Born to Win

Advanced Computer Networking

By Professor. Dr. Sebastian Nixon ,

Ph.D., MCSE , CCNA

Chapter - 1
Overview of Computer Networks
 Course Outline

1. Overview of Computer Networks

2. OSI Model & IP Addressing

3. Routing Protocols

4. SWITCH Configurations & Vlan

5. Next generation networking: Motivation and

Challenges
 Assessment Plan

No Assessment Technique Date Mark

1 A review on 19/04/22
10
Li-Fi Technology
2 Mid Exam 22/04/22 30
[ Chapter 1 & 2 ]
3 Lab Exam TBA 20

4 Final-Exam 40% TBA 40

TOTAL 100
 Network ?
A collection of computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to communicate and share
resources are Called as Networking.

The N/w Connection May be

1. Wired or 2. Wireless

The purpose of a network is :-

1. Communication 2. share resources.
A resource may be:
A file / folder / printer / disk drive …etc.
A Simple Network
Advantages of networking
Communication

Data Sharing

Hardware Sharing

Internet Access Sharing

Data Security and Management

Entertainment
 The Disadvantages of Networking

Hardware & Software Management and

Administration is little bit difficult

Data Security Concerns

 Bandwidth
Data rate measured in bits per seconds [ not bytes ]

Kbps (Kilobits per seconds)

125 chars/sec

Mbps (Megabits per seconds)

1,250 chars/sec

Gbps (Gigabits per seconds)

12,500 chars/sec
3 Types of Transmission Modes
Simplex
One direction
 e.g. Television

Half duplex
Either direction, but
only one way at a time
 e.g. police radio

Full duplex
Both directions at the
same time
 e.g. telephone
 Communication Types

Unicasting (one-to-one)

Multicasting (one-to-many)

Broadcasting (one-to-all)
 Network Classification

3 Types
By

1. Size

2. Structure

3. Topology
Network Classification
1. By Size / Scale

1. LAN

2. WAN

3. MAN

4. CAN

5. PAN
 The Local Network - [ LAN ]

Client Client

Client Client

Client Client
Wide Area Network – [ WAN ]
Metropolitan Area Network - [ MAN ]
 Campus Area Networks [ CAN ]

A LAN in one large geographic area

Resources related to the same organization

Each department shares the LAN

Personal Area Network - [ PAN ]

Very small scale network

Range is less than 2 meters

Ex : - WiFi Network

 Network Classification
2. By Structure / Functional Relationship

1. Peer to Peer (P2P)

2. Client / Server
 Peer-to peer network

A peer-to-peer network is a network where the computers

act as both workstations and servers.

Peer to peer network
 Client / Server - Networking

In this design, a small number of computers are

designated as centralized servers and given the task of

providing services to a larger number of user machines
called clients .
Client/Server Networking
 Network Classification
3. By - Topology / Physical Connectivity

1. BUS
2. STAR
3. RING
4. MESH
5. TREE
 BUS
Also called linear bus

One wire connects all nodes

Terminator ends the wires

Advantages
Easy to setup
Small amount
 of wire
Disadvantages
Slow
Easy to crash
 STAR
All nodes connect to a hub
Packets sent to hub
Hub sends packet to destination

Advantages
Easy to setup
One cable can not crash network

Disadvantages
-One hub crashing downs entire network
Uses lots of cable

Most common topology

 RING
Nodes connected in a circle

Tokens used to transmit data

Nodes must wait for token to send

Advantages
Time to send data is known
No data collisions

Disadvantages
Slow
Lots of cable
 MESH

 All computers connected together

 Internet is a mesh network

 Advantage
 Data will always be delivered

 Disadvantages
 Lots of cable

 Hard to setup
 TREE

Hierarchal Model

Advantages
Scaleable
Easy Implementation
Easy Troubleshooting
 Intranet vs. Internet

Intranet
A private network that is contained within an enterprise
Could be LANs and WANs

Internet
A public network of networks

Both are using TCP/IP

 Devices Needed for Making N/W

Computers & Servers

Network Interface Card (NIC)
Repeater
Hub
Switch
Bridge
Routers
Modem
Cables
 Network Interface Card (NIC)

NIC provides the physical interface between computer and

cabling.
 Repeaters

Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling

system to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by
amplifying the network voltages so they travel farther.

Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between

similar network segments.

For example, we can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to

400 meters with a repeater. But can’t connect an Ethernet and
Token Ring network together with one.
Repeaters
 Hubs
Hubs are devices used to link several computers
together.

They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and

copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called
broadcasting).

There are two types of hubs: active and passive.

Passive hubs simply connect all ports together
electrically and are usually not powered.
Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the
signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
In the category of active hubs, there is also a class called
“intelligent” hubs, which are hubs that can be remotely
managed on the network.
Hubs
 Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that
connects network segments.

Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they

are received, determining the source and destination device of
that packet, and forwarding it appropriately.

By delivering each message only to the connected device it was

intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth
and offers generally better performance than a hub.

A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the

nodes connected to a hub share the bandwidth among
themselves, while a device connected to a switch port has the
full bandwidth all to itself.
Switch
 Bridges
They join similar topologies and are used to divide
network segments.

For example, with 200 people on one Ethernet segment, the

performance will be mediocre, because of the design of
Ethernet and the number of workstations that are fighting to
transmit. If you divide the segment into two segments of 100
workstations each, the traffic will be much lower on either
side and performance will increase.

Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.

The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect

dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path
selection. For that function, you would need a router.
Bridges
 Routers
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple
network types and determine the best path for sending data.

The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can

determine the best path that data can take to get to its
destination.

Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out
noise.
However, they are slower than bridges because they are more
intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing
packet-forwarding delays. Because of this intelligence, they are
also more expensive.

Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.

Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers
used.
Routers
Devices Function at Layers

D e v ic
 Types of N/W Cables
* Coaxial
* Twisted pair
* Fiber optic
* Serial Cable / Console Cable

[Twisted pair Cable can be used as

a.Straight Through Cable
b.Cross Over Cable
c.Roll Over Cable ]
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable Connector
Serial Cable
 Fiber-optic cable
 Data is transmitted with light pulses

 Glass strand instead of cable

 Immune to interference

 Very secure

 Hard to work with

 Speeds up to
100 Gbps
STRAIGHT TIP (ST) CONNECTOR
 Twisted-pair cabling

 Most common LAN cable

 Called Cat5 or 100BaseT

 Four pairs of copper cable twisted

 May be shielded from interference

 Speeds range from

1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
UTP CONNECTORS [ Rj 45 ]
Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as
either

Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached

to the same contact point at each end.

Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of

the cable are connected to the receive contact at the
other end
STRAIGHT THROUGH WIRING
CROSSOVER WIRING
RollOver Wiring
Sl.n Cable Name Used to
o
1 Straight through Cable a. Connect the Computers
[ Different Types of Devices ] with Hubs / Switches
b. Connect the Switches &
Routers
 

2. Cross Over Cable a. Connect 2 Computers

[ Similar Types Devices ] b. Connect 2 switches
c. Connect 2 Hubs
d. Connect the Computer
with the Router
3. Console Cable Connect the computer’s
RS232 Port with the
router’s Console Port .
 

4. Serial cable Connect 2 Routers

     
 Protocols
Protocols are agreed sets of rules and procedures for
computers to exchange information.

Like humans agreeing to speak the same language during

a conversation.

For two computers to exchange data, they must be using

the same protocols.
57
 Network Protocols

There is a standard protocol for each network communication

task, such as:

- To send data over the Internet (TCP/IP)

- To send and receive email (POP, IMAP)
- To request and deliver web pages (HTTP)
- To request and deliver files (FTP)

58
 The King of Protocols – TCP/IP
A family of protocols that makes the Internet works

It’s a universal protocol for internet communications.

It’s the backbone of the internet.
Made up of 2 complementary protocols…
TCP [ Transport Control Protocol ]
and
IP [ Internet Protocol ]

59
TCP/IP – invented in 1973 by Vint Cerf

60
Protocols of - TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Routing Protocols

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

 describes how routers exchange routing table
information
 uses hop-count as the metric of a path's cost

• Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)

 more robust, scalable protocol than RIP
 doesn't exchange entire tables, only updates changed
links
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 adjunct to IP, notifies sender (or other router) of
abnormal events
e.g., unreachable host, net congestion
 Three Kinds of Identifiers
Host name (e.g., www.cnn.com)

IP address (e.g., 64.236.16.20)

Numerical address appreciated by routers
Related to host’s current location in the topology
Hierarchical name space of 32 bits

MAC address (e.g., 00-15-C5-49-04-A9)

 MAC Address [Media Access Control address ]
A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for
communications on the physical network segment.
The format will be any one of the following

1. MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS 2. MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS

 The first half of a MAC address contains the ID number of the

adapter manufacturer. The second half of a MAC address represents
the serial number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer. In the
following example,
00:A0:C9:14:C8:29 The prefix 00A0C9 indicates manufacturer
Dell : 00-14-22
Nortel: 00-04-DC
Cisco : 00-40-96
Belkin: 00-30-BD
 Mapping Between Identifiers
Domain Name System [ DNS ]
Given a host name, provide the IP address
Given an IP address, provide the host name
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [DHCP ]
Given a MAC address, assign a unique IP address
… and tell host other stuff about the Local Area Network
To automate the boot-strapping process
Address Resolution Protocol [ ARP ]
Given an IP address, provide the MAC address
To enable communication within the Local Area Network

65
 Subnetting

Divide the Network into small group of n/w for easy

Administration.
Using Host IDs to Subnet
140 15 1 0
Subnet 1
Class B Network

140 15 2 0
140 15 0 0
Subnet 2

140 15 3 0

Third octet is now used for subnet IDs Subnet 3

Subnet Configuration
Subnet ID

140 15 1 0

140 15 1 1 ….. 140 15 1 254

First Host ID Last Host ID

Network [ Reference ] Models
OSI TCP/IP

Application Layer
Application Layer 　
Presentation Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Session Layer

 Transport Layer Transport Layer 　

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer  Internet Layer 　

 IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer

Link Layer 
 FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
Physical Layer

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 SUMMARY

Network
Bandwidth
Transmission Modes[ Simplex , HalfDuplex ,
fullDuplex]
Communication Types[ unicost ,multi , broad ]
3 – Types of Network Classification
[1. Size 2. Structure 3.Topology ]
Intranet vs. Internet
Devices Needed for Making N/W
Protocols
Three Kinds of Identifiers
Sub Netting
Network [ Reference ] Models
 Every 1 of us must take steps to
protect our Earth's climate.

By
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Nixon