sebuah dataset kelulusan berdasarkan IPK
untuk program S1:

Status IPK Semester

Lulus 2.9 1
Tidak Lulus 2.8 3
Tidak Lulus 2.3 5
Tidak lulus 2.7 6
• Jika ada mahasiswa IPK 2.85 dan masih semester 1,
maka masuk ke kedalam manakah status tersebut ?

493
1: Inisialisasi Bobot
• Inisialisasi Bobot dan bias awal: b = 0 dan bias = 1

t X1 X2
1 2,9 1
-1 2.8 3
-1 2.3 5
-1 2,7 6

494
2.1: Set aktivasi unit masukan
• Treshold (batasan), θ = 0 , yang artinya :
1 Jika net > 0
F (net) = 0 Jika net = 0
-1 Jika net < 0

495
2.2 - 2.3 Hitung Respon dan Perbaiki
Bobot
• Hitung Response Keluaran iterasi 1
• Perbaiki bobot pola yang mengandung kesalahan

MASUKAN TARGET   y= PERUBAHAN BOBOT BOBOT BARU

X1 X2 1 t NET f(NET) ∆W1 ∆W2 ∆b W1 W2 b
INISIALISASI 0 0 0
2,9 1 1 1 0 0 2,9 1 1 2,9 7 1
2,8 3 1 -1 8,12 1 -2,8 -3 -1 0,1 4 0
2,3 5 1 -1 0,23 1 -2,3 -5 -1 -2,2 -1 -1
2,7 6 1 -1 -5,94 -1 0 0 0 -2,2 -1 -1

496
2.4 Ulangi iterasi sampai perubahan bobot
(∆wn = 0) tidak ada (Iterasi 2)

• Hitung Response Keluaran iterasi 2

• Perbaiki bobot pola yang mengandung kesalahan

MASUKAN TARGET   y= PERUBAHAN BOBOT BOBOT BARU

X1 X2 1 t NET f(NET) ∆W1 ∆W2 ∆b W1 W2 b

INISIALISASI -2,2 -1 -1

2,9 1 1 1 -8,38 -1 2,9 1 1 0,7 0 0

2,8 3 1 -1 1,96 1 -2,8 -3 -1 -2,1 -3 -1
2,3 5 1 -1 -20,83 -1 0 0 0 -2,1 -3 -1
2,7 6 1 -1 -24,67 -1 0 0 0 -2,1 -3 -1

497
2.4 Ulangi iterasi sampai perubahan bobot (∆wn = 0) tidak ada (Iterasi 3)

• Hitung Response Keluaran iterasi 3

• Perbaiki bobot pola yang mengandung kesalahan
MASUKAN TARGET   y= PERUBAHAN BOBOT BOBOT BARU
X1 X2 1 t NET f(NET) ∆W1 ∆W2 ∆b W1 W2 b

INISIALISASI -2,1 -3 -1

2,9 1 1 1 -10,09 -1 2,9 1 1 0,8 -2 0

2,8 3 1 -1 -3,76 -1 0 0 0 0,8 -2 0
2,3 5 1 -1 -8,16 -1 0 0 0 0,8 -2 0
2,7 6 1 -1 -9,84 -1 0 0 0 0,8 -2 0

• Untuk data IPK memiliki pola 0.8 x - 2 y = 0 dapat dihitung prediksinya

menggunakan bobot yang terakhir didapat:
V = X1*W1 + X2*W2 = 0,8 * 2,85 - 2*1 = 2,28 -2 = 0,28
Y = sign(V) = sign(0,28) = 1 (Lulus)
498
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku
Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses
2nd Edition, 2016, Chapter 11 (Neural
Network), p 219-228
• Dataset:
• TeamValue-Training.csv
• TeamValue-Scoring.csv

• Pahami model neural network yang

dihasilkan, perhatikan ketebalan garis neuron
yang menyambungkan antar node

499
1. Business Understanding
Motivation:
• Juan is a performance analyst for a major professional athletic team
• His team has been steadily improving over recent seasons, and heading into
the coming season management believes that by adding between two and four
excellent players, the team will have an outstanding shot at achieving the
league championship
• They have tasked Juan with identifying their best options from among a list of
59 players that may be available to them
• All of these players have experience; some have played professionally before
and some have years of experience as amateurs
• None are to be ruled out without being assessed for their potential ability to
add star power and productivity to the existing team
• The executives Juan works for are anxious to get going on contacting the most
promising prospects, so Juan needs to quickly evaluate these athletes’ past
performance and make recommendations based on his analysis
Objectives:
• To evaluate each of the 59 prospects’ past statistical performance in order to
help him formulate recommendations based on his analysis
500
 Latihan
• Lakukan training dengan neural network untuk
dataset TeamValue-Training.csv

• Gunakan 10-fold cross validation

• Lakukan adjusment terhadap hidden layer dan

neuron size, misal: hidden layer saya buat 3,
neuron size masing-masing 5

• Apa yang terjadi, apakah ada peningkatan akurasi?

NN NN (HL NN (HL NN (HL NN (HL NN (HL NN (HL
2, NS 3) 2, NS 5) 3, NS 3) 3, NS 5) 4, NS 3) 4, NS 5)
Accuracy

501
 Penentuan Hidden Layer
Hidden Capabilities
Layer
0 Only capable of representing linear separable functions
or decisions
1 Can approximate any function that contains a continuous
mapping from one finite space to another
2 Can represent an arbitrary decision boundary to
arbitrary accuracy with rational activation functions and
can approximate any smooth mapping to any accuracy

502
Penentuan Neuron Size
1. Trial and Error
2. Rule of Thumb:
• Between the size of the input layer and the size of the
output layer
• 2/3 the size of the input layer, plus the size of the output
layer
• Less than twice the size of the input layer
3. Search Algorithm:
• Greedy
• Genetic Algorithm
• Particle Swarm Optimization
• etc

503
Techniques to Improve Classification
Accuracy: Ensemble Methods

504
 Ensemble Methods: Increasing the Accuracy

• Ensemble methods
• Use a combination of models to increase accuracy
• Combine a series of k learned models, M1, M2, …, Mk, with
the aim of creating an improved model M*
• Popular ensemble methods
• Bagging: averaging the prediction over a collection of
classifiers
• Boosting: weighted vote with a collection of classifiers
• Ensemble: combining a set of heterogeneous classifiers
505
Bagging: Boostrap Aggregation
• Analogy: Diagnosis based on multiple doctors’ majority vote
• Training
• Given a set D of d tuples, at each iteration i, a training set Di of d
tuples is sampled with replacement from D (i.e., bootstrap)
• A classifier model Mi is learned for each training set Di
• Classification: classify an unknown sample X
• Each classifier Mi returns its class prediction
• The bagged classifier M* counts the votes and assigns the class with
the most votes to X
• Prediction: can be applied to the prediction of continuous values by
taking the average value of each prediction for a given test tuple
• Accuracy
• Often significantly better than a single classifier derived from D
• For noise data: not considerably worse, more robust
• Proved improved accuracy in prediction
506
Boosting
• Analogy: Consult several doctors, based on a combination of
weighted diagnoses—weight assigned based on the previous
diagnosis accuracy
• How boosting works?
1. Weights are assigned to each training tuple
2. A series of k classifiers is iteratively learned
3. After a classifier Mi is learned, the weights are updated to
allow the subsequent classifier, Mi+1, to pay more attention to
the training tuples that were misclassified by Mi
4. The final M* combines the votes of each individual classifier,
where the weight of each classifier's vote is a function of its
accuracy
• Boosting algorithm can be extended for numeric prediction
• Comparing with bagging: Boosting tends to have greater accuracy,
but it also risks overfitting the model to misclassified data

507
Adaboost (Freund and Schapire, 1997)
1. Given a set of d class-labeled tuples, (X1, y1), …, (Xd, yd)
2. Initially, all the weights of tuples are set the same (1/d)
3. Generate k classifiers in k rounds. At round i,
1. Tuples from D are sampled (with replacement) to form a training
set Di of the same size
2. Each tuple’s chance of being selected is based on its weight
3. A classification model Mi is derived from Di
4. Its error rate is calculated using Di as a test set
5. If a tuple is misclassified, its weight is increased, o.w. it is decreased
4. Error rate: err(Xj) is the misclassification error of tuple Xj. Classifier Mi
error rate is the sum of the weights of the misclassified tuples:
d
error ( M i )   w j  err ( X j )
j

5. The weight of classifier Mi’s vote is 1  error ( M i )

log
error ( M i )
508
Random Forest (Breiman 2001)
• Random Forest:
• Each classifier in the ensemble is a decision tree classifier and is
generated using a random selection of attributes at each node to
determine the split
• During classification, each tree votes and the most popular class is
returned
• Two Methods to construct Random Forest:
1. Forest-RI (random input selection): Randomly select, at each node, F
attributes as candidates for the split at the node. The CART
methodology is used to grow the trees to maximum size
2. Forest-RC (random linear combinations): Creates new attributes (or
features) that are a linear combination of the existing attributes
(reduces the correlation between individual classifiers)
• Comparable in accuracy to Adaboost, but more robust to errors
and outliers
• Insensitive to the number of attributes selected for
consideration at each split, and faster than bagging or boosting
509
Classification of Class-Imbalanced Data Sets
• Class-imbalance problem: Rare positive example but numerous
negative ones, e.g., medical diagnosis, fraud, oil-spill, fault, etc.
• Traditional methods assume a balanced distribution of classes
and equal error costs: not suitable for class-imbalanced data
• Typical methods for imbalance data in 2-class classification:
1. Oversampling: re-sampling of data from positive class
2. Under-sampling: randomly eliminate tuples from
negative class
3. Threshold-moving: moves the decision threshold, t, so
that the rare class tuples are easier to classify, and hence,
less chance of costly false negative errors
4. Ensemble techniques: Ensemble multiple classifiers
introduced above
• Still difficult for class imbalance problem on multiclass tasks

510
4.2 Algoritma Klastering
4.2.1 Partitioning Methods
4.2.2 Hierarchical Methods
4.2.3 Density-Based Methods
4.2.4 Grid-Based Methods

511
What is Cluster Analysis?
• Cluster: A collection of data objects
• similar (or related) to one another within the same
group
• dissimilar (or unrelated) to the objects in other groups
• Cluster analysis (or clustering, data segmentation, …)
• Finding similarities between data according to the
characteristics found in the data and grouping similar
data objects into clusters
• Unsupervised learning: no predefined classes (i.e., learning
by observations vs. learning by examples: supervised)
• Typical applications
• As a stand-alone tool to get insight into data distribution
• As a preprocessing step for other algorithms

512
Applications of Cluster Analysis
• Data reduction
• Summarization: Preprocessing for regression, PCA,
classification, and association analysis
• Compression: Image processing: vector quantization
• Hypothesis generation and testing
• Prediction based on groups
• Cluster & find characteristics/patterns for each group
• Finding K-nearest Neighbors
• Localizing search to one or a small number of clusters
• Outlier detection: Outliers are often viewed as those “far
away” from any cluster

513
Clustering: Application Examples
• Biology: taxonomy of living things: kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus and species
• Information retrieval: document clustering
• Land use: Identification of areas of similar land use in an earth
observation database
• Marketing: Help marketers discover distinct groups in their
customer bases, and then use this knowledge to develop
targeted marketing programs
• City-planning: Identifying groups of houses according to their
house type, value, and geographical location
• Earth-quake studies: Observed earth quake epicenters should
be clustered along continent faults
• Climate: understanding earth climate, find patterns of
atmospheric and ocean
• Economic Science: market research
514
Basic Steps to Develop a Clustering Task
• Feature selection
• Select info concerning the task of interest
• Minimal information redundancy
• Proximity measure
• Similarity of two feature vectors
• Clustering criterion
• Expressed via a cost function or some rules
• Clustering algorithms
• Choice of algorithms
• Validation of the results
• Validation test (also, clustering tendency test)
• Interpretation of the results
• Integration with applications
515
Quality: What Is Good Clustering?
• A good clustering method will produce high quality
clusters
• high intra-class similarity: cohesive within clusters
• low inter-class similarity: distinctive between clusters

• The quality of a clustering method depends on

• the similarity measure used by the method
• its implementation, and
• Its ability to discover some or all of the hidden patterns

516
Measure the Quality of Clustering
• Dissimilarity/Similarity metric
• Similarity is expressed in terms of a distance function,
typically metric: d(i, j)
• The definitions of distance functions are usually rather
different for interval-scaled, boolean, categorical, ordinal
ratio, and vector variables
• Weights should be associated with different variables
based on applications and data semantics
• Quality of clustering:
• There is usually a separate “quality” function that
measures the “goodness” of a cluster.
• It is hard to define “similar enough” or “good enough”
• The answer is typically highly subjective

517
Considerations for Cluster Analysis
• Partitioning criteria
• Single level vs. hierarchical partitioning (often, multi-level
hierarchical partitioning is desirable)

• Separation of clusters
• Exclusive (e.g., one customer belongs to only one region) vs. non-
exclusive (e.g., one document may belong to more than one class)

• Similarity measure
• Distance-based (e.g., Euclidian, road network, vector) vs.
connectivity-based (e.g., density or contiguity)

• Clustering space
• Full space (often when low dimensional) vs. subspaces (often in
high-dimensional clustering)

518
Requirements and Challenges
• Scalability
• Clustering all the data instead of only on samples
• Ability to deal with different types of attributes
• Numerical, binary, categorical, ordinal, linked, and mixture of
these
• Constraint-based clustering
• User may give inputs on constraints
• Use domain knowledge to determine input parameters
• Interpretability and usability
• Others
• Discovery of clusters with arbitrary shape
• Ability to deal with noisy data
• Incremental clustering and insensitivity to input order
• High dimensionality
519
Major Clustering Approaches 1
• Partitioning approach:
• Construct various partitions and then evaluate them by some
criterion, e.g., minimizing the sum of square errors
• Typical methods: k-means, k-medoids, CLARANS
• Hierarchical approach:
• Create a hierarchical decomposition of the set of data (or
objects) using some criterion
• Typical methods: Diana, Agnes, BIRCH, CAMELEON
• Density-based approach:
• Based on connectivity and density functions
• Typical methods: DBSACN, OPTICS, DenClue
• Grid-based approach:
• based on a multiple-level granularity structure
• Typical methods: STING, WaveCluster, CLIQUE
520
Major Clustering Approaches 2
• Model-based:
• A model is hypothesized for each of the clusters and tries to
find the best fit of that model to each other
• Typical methods: EM, SOM, COBWEB
• Frequent pattern-based:
• Based on the analysis of frequent patterns
• Typical methods: p-Cluster
• User-guided or constraint-based:
• Clustering by considering user-specified or application-specific
constraints
• Typical methods: COD (obstacles), constrained clustering
• Link-based clustering:
• Objects are often linked together in various ways
• Massive links can be used to cluster objects: SimRank, LinkClus

521
4.2.1 Partitioning Methods

522
Partitioning Algorithms: Basic Concept

• Partitioning method: Partitioning a database D of n objects

into a set of k clusters, such that the sum of squared distances
is minimized (where ci is kthe centroid or medoid 2
of cluster Ci)
E   i 1 pCi (d ( p, ci ))

• Given k, find a partition of k clusters that optimizes the

chosen partitioning criterion
• Global optimal: exhaustively enumerate all partitions
• Heuristic methods: k-means and k-medoids algorithms
• k-means (MacQueen’67, Lloyd’57/’82): Each cluster is represented by the
center of the cluster
• k-medoids or PAM (Partition around medoids) (Kaufman & Rousseeuw’87):
Each cluster is represented by one of the objects in the cluster

523
The K-Means Clustering Method
• Given k, the k-means algorithm is implemented in four
steps:
1. Partition objects into k nonempty subsets
2. Compute seed points as the centroids of the clusters
of the current partitioning (the centroid is the center,
i.e., mean point, of the cluster)
3. Assign each object to the cluster with the nearest seed
point
4. Go back to Step 2, stop when the assignment does not
change

524
 An Example of K-Means Clustering

K=2

Arbitrarily Update the

partition cluster
objects into centroids
k groups

The initial data set Loop if Reassign objects

needed
 Partition objects into k
nonempty subsets
 Repeat
 Compute centroid (i.e., mean
point) for each partition Update the
 Assign each object to the cluster
cluster of its nearest centroid centroids
 Until no change

525
Tahapan Algoritma k-Means
1. Pilih jumlah klaster k yang diinginkan
2. Inisialisasi k pusat klaster (centroid) secara random
3. Tempatkan setiap data atau objek ke klaster terdekat. Kedekatan dua objek
ditentukan berdasar jarak. Jarak yang dipakai pada algoritma k-Means adalah
Euclidean distance (d)
n
d Euclidean x, y   
 i i 2
x  y
i 1

• x = x1, x2, . . . , xn, dan y = y1, y2, . . . , yn merupakan banyaknya n atribut(kolom) antara
2 record
4. Hitung kembali pusat klaster dengan keanggotaan klaster yang sekarang. Pusat
klaster adalah rata-rata (mean) dari semua data atau objek dalam klaster
tertentu
5. Tugaskan lagi setiap objek dengan memakai pusat klaster yang baru. Jika pusat
klaster sudah tidak berubah lagi, maka proses pengklasteran selesai. Atau,
kembali lagi ke langkah nomor 3 sampai pusat klaster tidak berubah lagi (stabil)
atau tidak ada penurunan yang signifikan dari nilai SSE (Sum of Squared Errors)

526
Contoh Kasus – Iterasi 1

1. Tentukan jumlah klaster k=2

2. Tentukan centroid awal secara acak
misal dari data disamping m1 =(1,1),
m2=(2,1)
3. Tempatkan tiap objek ke klaster
terdekat berdasarkan nilai centroid
yang paling dekat selisihnya
(jaraknya). Didapatkan hasil, anggota
cluster1 = {A,E,G}, cluster2={B,C,D,F,H}
Nilai SSE yaitu:
k 2

SSE    d  p, mi 
i 1 pCi

527
Interasi 2

4. Menghitung nilai centroid yang baru

m1  1  1  1 / 3, 3  2  1 / 3  1,2
m2  3  4  5  4  2 / 5, 3  3  3  2  1 / 5  3,6;2,4

5. Tugaskan lagi setiap objek dengan

memakai pusat klaster yang baru.
Nilai SSE yang baru:

528
Iterasi 3

4. Terdapat perubahan anggota

cluster yaitu cluster1={A,E,G,H},
cluster2={B,C,D,F}, maka cari lagi
nilai centroid yang baru yaitu:
m1=(1,25;1,75) dan m2=(4;2,75)
5. Tugaskan lagi setiap objek
dengan memakai pusat klaster
yang baru
Nilai SSE yang baru:

529
Hasil Akhir

• Dapat dilihat pada tabel.

Tidak ada perubahan anggota
lagi pada masing-masing
cluster
• Hasil akhir yaitu:
cluster1={A,E,G,H}, dan
cluster2={B,C,D,F}
Dengan nilai SSE = 6,25 dan
jumlah iterasi 3

530
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku
Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses,
2012, Chapter 6 k-Means Clustering, pp. 91-
103 (CoronaryHeartDisease.csv)
• Gambarkan grafik (chart) dan pilih Scatter 3D
Color untuk menggambarkan data hasil
klastering yang telah dilakukan
• Analisis apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Sonia,
dan apa manfaat k-Means clustering bagi
pekerjaannya?

531
Latihan
• Lakukan pengukuran performance dengan
menggunakan Cluster Distance Performance, untuk
mendapatkan nilai Davies Bouldin Index (DBI)
• Nilai DBI semakin rendah berarti cluster yang kita
bentuk semakin baik

532
Latihan
• Lakukan klastering terhadap data
IMFdata.csv
(http://romisatriawahono.net/lecture/dm/dataset)

533
Comments on the K-Means Method
• Strength:
• Efficient: O(tkn), where n is # objects, k is # clusters, and t is # iterations.
Normally, k, t << n.
• Comparing: PAM: O(k(n-k)2 ), CLARA: O(ks2 + k(n-k))

• Comment: Often terminates at a local optimal

• Weakness
• Applicable only to objects in a continuous n-dimensional space
• Using the k-modes method for categorical data
• In comparison, k-medoids can be applied to a wide range of data
• Need to specify k, the number of clusters, in advance (there are ways to
automatically determine the best k (see Hastie et al., 2009)
• Sensitive to noisy data and outliers
• Not suitable to discover clusters with non-convex shapes

534
Variations of the K-Means Method
• Most of the variants of the k-means which differ in
• Selection of the initial k means
• Dissimilarity calculations
• Strategies to calculate cluster means

• Handling categorical data: k-modes

• Replacing means of clusters with modes
• Using new dissimilarity measures to deal with categorical
objects
• Using a frequency-based method to update modes of clusters
• A mixture of categorical and numerical data: k-prototype
method

535
What Is the Problem of the K-Means Method?

• The k-means algorithm is sensitive to outliers!

• Since an object with an extremely large value may substantially
distort the distribution of the data
• K-Medoids:
• Instead of taking the mean value of the object in a cluster as a
reference point, medoids can be used, which is the most centrally
located object in a cluster

10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

536
 PAM: A Typical K-Medoids Algorithm
Total Cost = 20
10 10 10

9 9 9

8 8 8

7 7
Arbitrary Assign
7

6 6 6

5
choose k 5 each 5

4 object as 4 remainin 4

3 initial 3
g object 3

2
medoids 2
to 2

nearest
1 1 1

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
medoids 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

K=2 Total Cost = 26

Randomly select a
nonmedoid object,Oramdom
10 10

Do loop 9 9

8
Compute 8

Until no change Swapping O 7 total cost of 7

and Oramdom 6
swapping 6

5 5

If quality is 4 4

improved. 3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

537
The K-Medoid Clustering Method
• K-Medoids Clustering: Find representative objects
(medoids) in clusters
• PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids, Kaufmann &
Rousseeuw 1987)
• Starts from an initial set of medoids and iteratively
replaces one of the medoids by one of the non-medoids if
it improves the total distance of the resulting clustering
• PAM works effectively for small data sets, but does not
scale well for large data sets (due to the computational
complexity)
• Efficiency improvement on PAM
• CLARA (Kaufmann & Rousseeuw, 1990): PAM on samples
• CLARANS (Ng & Han, 1994): Randomized re-sampling

538
4.2.2 Hierarchical Methods

539
Hierarchical Clustering
• Use distance matrix as clustering criteria
• This method does not require the number of clusters k as an
input, but needs a termination condition

Step 0 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 agglomerative

(AGNES)
a
ab
b
abcde
c
cde
d
de
e
divisive
(DIANA)
Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 Step 0

540
 AGNES (Agglomerative Nesting)
• Introduced in Kaufmann and Rousseeuw (1990)
• Implemented in statistical packages, e.g., Splus
• Use the single-link method and the dissimilarity matrix
• Merge nodes that have the least dissimilarity
• Go on in a non-descending fashion
• Eventually all nodes belong to the same cluster

10 10 10

9 9 9

8 8 8

7 7 7

6 6 6

5 5 5

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

541
Dendrogram: Shows How Clusters are Merged

Decompose data objects into a several levels of nested partitioning (tree of

clusters), called a dendrogram

A clustering of the data objects is obtained by cutting the dendrogram at the

desired level, then each connected component forms a cluster

542
DIANA (Divisive Analysis)
• Introduced in Kaufmann and Rousseeuw (1990)
• Implemented in statistical analysis packages, e.g.,
Splus
• Inverse order of AGNES
• Eventually each node forms a cluster on its own

10 10 10

9 9 9

8 8 8

7 7 7

6 6 6

5 5 5

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

543
Distance between Clusters X X

• Single link: smallest distance between an element in one cluster and an element in
the other, i.e., dist(Ki, Kj) = min(tip, tjq)

• Complete link: largest distance between an element in one cluster and an element
in the other, i.e., dist(Ki, Kj) = max(tip, tjq)

• Average: avg distance between an element in one cluster and an element in the
other, i.e., dist(Ki, Kj) = avg(tip, tjq)

• Centroid: distance between the centroids of two clusters, i.e., dist(Ki, Kj) = dist(Ci,
Cj )

• Medoid: distance between the medoids of two clusters, i.e., dist(K i, Kj) = dist(Mi,
Mj)
• Medoid: a chosen, centrally located object in the cluster

544
Centroid, Radius and Diameter of a Cluster (for numerical data sets)

• Centroid: the “middle” of a iN 1(t )

cluster
Cm  N
ip

• Radius: square root of average

distance from any point of the  N (t  cm ) 2
Rm  i 1 ip
cluster to its centroid N

• Diameter: square root of

average mean squared distance  N  N (t  t ) 2
between all pairs of points in the Dm  i 1 i 1 ip iq
N ( N 1)
cluster

545
4.2.3 Density-Based Methods

546
Density-Based Clustering Methods
• Clustering based on density (local cluster criterion), such as
density-connected points
• Major features:
• Discover clusters of arbitrary shape
• Handle noise
• One scan
• Need density parameters as termination condition
• Several interesting studies:
• DBSCAN: Ester, et al. (KDD’96)
• OPTICS: Ankerst, et al (SIGMOD’99).
• DENCLUE: Hinneburg & D. Keim (KDD’98)
• CLIQUE: Agrawal, et al. (SIGMOD’98) (more grid-based)

547
Density-Based Clustering: Basic Concepts
• Two parameters:
• Eps: Maximum radius of the neighbourhood
• MinPts: Minimum number of points in an Eps-
neighbourhood of that point
• NEps(q): {p belongs to D | dist(p,q) ≤ Eps}
• Directly density-reachable: A point p is directly density-
reachable from a point q w.r.t. Eps, MinPts if
• p belongs to NEps(q)
• core point condition:
p MinPts = 5
|NEps (q)| ≥ MinPts
Eps = 1 cm
q

548
Density-Reachable and Density-Connected

• Density-reachable:
• A point p is density-reachable from a p
point q w.r.t. Eps, MinPts if there is a
p1
chain of points p1, …, pn, p1 = q, pn = p q
such that pi+1 is directly density-
reachable from pi
• Density-connected
• A point p is density-connected to a p q
point q w.r.t. Eps, MinPts if there is a
point o such that both, p and q are
o
density-reachable from o w.r.t. Eps
and MinPts

549
DBSCAN: Density-Based Spatial Clustering of
Applications with Noise

• Relies on a density-based notion of cluster: A

cluster is defined as a maximal set of density-
connected points
• Discovers clusters of arbitrary shape in spatial
databases with noise

Outlier

Border
Eps = 1cm
Core MinPts = 5

550
DBSCAN: The Algorithm

1. Arbitrary select a point p

2. Retrieve all points density-reachable from p w.r.t. Eps and
MinPts
3. If p is a core point, a cluster is formed
4. If p is a border point, no points are density-reachable from p
and DBSCAN visits the next point of the database
5. Continue the process until all of the points have been
processed

If a spatial index is used, the computational complexity of DBSCAN is O(nlogn),

where n is the number of database objects. Otherwise, the complexity is O(n 2)
551
DBSCAN: Sensitive to Parameters

http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~yaling/Cluster/Applet/Code/Cluster.html

552
OPTICS: A Cluster-Ordering Method (1999)
• OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure
• Ankerst, Breunig, Kriegel, and Sander (SIGMOD’99)
• Produces a special order of the database wrt its density-
based clustering structure
• This cluster-ordering contains info equiv to the density-
based clusterings corresponding to a broad range of
parameter settings
• Good for both automatic and interactive cluster analysis,
including finding intrinsic clustering structure
• Can be represented graphically or using visualization
techniques

553
OPTICS: Some Extension from DBSCAN

• Index-based: k = # of dimensions, N: # of points

• Complexity: O(N*logN)
• Core Distance of an object p: the smallest value ε such that
the ε-neighborhood of p has at least MinPts objects
Let Nε(p): ε-neighborhood of p, ε is a distance value
Core-distanceε, MinPts(p) = Undefined if card(Nε(p)) < MinPts
MinPts-distance(p), otherwise
• Reachability Distance of object p from core object q is the
min radius value that makes p density-reachable from q
Reachability-distanceε, MinPts(p, q) =
Undefined if q is not a core object
max(core-distance(q), distance (q, p)), otherwise
554
Core Distance & Reachability Distance

555
Reachability-
distance

undefined




‘

Cluster-order of the objects

556
Density-Based Clustering: OPTICS & Applications:
http://www.dbs.informatik.uni-muenchen.de/Forschung/KDD/Clustering/OPTICS/Demo

557
4.2.4 Grid-Based Methods

558
Grid-Based Clustering Method
• Using multi-resolution grid data structure
• Several interesting methods
• STING (a STatistical INformation Grid approach) by
Wang, Yang and Muntz (1997)
• WaveCluster by Sheikholeslami, Chatterjee, and Zhang
(VLDB’98)
• A multi-resolution clustering approach using
wavelet method
• CLIQUE: Agrawal, et al. (SIGMOD’98)
• Both grid-based and subspace clustering

559
STING: A Statistical Information Grid Approach

• Wang, Yang and Muntz (VLDB’97)

• The spatial area is divided into rectangular cells
• There are several levels of cells corresponding to
different levels of resolution
1st layer

(i-1)st layer

i-th layer

560
The STING Clustering Method
• Each cell at a high level is partitioned into a number of
smaller cells in the next lower level
• Statistical info of each cell is calculated and stored
beforehand and is used to answer queries
• Parameters of higher level cells can be easily calculated
from parameters of lower level cell
• count, mean, s, min, max
• type of distribution—normal, uniform, etc.
• Use a top-down approach to answer spatial data queries
• Start from a pre-selected layer—typically with a small
number of cells
• For each cell in the current level compute the confidence
interval

561
STING Algorithm and Its Analysis
• Remove the irrelevant cells from further consideration
• When finish examining the current layer, proceed to the
next lower level
• Repeat this process until the bottom layer is reached
• Advantages:
• Query-independent, easy to parallelize, incremental
update
• O(K), where K is the number of grid cells at the lowest
level
• Disadvantages:
• All the cluster boundaries are either horizontal or
vertical, and no diagonal boundary is detected

562
CLIQUE (Clustering In QUEst)

• Agrawal, Gehrke, Gunopulos, Raghavan (SIGMOD’98)

• Automatically identifying subspaces of a high dimensional
data space that allow better clustering than original space
• CLIQUE can be considered as both density-based and
grid-based
• It partitions each dimension into the same number of equal
length interval
• It partitions an m-dimensional data space into non-overlapping
rectangular units
• A unit is dense if the fraction of total data points contained in
the unit exceeds the input model parameter
• A cluster is a maximal set of connected dense units within a
subspace

563
CLIQUE: The Major Steps
1. Partition the data space and find the number of
points that lie inside each cell of the partition.
2. Identify the subspaces that contain clusters using
the Apriori principle
3. Identify clusters
1. Determine dense units in all subspaces of interests
2. Determine connected dense units in all subspaces of
interests.
4. Generate minimal description for the clusters
1. Determine maximal regions that cover a cluster of
connected dense units for each cluster
2. Determination of minimal cover for each cluster

564
 Salary

=3
(10,000)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20
30
40

S
50

ala
r
y
Vacation
60
age

30

565
50 Vacation(w
eek)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20
30
40

age
50
60
age
Strength and Weakness of CLIQUE
• Strength
• automatically finds subspaces of the highest
dimensionality such that high density clusters exist in
those subspaces
• insensitive to the order of records in input and does not
presume some canonical data distribution
• scales linearly with the size of input and has good
scalability as the number of dimensions in the data
increases
• Weakness
• The accuracy of the clustering result may be degraded at
the expense of simplicity of the method

566
4.3 Algoritma Asosiasi

4.3.1 Frequent Itemset Mining Methods

4.3.2 Pattern Evaluation Methods

567
What Is Frequent Pattern Analysis?
• Frequent pattern: a pattern (a set of items, subsequences,
substructures, etc.) that occurs frequently in a data set
• First proposed by Agrawal, Imielinski, and Swami [AIS93] in
the context of frequent itemsets and association rule
mining
• Motivation: Finding inherent regularities in data
• What products were often purchased together?— Beer and
diapers?!
• What are the subsequent purchases after buying a PC?
• What kinds of DNA are sensitive to this new drug?
• Can we automatically classify web documents?
• Applications
• Basket data analysis, cross-marketing, catalog design, sale
campaign analysis, Web log (click stream) analysis, and DNA
sequence analysis.
568
Why Is Freq. Pattern Mining Important?
• Freq. pattern: An intrinsic and important property of
datasets
• Foundation for many essential data mining tasks
• Association, correlation, and causality analysis
• Sequential, structural (e.g., sub-graph) patterns
• Pattern analysis in spatiotemporal, multimedia, time-
series, and stream data
• Classification: discriminative, frequent pattern analysis
• Cluster analysis: frequent pattern-based clustering
• Data warehousing: iceberg cube and cube-gradient
• Semantic data compression: fascicles
• Broad applications

569
 Basic Concepts: Frequent Patterns
Tid Items bought • itemset: A set of one or more
10 Beer, Nuts, Diaper items
20 Beer, Coffee, Diaper
• k-itemset X = {x1, …, xk}
30 Beer, Diaper, Eggs
40 Nuts, Eggs, Milk
• (absolute) support, or, support
50 Nuts, Coffee, Diaper, Eggs, Milk
count of X: Frequency or
occurrence of an itemset X
Customer
buys both
Customer • (relative) support, s, is the fraction
buys diaper
of transactions that contains X
(i.e., the probability that a
transaction contains X)
• An itemset X is frequent if X’s
Customer support is no less than a minsup
buys beer threshold

570
 Basic Concepts: Association Rules

Tid Items bought • Find all the rules X  Y with

10 Beer, Nuts, Diaper minimum support and confidence
20 Beer, Coffee, Diaper
• support, s, probability that a
30 Beer, Diaper, Eggs
40 Nuts, Eggs, Milk
transaction contains X  Y
50 Nuts, Coffee, Diaper, Eggs, Milk • confidence, c, conditional
Customer
probability that a transaction
Customer
buys both
buys
having X also contains Y
diaper Let minsup = 50%, minconf = 50%
Freq. Pat.: Beer:3, Nuts:3, Diaper:4, Eggs:3, {Beer,
Diaper}:3
Customer
buys beer • Association rules: (many more!)
• Beer  Diaper (60%, 100%)
• Diaper  Beer (60%, 75%)
571
Closed Patterns and Max-Patterns
• A long pattern contains a combinatorial number of sub-
patterns, e.g., {a1, …, a100} contains (1001) + (1002) + … + (110000) =
2100 – 1 = 1.27*1030 sub-patterns!
• Solution: Mine closed patterns and max-patterns instead
• An itemset X is closed if X is frequent and there exists no super-
pattern Y ‫ כ‬X, with the same support as X (proposed by
Pasquier, et al. @ ICDT’99)
• An itemset X is a max-pattern if X is frequent and there exists
no frequent super-pattern Y ‫ כ‬X (proposed by Bayardo @
SIGMOD’98)
• Closed pattern is a lossless compression of freq. patterns
• Reducing the # of patterns and rules
572
Closed Patterns and Max-Patterns
• Exercise. DB = {<a1, …, a100>, < a1, …, a50>}
• Min_sup = 1.
• What is the set of closed itemset?
• <a1, …, a100>: 1
• < a1, …, a50>: 2
• What is the set of max-pattern?
• <a1, …, a100>: 1
• What is the set of all patterns?
• !!

573
Computational Complexity of Frequent Itemset Mining

• How many itemsets are potentially to be generated in the

worst case?
• The number of frequent itemsets to be generated is senstive to
the minsup threshold
• When minsup is low, there exist potentially an exponential
number of frequent itemsets
• The worst case: MN where M: # distinct items, and N: max
length of transactions
• The worst case complexty vs. the expected probability
Ex. Suppose Walmart has 104 kinds of products
• The chance to pick up one product 10-4
• The chance to pick up a particular set of 10 products: ~10-40
• What is the chance this particular set of 10 products to be
frequent 103 times in 109 transactions?
574
4.3.1 Frequent Itemset Mining Methods

575
Scalable Frequent Itemset Mining Methods
• Apriori: A Candidate Generation-and-Test Approach
• Improving the Efficiency of Apriori
• FPGrowth: A Frequent Pattern-Growth Approach
• ECLAT: Frequent Pattern Mining with Vertical Data
Format

576
The Downward Closure Property and Scalable Mining Methods

• The downward closure property of frequent

patterns
• Any subset of a frequent itemset must be frequent
• If {beer, diaper, nuts} is frequent, so is {beer, diaper}
• i.e., every transaction having {beer, diaper, nuts} also
contains {beer, diaper}
• Scalable mining methods: Three major approaches
• Apriori (Agrawal & Srikant@VLDB’94)
• Freq. pattern growth (FPgrowth—Han, Pei & Yin
@SIGMOD’00)
• Vertical data format approach (Charm—Zaki & Hsiao
@SDM’02)

577
Apriori: A Candidate Generation & Test Approach

• Apriori pruning principle: If there is any itemset

which is infrequent, its superset should not be
generated/tested! (Agrawal & Srikant @VLDB’94,
Mannila, et al. @ KDD’ 94)
• Method:
1. Initially, scan DB once to get frequent 1-itemset
2. Generate length (k+1) candidate itemsets from length
k frequent itemsets
3. Test the candidates against DB
4. Terminate when no frequent or candidate set can be
generated

578
The Apriori Algorithm—An Example
Supmin = 2 Itemset sup
Itemset sup
Database TDB {A} 2
L1 {A} 2
Tid Items C1 {B} 3
{B} 3
10 A, C, D {C} 3
1st scan {C} 3
20 B, C, E {D} 1
{E} 3
30 A, B, C, E {E} 3
40 B, E
C2 Itemset sup C2 Itemset
{A, B} 1
L2 Itemset sup 2nd scan {A, B}
{A, C} 2
{A, C} 2 {A, C}
{A, E} 1
{B, C} 2 {A, E}
{B, C} 2
{B, E} 3
{B, E} 3 {B, C}
{C, E} 2
{C, E} 2 {B, E}
{C, E}

C3 Itemset
3rd scan L3 Itemset sup
{B, C, E} {B, C, E} 2

579
The Apriori Algorithm (Pseudo-Code)
Ck: Candidate itemset of size k
Lk : frequent itemset of size k

L1 = {frequent items};
for (k = 1; Lk !=; k++) do begin
Ck+1 = candidates generated from Lk;
for each transaction t in database do
increment the count of all candidates in Ck+1 that are
contained in t
Lk+1 = candidates in Ck+1 with min_support
end
return k Lk;
580
Implementation of Apriori
• How to generate candidates?
• Step 1: self-joining Lk
• Step 2: pruning
• Example of Candidate-generation
• L3={abc, abd, acd, ace, bcd}
• Self-joining: L3*L3
• abcd from abc and abd
• acde from acd and ace
• Pruning:
• acde is removed because ade is not in L3
• C4 = {abcd}
581
How to Count Supports of Candidates?
• Why counting supports of candidates a problem?
• The total number of candidates can be very huge
• One transaction may contain many candidates
• Method:
• Candidate itemsets are stored in a hash-tree
• Leaf node of hash-tree contains a list of itemsets and
counts
• Interior node contains a hash table
• Subset function: finds all the candidates contained in a
transaction

582
Counting Supports of Candidates Using Hash Tree

Subset function
Transaction: 1 2 3 5 6
3,6,9
1,4,7
2,5,8

1+2356

13+56 234
567
145 345 356 367
136 357 368
12+356 689
124
457 125 159
458

583
Candidate Generation: An SQL Implementation
• SQL Implementation of candidate generation
• Suppose the items in Lk-1 are listed in an order
• Step 1: self-joining Lk-1
insert into Ck
select p.item1, p.item2, …, p.itemk-1, q.itemk-1
from Lk-1 p, Lk-1 q
where p.item1=q.item1, …, p.itemk-2=q.itemk-2, p.itemk-1 < q.itemk-1
• Step 2: pruning
forall itemsets c in Ck do
forall (k-1)-subsets s of c do
if (s is not in Lk-1) then delete c from Ck
• Use object-relational extensions like UDFs, BLOBs, and Table
functions for efficient implementation
(S. Sarawagi, S. Thomas, and R. Agrawal. Integrating association rule mining with
relational database systems: Alternatives and implications. SIGMOD’98)

584
Pattern-Growth Approach: Mining Frequent
Patterns Without Candidate Generation

• Bottlenecks of the Apriori approach

• Breadth-first (i.e., level-wise) search
• Candidate generation and test
• Often generates a huge number of candidates

• The FPGrowth Approach (J. Han, J. Pei, and Y. Yin, SIGMOD’ 00)
• Depth-first search
• Avoid explicit candidate generation

• Major philosophy: Grow long patterns from short ones using

local frequent items only
• “abc” is a frequent pattern
• Get all transactions having “abc”, i.e., project DB on abc: DB|abc
• “d” is a local frequent item in DB|abc  abcd is a frequent pattern
585
 Construct FP-tree from a Transaction Database

TID Items bought (ordered) frequent items

100 {f, a, c, d, g, i, m, p} {f, c, a, m, p}
200 {a, b, c, f, l, m, o} {f, c, a, b, m}
300 {b, f, h, j, o, w} {f, b} min_support = 3
400 {b, c, k, s, p} {c, b, p}
500 {a, f, c, e, l, p, m, n} {f, c, a, m, p}
{}
Header Table
1. Scan DB once, find frequent 1-
itemset (single item pattern) Item frequency head f:4 c:1
f 4
2. Sort frequent items in c 4 c:3 b:1 b:1
frequency descending order, f- a 3
list b 3
m 3 a:3 p:1
3. Scan DB again, construct FP- p 3
tree
m:2 b:1

F-list = f-c-a-b-m-p p:2 m:1

586
Partition Patterns and Databases

• Frequent patterns can be partitioned into subsets

according to f-list
• F-list = f-c-a-b-m-p
• Patterns containing p
• Patterns having m but no p
• …
• Patterns having c but no a nor b, m, p
• Pattern f
• Completeness and non-redundency

587
 Find Patterns Having P From P-conditional
Database
• Starting at the frequent item header table in the FP-tree
• Traverse the FP-tree by following the link of each frequent item p
• Accumulate all of transformed prefix paths of item p to form p’s
conditional pattern base

{}
Header Table
f:4 c:1 Conditional pattern bases
Item frequency head
f 4 item cond. pattern base
c 4 c:3 b:1 b:1 c f:3
a 3
a fc:3
b 3 a:3 p:1
m 3 b fca:1, f:1, c:1
p 3 m:2 b:1 m fca:2, fcab:1
p fcam:2, cb:1
p:2 m:1
588
 From Conditional Pattern-bases to Conditional FP-trees

• For each pattern-base

• Accumulate the count for each item in the base
• Construct the FP-tree for the frequent items of the
pattern base

m-conditional pattern base:

{} fca:2, fcab:1
Header Table
Item frequency head All frequent patterns
f:4 c:1 relate to m
f 4 {}
c 4 c:3 b:1 b:1 m,
a 3  fm, cm, am,
b 3 f:3 
a:3 p:1 fcm, fam, cam,
m 3
p 3 c:3 fcam
m:2 b:1
p:2 m:1 a:3
m-conditional FP-tree

589
Recursion: Mining Each Conditional FP-tree

{}

{} Cond. pattern base of “am”: (fc:3) f:3

c:3
f:3
am-conditional FP-tree
c:3 {}
Cond. pattern base of “cm”: (f:3)
a:3 f:3
m-conditional FP-tree
cm-conditional FP-tree

{}
Cond. pattern base of “cam”: (f:3) f:3
cam-conditional FP-tree

590
 A Special Case: Single Prefix Path in FP-tree

• Suppose a (conditional) FP-tree T has a shared single prefix-path P

• Mining can be decomposed into two parts
• Reduction of the single prefix path into one node
• Concatenation of the mining results of the two parts
{}

a1:n1
a2:n2

a3:n3
{} r1

C1:k1 a1:n1
b1:m1
 r1 =
a2:n2
+ b1:m1 C1:k1

C2:k2 C3:k3
a3:n3 C2:k2 C3:k3
591
Benefits of the FP-tree Structure
• Completeness
• Preserve complete information for frequent pattern
mining
• Never break a long pattern of any transaction
• Compactness
• Reduce irrelevant info—infrequent items are gone
• Items in frequency descending order: the more
frequently occurring, the more likely to be shared
• Never be larger than the original database (not count
node-links and the count field)

592
The Frequent Pattern Growth Mining Method

• Idea: Frequent pattern growth

• Recursively grow frequent patterns by pattern and
database partition

• Method
1. For each frequent item, construct its conditional
pattern-base, and then its conditional FP-tree
2. Repeat the process on each newly created conditional
FP-tree
3. Until the resulting FP-tree is empty, or it contains only
one path—single path will generate all the
combinations of its sub-paths, each of which is a
frequent pattern

593
Scaling FP-growth by Database Projection
• What about if FP-tree cannot fit in memory? DB projection
• First partition a database into a set of projected DBs
• Then construct and mine FP-tree for each projected DB
• Parallel projection vs. partition projection techniques
• Parallel projection
• Project the DB in parallel for each frequent item
• Parallel projection is space costly
• All the partitions can be processed in parallel
• Partition projection
• Partition the DB based on the ordered frequent items
• Passing the unprocessed parts to the subsequent partitions

594
 Partition-Based Projection
• Parallel projection needs a lot of disk space
• Partition projection saves it Tran. DB
fcamp
fcabm
fb
cbp
fcamp

p-proj DB m-proj DB b-proj DB a-proj DB c-proj DB f-proj DB

fcam fcab f fc f …
cb fca cb … …
fcam fca …

am-proj DB cm-proj DB
fc f …
fc f
fc f

595
FP-Growth vs. Apriori:
Scalability With the Support Threshold

100 Data set T25I20D10K

90 D1 FP-grow th runtime
D1 Apriori runtime
80
Ru n tim e (se c.)

70

60

50
40

30
20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Support threshold(%)

596
 FP-Growth vs. Tree-Projection:
Scalability with the Support Threshold

Data set T25I20D100K

140
D2 FP-growth
120 D2 TreeProjection

100
Runtime (sec.)

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Support threshold (%)

597
Advantages of the Pattern Growth Approach
• Divide-and-conquer:
• Decompose both the mining task and DB according to
the frequent patterns obtained so far
• Lead to focused search of smaller databases
• Other factors
• No candidate generation, no candidate test
• Compressed database: FP-tree structure
• No repeated scan of entire database
• Basic ops: counting local freq items and building sub FP-
tree, no pattern search and matching
• A good open-source implementation and
refinement of FPGrowth
• FPGrowth+ (Grahne and J. Zhu, FIMI'03)
598
Further Improvements of Mining Methods
• AFOPT (Liu, et al. @ KDD’03)
• A “push-right” method for mining condensed frequent
pattern (CFP) tree
• Carpenter (Pan, et al. @ KDD’03)
• Mine data sets with small rows but numerous columns
• Construct a row-enumeration tree for efficient mining
• FPgrowth+ (Grahne and Zhu, FIMI’03)
• Efficiently Using Prefix-Trees in Mining Frequent Itemsets,
Proc. ICDM'03 Int. Workshop on Frequent Itemset Mining
Implementations (FIMI'03), Melbourne, FL, Nov. 2003
• TD-Close (Liu, et al, SDM’06)

599
Extension of Pattern Growth Mining
Methodology
• Mining closed frequent itemsets and max-patterns
• CLOSET (DMKD’00), FPclose, and FPMax (Grahne & Zhu, Fimi’03)
• Mining sequential patterns
• PrefixSpan (ICDE’01), CloSpan (SDM’03), BIDE (ICDE’04)
• Mining graph patterns
• gSpan (ICDM’02), CloseGraph (KDD’03)
• Constraint-based mining of frequent patterns
• Convertible constraints (ICDE’01), gPrune (PAKDD’03)
• Computing iceberg data cubes with complex measures
• H-tree, H-cubing, and Star-cubing (SIGMOD’01, VLDB’03)
• Pattern-growth-based Clustering
• MaPle (Pei, et al., ICDM’03)
• Pattern-Growth-Based Classification
• Mining frequent and discriminative patterns (Cheng, et al, ICDE’07)

600
Tahapan Algoritma FP Growth
1. Penyiapan Dataset
2. Pencarian Frequent Itemset (Item yang sering
muncul)
3. Dataset diurutkan Berdasarkan Priority
4. Pembuatan FP-Tree Berdasarkan Item yang sudah
diurutkan
5. Pembangkitan Conditional Pattern Base
6. Pembangkitan Conditional FP-tree
7. Pembangkitan Frequent Pattern
8. Mencari Support
9. Mencari Confidence
601
1. Penyiapan Dataset

602
2. Pencarian Frequent Itemset

603
3. Dataset diurutkan Berdasarkan Priority

604
4. Pembuatan FP-Tree

605
5. Pembangkitan Conditional Pattern Base

606
6. Pembangkitan Conditional FP-tree

607
7. Pembangkitan Frequent Pattern

608
Frequent 2 Itemset

609
8. Mencari Support 2 Itemset

610
9. Mencari Confidence 2 Itemset

611
4.3.2 Pattern Evaluation Methods

612
 Interestingness Measure: Correlations (Lift)
• play basketball  eat cereal [40%, 66.7%] is misleading
• The overall % of students eating cereal is 75% > 66.7%.
• play basketball  not eat cereal [20%, 33.3%] is more accurate,
although with lower support and confidence
• Measure of dependent/correlated events: lift

P( A B) Basketball Not basketball Sum (row)

lift  Cereal 2000 1750 3750
P( A) P ( B )
Not cereal 1000 250 1250
2000 / 5000
lift ( B, C )   0.89 Sum(col.) 3000 2000 5000
3000 / 5000 * 3750 / 5000
1000 / 5000
lift ( B, C )   1.33
3000 / 5000 *1250 / 5000

613
 Are lift and 2 Good Measures of Correlation?

• “Buy walnuts  buy milk

[1%, 80%]” is misleading
if 85% of customers buy
milk
• Support and confidence
are not good to indicate
correlations
• Over 20 interestingness
measures have been
proposed (see Tan,
Kumar, Sritastava
@KDD’02)
• Which are good ones?

614
Null-Invariant Measures

615
 Comparison of Interestingness Measures

• Null-(transaction) invariance is crucial for correlation analysis

• Lift and 2 are not null-invariant
• 5 null-invariant measures

Milk No Milk Sum (row)

Coffee m, c ~m, c c
No Coffee m, ~c ~m, ~c ~c
Sum(col.) m ~m 

Null-transactions Kulczynski
w.r.t. m and c measure (1927) Null-invariant

616
Subtle: They disagree
616
 Analysis of DBLP Coauthor Relationships

Recent DB conferences, removing balanced associations, low sup, etc.

Advisor-advisee relation: Kulc: high,

coherence: low, cosine: middle
Tianyi Wu, Yuguo Chen and Jiawei Han, “
Association Mining in Large Databases: A Re-Examination of Its Measures”, Proc.
2007 Int. Conf. Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
(PKDD'07), Sept. 2007
617
Which Null-Invariant Measure Is Better?
• IR (Imbalance Ratio): measure the imbalance of two
itemsets A and B in rule implications

• Kulczynski and Imbalance Ratio (IR) together present a clear

picture for all the three datasets D4 through D6
• D4 is balanced & neutral
• D5 is imbalanced & neutral
• D6 is very imbalanced & neutral

618
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku
Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses
2nd Edition, 2016, Chapter 5 (Association
Rules), p 85-97

• Analisis, bagaimana data mining bisa

bermanfaat untuk membantu Roger, seorang
City Manager

619
1. Business Understanding
• Motivation:
• Roger is a city manager for a medium-sized, but steadily growing city
• The city has limited resources, and like most municipalities, there are
more needs than there are resources
• He feels like the citizens in the community are fairly active in various
community organizations, and believes that he may be able to get a
number of groups to work together to meet some of the needs in
the community
• He knows there are churches, social clubs, hobby enthusiasts and
other types of groups in the community
• What he doesn’t know is if there are connections between the
groups that might enable natural collaborations between two or
more groups that could work together on projects around town

• Objectives:
• To find out if there are any existing associations between the
different types of groups in the area
620
4.4 Algoritma Estimasi dan
Forecasting
4.4.1 Linear Regression
4.4.2 Time Series Forecasting

621
4.4.1 Linear Regression

622
Tahapan Algoritma Linear Regression
1. Siapkan data
2. Identifikasi Atribut dan Label
3. Hitung  X², Y², XY dan total dari masing-masingnya
4. Hitung a dan b berdasarkan persamaan yang
sudah ditentukan
5. Buat Model Persamaan Regresi Linear Sederhana

623
1. Persiapan Data

Rata-rata Suhu Jumlah Cacat

Tanggal Ruangan (X) (Y)
1 24 10
2 22 5
3 21 6
4 20 3
5 22 6
6 19 4
7 20 5
8 23 9
9 24 11
10 25 13

624
2. Identifikasikan Atribut dan Label

Y = a + bX
Dimana:

Y = Variabel terikat (Dependen)

X = Variabel tidak terikat (Independen)
a = konstanta
b = koefisien regresi (kemiringan); besaran Response yang
ditimbulkan oleh variabel

 a =   (Σy) (Σx²) – (Σx) (Σxy)

                 n(Σx²) – (Σx)²

 b =   n(Σxy) – (Σx) (Σy)

              n(Σx²) – (Σx)²
625
3. Hitung  X², Y², XY dan total dari masing-masingnya

Rata-rata Suhu Jumlah Cacat

Tanggal Ruangan (X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY
1 24 10 576 100 240
2 22 5 484 25 110
3 21 6 441 36 126
4 20 3 400 9 60
5 22 6 484 36 132
6 19 4 361 16 76
7 20 5 400 25 100
8 23 9 529 81 207
9 24 11 576 121 264
10 25 13 625 169 325
220
72 4876 618 1640

626
4. Hitung a dan b berdasarkan persamaan yang sudah ditentukan

• Menghitung Koefisien Regresi (a)

a =   (Σy) (Σx²) – (Σx) (Σxy)

                n(Σx²) – (Σx)²
a = (72) (4876) – (220) (1640)
                10 (4876) – (220)²
a = -27,02  

• Menghitung Koefisien Regresi (b)

b =   n(Σxy) – (Σx) (Σy)

          n(Σx²) – (Σx)²
b = 10 (1640) – (220) (72)
        10 (4876) – (220)²
b = 1,56
627
5. Buatkan Model Persamaan Regresi Linear Sederhana

Y = a + bX
Y = -27,02 + 1,56X

628
Pengujian
1. Prediksikan Jumlah Cacat Produksi jika suhu dalam keadaan
tinggi (Variabel X), contohnya: 30°C
Y = -27,02 + 1,56X
Y = -27,02 + 1,56(30)
=19,78

2. Jika Cacat Produksi (Variabel Y) yang ditargetkan hanya boleh 5

unit, maka berapakah suhu ruangan yang diperlukan untuk
mencapai target tersebut?
5= -27,02 + 1,56X
1,56X = 5+27,02
X= 32,02/1,56
X =20,52
Jadi Prediksi Suhu Ruangan yang paling sesuai untuk mencapai
target Cacat Produksi adalah sekitar 20,520C

629
7.1.2 Studi Kasus CRISP-DM

Heating Oil Consumption – Estimation

(Matthew North, Data Mining for the Masses, 2012,
Chapter 8 Estimation, pp. 127-140)
Dataset: HeatingOil-Training.csv dan HeatingOil-Scoring.csv

630
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Matthew
North, Data Mining for the Masses, 2012,
Chapter 8 Estimation, pp. 127-140 tentang Heating
Oil Consumption

• Dataset: HeatingOil-Training.csv dan HeatingOil-

Scoring.csv

631
CRISP-DM

632
Context and Perspective
• Sarah, the regional sales manager is back for more help
• Business is booming, her sales team is signing up thousands of new
clients, and she wants to be sure the company will be able to meet
this new level of demand, she now is hoping we can help her do
some prediction as well
• She knows that there is some correlation between the attributes in
her data set (things like temperature, insulation, and occupant ages),
and she’s now wondering if she can use the previous data set to
predict heating oil usage for new customers
• You see, these new customers haven’t begun consuming heating oil
yet, there are a lot of them (42,650 to be exact), and she wants to
know how much oil she needs to expect to keep in stock in order to
meet these new customers’ demand
• Can she use data mining to examine household attributes and
known past consumption quantities to anticipate and meet her new
customers’ needs?
633
1. Business Understanding
• Sarah’s new data mining objective is pretty clear: she
wants to anticipate demand for a consumable product
• We will use a linear regression model to help her with her
desired predictions
• She has data, 1,218 observations that give an attribute
profile for each home, along with those homes’ annual
heating oil consumption
• She wants to use this data set as training data to predict
the usage that 42,650 new clients will bring to her
company
• She knows that these new clients’ homes are similar in
nature to her existing client base, so the existing
customers’ usage behavior should serve as a solid gauge
for predicting future usage by new customers.
634
2. Data Understanding
We create a data set comprised of the following attributes:
• Insulation: This is a density rating, ranging from one to ten,
indicating the thickness of each home’s insulation. A home with a
density rating of one is poorly insulated, while a home with a
density of ten has excellent insulation
• Temperature: This is the average outdoor ambient temperature
at each home for the most recent year, measure in degree
Fahrenheit
• Heating_Oil: This is the total number of units of heating oil
purchased by the owner of each home in the most recent year
• Num_Occupants: This is the total number of occupants living in
each home
• Avg_Age: This is the average age of those occupants
• Home_Size: This is a rating, on a scale of one to eight, of the
home’s overall size. The higher the number, the larger the home
635
3. Data Preparation
• A CSV data set for this chapter’s example is available for
download at the book’s companion web site
(https://sites.google.com/site/dataminingforthemasses/)

636
3. Data Preparation

637
3. Data Preparation

638
4. Modeling

639
4. Modeling

640
5. Evaluation

641
5. Evaluation

642
6. Deployment

643
6. Deployment

644
6. Deployment

645
4.4.2 Time Series Forecasting

646
Time Series Forecasting
• Time series forecasting is one of the oldest known
predictive analytics techniques
• It has existed and been in widespread use even before the term
“predictive analytics” was ever coined
• Independent or predictor variables are not strictly
necessary for univariate time series forecasting, but are
strongly recommended for multivariate time series
• Time series forecasting methods:
1. Data Driven Method: There is no difference between a
predictor and a target. Techniques such as time series
averaging or smoothing are considered data-driven
approaches to time series forecasting
2. Model Driven Method: Similar to “conventional” predictive
models, which have independent and dependent variables,
but with a twist: the independent variable is now time
647
Data Driven Methods
• There is no difference between a predictor and a
target
• The predictor is also the target variable
• Data Driven Methods:
• Naïve Forecast
• Simple Average
• Moving Average
• Weighted Moving Average
• Exponential Smoothing
• Holt’s Two-Parameter Exponential Smoothing

648
Model Driven Methods
• In model-driven methods, time is the predictor or
independent variable and the time series value is the
dependent variable
• Model-based methods are generally preferable when the
time series appears to have a “global” pattern
• The idea is that the model parameters will be able to
capture these patterns
• Thus enable us to make predictions for any step ahead in the
future under the assumption that this pattern is going to repeat
• For a time series with local patterns instead of a global
pattern, using the model-driven approach requires
specifying how and when the patterns change, which is
difficult

649
Model Driven Methods
• Linear Regression
• Polynomial Regression
• Linear Regression with Seasonality
• Autoregression Models and ARIMA

650
How to Implement
• RapidMiner’s approach to time series is
based on two main data transformation
processes
• The first is windowing to transform the time
series data into a generic data set:
• This step will convert the last row of a window
within the time series into a label or target
variable
• We apply any of the “learners” or algorithms
to predict the target variable and thus
predict the next time step in the series
651
Windowing Concept
• The parameters of the Windowing operator allow
changing the size of the windows, the overlap between
consecutive windows (step size), and the prediction
horizon, which is used for forecasting
• The prediction horizon controls which row in the raw
data series ends up as the label variable in the
transformed series

652
Rapidminer Windowing Operator

653
Windowing Operator Parameters
• Window size: Determines how many “attributes”
are created for the cross-sectional data
• Each row of the original time series within the window
width will become a new attribute
• We choose w = 6
• Step size: Determines how to advance the window
• Let us use s = 1
• Horizon: Determines how far out to make the
forecast
• If the window size is 6 and the horizon is 1, then the
seventh row of the original time series becomes the first
sample for the “label” variable
• Let us use h = 1
654
Latihan
• Lakukan training dengan menggunakan linear
regression pada dataset hargasaham-training-
uni.xls

• Gunakan Split Data untuk memisahkan dataset di

atas, 90% training dan 10% untuk testing

• Harus dilakukan proses Windowing pada dataset

• Plot grafik antara label dan hasil prediksi dengan

menggunakan chart

655
656
Latihan
• Lakukan training dengan menggunakan linear
regression pada dataset hargasaham-training.xls

• Terapkan model yang dihasilkan untuk data

hargasaham-testing-kosong.xls

• Harus dilakukan proses Windowing pada dataset

• Plot grafik antara label dan hasil prediksi dengan

menggunakan chart

657
658
5. Text Mining
5.1 Text Mining Concepts
5.2 Text Clustering
5.3 Text Classification
5.4 Data Mining Law

659
5.1 Text Mining Concepts

660
Data Mining vs Text Mining
1. Text Mining:
• Mengolah data tidak terstruktur dalam bentuk text, web,
social media, dsb
• Menggunakan metode text processing untuk mengkonversi
data tidak terstruktur menjadi terstruktur
• Kemudian diolah dengan data mining

2. Data Mining:
• Mengolah data terstruktur dalam bentuk tabel yang
memiliki atribut dan kelas
• Menggunakan metode data mining, yang terbagi menjadi
metode estimasi, forecasting, klasifikasi, klastering atau
asosiasi
• Yang dasar berpikirnya menggunakan konsep statistika atau
heuristik ala machine learning
661
 How Text Mining Works
• The fundamental step is to convert text into semi-structured data
• Then apply the data mining methods to classify, cluster, and predict

Text
Processing

662
Text Mining: Jejak Pornografi di Indonesia

663
Text Mining: AHY-AHOK-ANIES

664
 Proses Data Mining

1. Himpunan 2. Metode 3. Pengetahuan 4. Evaluation

Data Data Mining

(Pahami dan (Pilih Metode (Pahami Model dan (Analisis Model dan
Persiapkan Data) Sesuai Karakter Data) Pengetahuan yg Sesuai ) Kinerja Metode)

DATA PREPROCESSING MODELING MODEL KINERJA

Data Cleaning Estimation Formula Akurasi
Data Integration Prediction Tree Tingkat Error
Classification Cluster Jumlah Cluster
Data Reduction
Clustering Rule
Data Transformation Correlation
Association MODEL
Text Processing Atribute/Faktor
Korelasi
Bobot

665
Word, Token and Tokenization

• Words are separated by a special character: a blank space

• Each word is called a token
• The process of discretizing words within a document is called
tokenization
• For our purpose here, each sentence can be considered a
separate document, although what is considered an individual
document may depend upon the context
• For now, a document here is simply a sequential collection of
tokens

666
Matrix of Terms
• We can impose some form of structure on this raw
data by creating a matrix, where:
• the columns consist of all the tokens found in the two
documents
• the cells of the matrix are the counts of the number of
times a token appears
• Each token is now an attribute in standard data
mining parlance and each document is an example

667
Term Document Matrix (TDM)
• Basically, unstructured raw data is now transformed
into a format that is recognized, not only by the
human users as a data table, but more importantly
by all the machine learning algorithms which
require such tables for training
• This table is called a document vector or term
document matrix (TDM) and is the cornerstone of
the preprocessing required for text mining

668
TF–IDF
• We could have also chosen to use the TF–IDF scores
for each term to create the document vector
• N is the number of documents that we are trying to
mine
• Nk is the number of documents that contain the
keyword, k

669
Stopwords
• In the two sample text documents was the occurrence of common
words such as “a,” “this,” “and,” and other similar terms
• Clearly in larger documents we would expect a larger number of
such terms that do not really convey specific meaning
• Most grammatical necessities such as articles, conjunctions,
prepositions, and pronouns may need to be filtered before we
perform additional analysis
• Such terms are called stopwords and usually include most articles,
conjunctions, pronouns, and prepositions
• Stopword filtering is usually the second step that follows immediately
after tokenization
• Notice that our document vector has a significantly reduced size
after applying standard English stopword filtering

670
Stopwords Bahasa Indonesia
• Lakukan googling dengan keyword:
stopwords bahasa Indonesia
• Download stopword bahasa Indonesia dan
gunakan di Rapidminer

671
Stemming
• Words such as “recognized,” “recognizable,” or “recognition”
in different usages, but contextually they may all imply the
same meaning, for example:
• “Einstein is a well-recognized name in physics”
• “The physicist went by the easily recognizable name of Einstein”
• “Few other physicists have the kind of name recognition that Einstein
has”
• The so-called root of all these highlighted words is “recognize”
• By reducing terms in a document to their basic stems, we can
simplify the conversion of unstructured text to structured data
because we now only take into account the occurrence of the
root terms
• This process is called stemming. The most common stemming
technique for text mining in English is the Porter method
(Porter, 1980)
672
A Typical Sequence of Preprocessing Steps to Use in Text Mining

673
N-Grams
• There are families of words in the spoken and written
language that typically go together
• The word “Good” is usually followed by either “Morning,”
“Afternoon,” “Evening,” “Night,” or in Australia, “Day”
• Grouping such terms, called n-grams, and analyzing them
statistically can present new insights
• Search engines use word n-gram models for a variety
of applications, such as:
• Automatic translation, identifying speech patterns,
checking misspelling, entity detection, information
extraction, among many different use cases

674
Rapidminer Process of Text Mining

675
5.2 Text Clustering

676
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku
Matthew North (Data Mining for the Masses)
Chapter 12 (Text Mining), 2012, p 189-215

• Datasets: Federalist Papers

• Pahami alur text mining yang dilakukan dan

sesuaikan dengan konsep yang sudah
dipelajari

677
 1. Business Understanding
• Motivation:
• Gillian is a historian, and she has recently curated an exhibit on the
Federalist Papers, the essays that were written and published in the late
1700’s
• The essays were published anonymously under the author name ‘Publius’,
and no one really knew at the time if ‘Publius’ was one individual or many
• After Alexander Hamilton died in 1804, some notes were discovered that
revealed that he (Hamilton), James Madison and John Jay had been the
authors of the papers
• The notes indicated specific authors for some papers, but not for others:
• John Jay was revealed to be the author for papers 3, 4 and 5
• James Madison for paper 14
• Hamilton for paper 17
• Paper 18 had no author named, but there was evidence that Hamilton and
Madison worked on that one together
• Objective:
• Gillian would like to analyze paper 18’s content in the context of the other
papers with known authors, to see if she can generate some evidence that
678
2. Data Understanding
• The Federalist Papers are available through a number
of sources:
• They have been re-published in book form, they are available on
a number of different web sites
• Their text is archived in many libraries throughout the world

• Gillian’s data set is simple (6 dataset):

• Federalist03_Jay.txt
• Federalist04_Jay.txt
• Federalist05_Jay.txt
• Federalist14_Madison.txt
• Federalist17_Hamilton.txt
• Federalist18_Collaboration.txt (suspected)

679
Modeling
Text Processing Extension Installation

680
 Operator
Modeling K-Means

Parameters
K=2

Text Processing
Operator
Read Document
681
Modelling with Annotation

682
Evaluation
• Gillian feels confident that paper 18 is a
collaboration that John Jay did not contribute to
• His vocabulary and grammatical structure was quite
different from those of Hamilton and Madison

683
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Vijay Kotu
(Predictive Analytics and Data Mining) Chapter 9 (Text
Mining), Case Study 1: Keyword Clustering, p 284-287
• Datasets (file pages.txt):
1. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga
2. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi
• Gunakan stopword Bahasa Indonesia (ada di folder
dataset), dengan operator Stopword (Dictionary) dan
pilih file stopword-indonesia.txt
• Untuk mempermudah, copy/paste file
09_Text_9.3.1_keyword_clustering_webmining.rmp
ke Repository dan kemudian buka di Rapidminer
• Pilih file pages.txt yang berisis URL pada Read URL

684
685
Testing Model (Read Document)

686
Testing Model (Get Page)

687
5.3 Text Classification

688
Latihan
• Dengan berbagai konsep dan teknik yang
anda kuasai, lakukan text classification pada
dataset polarity data - small

• Gunakan algoritma Decision Tree untuk

membentuk model

• Ambil 1 artikel di dalam folder polaritydata -

small – testing , misalnya dalam folder pos, uji
apakah artikel tersebut diprediksi termasuk
sentiment negative atau positive
689
690
691
Ukur Akurasi dari polaritydata-small-testing

692
Latihan
• Dengan berbagai konsep dan teknik yang
anda kuasai, lakukan text classification pada
dataset polarity data
• Terapkan beberapa metode feature
selection, baik filter maupun wrapper
• Lakukan komparasi terhadap berbagai
algoritma klasifikasi, dan pilih yang terbaik

693
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Vijay Kotu
(Predictive Analytics and Data Mining) Chapter 9
(Text Mining), Case Study 2: Predicting the Gender
of Blog Authors, p 287-301
• Datasets: blog-gender-dataset.xslx
• Split Data: 50% data training dan 50% data testing
• Gunakan algoritma Naïve Bayes
• Apply model yang dihasilkan untuk data testing
• Ukur performance nya

694
695
Latihan
• Lakukan eksperimen mengikuti buku Vijay
Kotu (Predictive Analytics and Data Mining)
Chapter 9 (Text Mining), Case Study 2:
Predicting the Gender of Blog Authors, p 287-
301
• Datasets:
• blog-gender-dataset.xslx
• blog-gender-dataset-testing.xlsx
• Gunakan 10-fold X validation dan operator
write model (read model), store (retrieve)

696
697
698
699
700
 Post-Test
1. Jelaskan perbedaan antara data, informasi dan pengetahuan!
2. Jelaskan apa yang anda ketahui tentang data mining!
3. Sebutkan peran utama data mining!
4. Sebutkan pemanfaatan dari data mining di berbagai bidang!
5. Pengetahuan atau pola apa yang bisa kita dapatkan dari data
di bawah?
NIM Gender Nilai Asal IPS1 IPS2 IPS3 IPS 4 ... Lulus Tepat
UN Sekolah Waktu
10001 L 28 SMAN 2 3.3 3.6 2.89 2.9 Ya
10002 P 27 SMAN 7 4.0 3.2 3.8 3.7 Tidak
10003 P 24 SMAN 1 2.7 3.4 4.0 3.5 Tidak
10004 L 26.4 SMAN 3 3.2 2.7 3.6 3.4 Ya
...
11000 L 23.4 SMAN 5 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.2 Ya

701
5.4 Data Mining Laws

Tom Khabaza, Nine Laws of Data Mining, 2010

(http://khabaza.codimension.net/index_files/9laws.htm)

702
Data Mining Laws
1. Business objectives are the origin of every data mining solution
2. Business knowledge is central to every step of the data mining
process
3. Data preparation is more than half of every data mining process
4. There is no free lunch for the data miner
5. There are always patterns
6. Data mining amplifies perception in the business domain
7. Prediction increases information locally by generalisation
8. The value of data mining results is not determined by the
accuracy or stability of predictive models
9. All patterns are subject to change
Tom Khabaza, Nine Laws of Data Mining, 2010
(http://khabaza.codimension.net/index_files/9laws.htm)
703
1 Business Goals Law
Business objectives are the origin of every data
mining solution

• This defines the field of data mining: data mining is

concerned with solving business problems and
achieving business goals
• Data mining is not primarily a technology; it is a
process, which has one or more business objectives
at its heart
• Without a business objective, there is no data
mining
• The maxim: “Data Mining is a Business Process”
704
2 Business Knowledge Law
Business knowledge is central to every step of the
data mining process

• A naive reading of CRISP-DM would see business

knowledge used at the start of the process in
defining goals, and at the end of the process in
guiding deployment of results
• This would be to miss a key property of the data
mining process, that business knowledge has a
central role in every step

705
2 Business Knowledge Law
1. Business understanding must be based on business knowledge, and
so must the mapping of business objectives to data mining goals
2. Data understanding uses business knowledge to understand which
data is related to the business problem, and how it is related
3. Data preparation means using business knowledge to shape the
data so that the required business questions can be asked and
answered
4. Modelling means using data mining algorithms to create predictive
models and interpreting both the models and their behaviour in
business terms – that is, understanding their business relevance
5. Evaluation means understanding the business impact of using the
models
6. Deployment means putting the data mining results to work in a
business process

706
3 Data Preparation Law
Data preparation is more than half of every data
mining process

• Maxim of data mining: most of the effort in a data

mining project is spent in data acquisition and
preparation, and informal estimates vary from 50 to
80 percent
• The purpose of data preparation is:
1. To put the data into a form in which the data mining
question can be asked
2. To make it easier for the analytical techniques (such as
data mining algorithms) to answer it

707
4 No Free Lunch Theory
There is No Free Lunch for the Data Miner (NFL-DM)
The right model for a given application can only be discovered by
experiment

• Axiom of machine learning: if we knew enough about a problem space,

we could choose or design an algorithm to find optimal solutions in that
problem space with maximal efficiency
• Arguments for the superiority of one algorithm over others in data mining
rest on the idea that data mining problem spaces have one particular set
of properties, or that these properties can be discovered by analysis and
built into the algorithm
• However, these views arise from the erroneous idea that, in data mining,
the data miner formulates the problem and the algorithm finds the
solution
• In fact, the data miner both formulates the problem and finds the solution
– the algorithm is merely a tool which the data miner uses to assist with
certain steps in this process
708
4 No Free Lunch Theory
• If the problem space were well-understood, the data mining
process would not be needed
• Data mining is the process of searching for as yet unknown
connections
• For a given application, there is not only one problem space
• Different models may be used to solve different parts of the problem
• The way in which the problem is decomposed is itself often the result
of data mining and not known before the process begins
• The data miner manipulates, or “shapes”, the problem space
by data preparation, so that the grounds for evaluating a
model are constantly shifting
• There is no technical measure of value for a predictive model
• The business objective itself undergoes revision and
development during the data mining process
• so that the appropriate data mining goals may change completely

709
5 Watkins’ Law
There are always patterns

• This law was first stated by David Watkins

• There is always something interesting to be found in
a business-relevant dataset, so that even if the
expected patterns were not found, something else
useful would be found
• A data mining project would not be undertaken
unless business experts expected that patterns
would be present, and it should not be surprising
that the experts are usually right

710
6 Insight Law
Data mining amplifies perception in the
business domain

• How does data mining produce insight? This law approaches the heart of
data mining – why it must be a business process and not a technical one
• Business problems are solved by people, not by algorithms
• The data miner and the business expert “see” the solution to a problem,
that is the patterns in the domain that allow the business objective to be
achieved
• Thus data mining is, or assists as part of, a perceptual process
• Data mining algorithms reveal patterns that are not normally visible to human
perception
• The data mining process integrates these algorithms with the normal
human perceptual process, which is active in nature
• Within the data mining process, the human problem solver interprets the
results of data mining algorithms and integrates them into their business
understanding
711
7 Prediction Law
Prediction increases information locally by
generalisation

• “Predictive models” and “predictive analytics” means “predict the most likely
outcome”
• Other kinds of data mining models, such as clustering and association, are
also characterised as “predictive”; this is a much looser sense of the term:
• A clustering model might be described as “predicting” the group into which an
individual falls
• An association model might be described as “predicting” one or more attributes on
the basis of those that are known
• What is “prediction” in this sense? What do classification, regression,
clustering and association algorithms and their resultant models have in
common?
• The answer lies in “scoring”, that is the application of a predictive model to a new
example
• The available information about the example in question has been increased, locally,
on the basis of the patterns found by the algorithm and embodied in the model, that
is on the basis of generalisation or induction
712
8 Value Law
The value of data mining results is not determined by
the accuracy or stability of predictive models

• Accuracy and stability are useful measures of how well

a predictive model makes its predictions
• Accuracy means how often the predictions are correct
• Stability means how much the predictions would change if
the data used to create the model were a different sample
from the same population
• The value of a predictive model arises in two ways:
• The model’s predictions drive improved (more effective)
action
• The model delivers insight (new knowledge) which leads to
improved strategy
713
9 Law of Change
All patterns are subject to change

• The patterns discovered by data mining do not last forever

• In marketing and CRM applications of data mining, it is
well-understood that patterns of customer behaviour are
subject to change over time
• Fashions change, markets and competition change, and the
economy changes as a whole; for all these reasons, predictive
models become out-of-date and should be refreshed regularly
or when they cease to predict accurately
• The same is true in risk and fraud-related applications of data
mining. Patterns of fraud change with a changing environment
and because criminals change their behaviour in order to stay
ahead of crime prevention efforts

714
Tugas Menyelesaikan Masalah Organisasi
• Analisis masalah dan kebutuhan yang ada di organisasi lingkungan
sekitar anda
• Kumpulkan dan review dataset yang tersedia, dan hubungkan
masalah dan kebutuhan tadi dengan data yang tersedia (analisis
dari 5 peran data mining)
• Bila memungkinkan pilih beberapa peran sekaligus untuk mengolah data
tersebut, misalnya: lakukan association (analisis faktor), sekaligus
estimation atau clustering
• Lakukan proses CRISP-DM untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang ada
di organisasi sesuai dengan data yang didapatkan
• Pada proses data preparation, lakukan data cleaning (replace missing
value, replace, filter attribute) sehingga data siap dimodelkan
• Lakukan juga komparasi algoritma dan feature selection untuk memilih
pola dan model terbaik
• Rangkumkan evaluasi dari pola/model/knowledge yang dihasilkan dan
relasikan hasil evaluasi dengan deployment yang dilakukan
• Rangkumkan dalam bentuk slide dengan contoh studi kasus Sarah
untuk membantu bidang marketing
715
 Studi Kasus Organisasi
Organisasi Masalah Tujuan Dataset
KPK • Sulitnya mengidentifikasi • Klasifikasi Profil Pelaku Korupsi • LHKPN
profil koruptor • Asosiasi Atribut Pelaku Korupsi • Penuntuta
• Tidak patuhnya WL dalam • Klasifikasi Kepatuhan LHKPN n
LHKPN • Estimasi Penentuan Angka
Tuntutan
BSM Sulit mengidentifikasi faktor Klasifikasi kualitas profil nasabah Data
apa yang mempengaruhi pembiayaan
kualitas pembiayaan nasabah
LKPP Banyaknya konsultasi dan • Asosiasi pola pertanyaan instansi Data
pertanyaan dari berbagai • Klasifikasi jenis pertanyaan konsultasi
instansi yg harus dijawab
BPPK Sulitnya penanganan tweet Klasifikasi dan Klastering text mining Data twitter
dari masyarakat, apakah dari keluhan atau pertanyaan atau masyarakat
terkait pertanyaan, keluhan saran di media sosial
atau saran
Universitas Tingkat kelulusan tepat waktu Klasifikasi data kelulusan mahasiswa Data
Siliwangi belum maksimal (apakah mahasiswa
dikarenakan faktor jurusan
atau faktor lain?)

716
 Studi Kasus Organisasi
Organisasi Masalah Tujuan Dataset
Kemenkeu Sulit menentukan faktor 1. Seberapa erat hubungan antar Data kinerja
(DJPB) refinement indicator komponen terhadap potensi organisasi
kinerja penyempurnaan
2. Klastering data kinerja organsiasi
Kemenkeu Sulit menentukan arah 1. Melihat hubungan beberapa data Data profil
(DJPB) opini hasil audit terhadap opini kementerian
kementerian 2. Klasifikasi profil kementerian
Kemenkeu Banyaknya pelaporan 1. Melihat hubungan beberapa Data
(DJPB) kanwil yang harus indikator laporan kanwil terhadap pelaporan
dianalisis dengan beragam akurasi kanwil
atribut 2. Klastering data pelaporan kanwil
3. Klasifikasi akurasi pelaporan kanwil
Kemenkeu Sulit menentukan prioritas 1. Klastering data profil kanwil Data
(DJPB) monitoring kanwil 2. Melihat hubungan beberapa transaksi dan
atribut terhadap klaster profil profil kanwil
kanwil

717
 Studi Kasus Organisasi
Organisasi Masalah Tujuan Dataset
Kemenkeu Kebijakan masalah reward Klasifikasi profil pegawai yang Pegawai
(SDM) dan punishment untuk sering telat dan disiplin, sehingga
pegawai sering tidak efektif terdeteksi lebih dini
Kemenkeu Rasio perempuan yang • Klasifikasi dan klastering profile Pegawai
(SDM) menjabat eselon 4/3/2/1 pejabat eselon 4/3/2/1
hanya 15%, padahal masuk • Asosiasi jabatan dan atribut
PNS rasionya hampir imbang profile pegawai

Bank Peredaran uang palsu yang • Asosiasi jumlah peredaran uang Peredaran
Indonesia semakin banyak di Indonesia palsu dengan profil wilayah Uang Palsu
Indonesia
• Klastering wilayah peredaran
uang palsu
Adira Rasio kredit macet yang • Klasifikasi kualitas kreditur yang Kreditur
Finance semakin meninggi lancar dan macet
• Forecasting jumlah kredit macet
• Tingkat hubungan kredit macet
dengan berbagai atribut

718
 Studi Kasus Organisasi
Organisasi Masalah Tujuan Dataset
Kemsos Kompleksnya parameter Klasifikasi profil rumah tangga Rumah
penentuan tingkat kemiskinan miskin di kabupaten Brebes tangga
rumah tangga di Indonesia miskin di
kabupaten
Brebes
Kemsos Sulitnya menentukan rumah Klastering profile rumah tangga Rumah
tangga yang diprioritaskan miskin yang belum menerima tangga
menerima bantuan sosial bantuan miskin di
kabupaten
Belitung
Kemsos Sulitnya menentukan jenis Klasifikasi penyakit kronis yang Anggota
penyakit kronis yang diderita anggota rumah tangga rumah
diprioritaskan menerima miskin tangga di
program Penerima Bantuan kabupaten
Iuran jaminan kesehatan Belitung
(PBIJK)
Kemsos Sulitnya menentukan rumah
tangga miskin di Indonesia

719
 Studi Kasus Organisasi
Organisasi Masalah Tujuan Dataset
Kemsos Kompleksnya parameter Klastering profil rumah tangga Data Terpadu
penentuan tingkat kemiskinan miskin di kabupaten Belitung Kesejahteraan
rumah tangga di Indonesia Sosial (DTKS)
kabupaten
Belitung
Kemsos Penerima Program Keluarga Klasifikasi faktor utama atribut Data Terpadu
Harapan (PKH) yang tidak yang berpengaruh pada Kesejahteraan
tepat sasaran penerima PKH Sosial (DTKS)
kabupaten
Belitung
Kemsos Penentuan kebijakan Klastering spesifikasi rumah pada Data Terpadu
penerima bantuan program data rumah tangga Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan
rehabilitasi sosial rumah tidak Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS) Sosial (DTKS)
layak huni kabupaten
Seram bagian
barat
Kemsos Banyaknya penerima bantuan Klastering profil rumah tangga Data Terpadu
sosial yang tidak tepat miskin dari Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan
sasaran di kabupaten Seram Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS) Sosial (DTKS)
bagian barat kabupaten
Seram bagian
720
 Terima Kasih
Romi Satria Wahono
[email protected]
et
http://romisatriawahono.net
08118228331